Tutoria da anatomia mam��ria feminina utilizando uma rede neural artificial interactive activation and competition orientada a servi��o

Disserta����o (mestrado)���Universidade de Bras��lia, Faculdade Gama, Programa de P��s-Gradua����o em Engenharia Biom��dica, 2015.

O problema religioso como pre��mbulo do idealismo italiano : das teses de Maurizio Viroli �� religi��o da liberdade em Croce

O objetivo do presente artigo �� analisar o quanto o chamado idealismo italiano de Croce e Gentile ��, em verdade, dependente da concep����o religiosa italiana. Para tanto, nos deteremos, na primeira parte do nosso trabalho, principalmente numa an��lise das teses de Maurizio Viroli. J�� no segundo parte do nosso artigo nos deteremos na an��lise dessa tem��tica dentro do conceito de religi��o da liberdade em Croce. Assim, ap��s tal invent��rio, teceremos nossas conclus��es. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Anatomia foliar das esp��cies brasileiras de Mikania Willdenow se����o Globosae Robinson: vis��o farmacogn��stica.

O g��nero Mikania Willdenow, criado em 1803, possui atualmente cerca de 300 esp��cies das quais 152 ocorrem no Brasil. S��o Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro correspondem ao maior centro de dispers��o. A maioria das esp��cies deste g��nero possui emprego na medicina popular merecendo destaque as conhecidas pelo nome de guaco. Mikania hirsutissima DC e M. glomerata Sprengel constam da farmacop��ia brasileira. Dentre as Mikanias Willdenow conhecidas por guaco merecem aten����o as pertencentes a sec����o Globasae Robinson pelos usos que possuem na medicina popular e oficial. Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar microscopicamente as esp��cies brasileiras do g��nero Mikania Willdenow Sec����o Globasae Robinson fornecendo subs��dios a diagnose das drogas obtidas. Desenhos acompanham as descri����es microsc��picas e a chave artificial para a separa����o das esp��cies. A presen��a ou aus��ncia nas folhas de camada celular aclorofilada subepid��rmica separa as esp��cies da se����o em 2 grupos de 4 esp��cies: 1) com caracter��stica: Mikania confertissima; M. laevigata; M. glomerata e M. hatschbachii; 2) sem caracter��stica: Mikania congesta; M. microlepsis; M. hookeriana; M. smilacina. Constitui caracter��sticas importantes na separa����o das esp��cies: n��mero de camadas celulares do par��nquima polic��dico; presen��a de braquiescl��ritos nas regi��es parenquim��tica adjacente a feixes vasculares mais calibrosos; espessamento de paredes de c��lulas epid��rmicas; presen��a de cut��cula estriada; tipos de tricomas e de estomatos.

Efeito da quitosana na anatomia radicular de h��bridos transg��nico e n��o transg��nico de milho.

2016

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Whole Plant of Trichosanthes cucumerina var. cucumerina L. on Gonadotropins, Ovarian Follicular Kinetics and Estrous Cycle for Screening of Antifertility Activity in Albino Rats

Ethanol extract of whole plant of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina was evaluated for antiovulatory activity in adult rats. The ethanol extract at the doses 200 and 400mg/kg body weight (orally) affected the normal estrous cycle showing a significant increase in estrus and metestrus phases and decrease in diestrus and proestrus phases. The extract also significantly reduced the number of healthy follicles (Class I-Class VI) and corpora lutea and increased the number of regressing follicles (Stage IA, Stage IB, Stage IIA, and Stage IIB). The protein and glycogen content in the ovaries were significantly reduced in treated rats. The cholesterol level was significantly increased, whereas, the enzyme activities like 3b-HSD and 17b-HSD were significantly inhibited in the ovary of treated rats. Serum FSH and LH levels were significantly reduced in the treated groups were measured by RIA. In acute toxicity test, neither mortality nor change in the behavior or any other physiological activities in mice were observed in the treated groups. In chronic toxicity studies, no mortality was recorded and there were no significant differences in the body and organ weights were observed between controls and treated rats. Hematological analysis showed no significant differences in any of the parameters examined (RBC, WBC count and Hemoglobin estimation). These observations showed the antiovulatory activity of ethanol extract of whole plant of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina in female albino rats.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous carcinoma cells

In epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epithelial cells acquire traits typical for mesenchymal cells, dissociate their cell-cell junctions and gain the ability to migrate. EMT is essential during embryogenesis, but may also mediate cancer progression. Basement membranes are sheets of extracellular matrix that support epithelial cells. They have a major role in maintaining the epithelial phenotype and, in cancer, preventing cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Laminins are the main components of basement membranes and may actively contribute to malignancy. We first evaluated the differences between cell lines obtained from oral squamous cell carcinoma and its recurrence. As the results indicated a change from epithelial to fibroblastoid morphology, E-cadherin to N-cadherin switch, and change in expression of cytokeratins to vimentin intermediate filaments, we concluded that these cells had undergone EMT. We further induced EMT in primary tumour cells to gain knowledge of the effects of transcription factor Snail in this cell model. The E-cadherin repressors responsible for the EMT in these cells were ZEB-1, ZEB-2 and Snail, and ectopic expression of Snail was able to augment the levels of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2. We produced and characterized two monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognized Snail in cell lines and patient samples. By immunohistochemistry, Snail protein was found in mesenchymal tissues during mouse embryonal development, in fibroblastoid cells of healing skin wounds and in fibromatosis and sarcoma specimens. Furthermore, Snail localized to the stroma and borders of tumour cell islands in colon adenocarcinoma, and in laryngeal and cervical squamous cell carcinomas. Immunofluorescence labellings, immunoprecipitations and Northern and Western blots showed that EMT induced a progressive downregulation of laminin-332 and laminin-511 and, on the other hand, an induction of mesenchymal laminin-411. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Snail could directly bind upstream to the transcription start sites of both laminin ��5 and ��4 chain genes, thus regulating their expression. The levels of integrin ��6��4, a receptor for laminin-332, as well as the hemidesmosomal complex proteins HD1/plectin and BP180 were downregulated in EMT-experienced cells. The expression of Lutheran glycoprotein, a specific receptor for laminin-511, was diminished, whereas the levels of integrins ��6��1 and ��1��1 and integrin-linked kinase were increased. In quantitative cell adhesion assays, the cells adhered potently to laminin-511 and fibronectin, but only marginally to laminin-411. Western blots and immunoprecipitations indicated that laminin-411 bound to fibronectin and could compromise cell adhesion to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner. EMT induced a highly migratory and invasive tendency in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Actin-based adhesion and invasion structures, podosomes and invadopodia, were detected in the basal cell membranes of primary tumour and spontaneously transformed cancer cells, respectively. Immunofluorescence labellings showed marked differences in their morphology, as podosomes organized a ring structure with HD1/plectin, ��II-spectrin, talin, focal adhesion kinase and pacsin 2 around the core filled with actin, cortactin, vinculin and filamin A. Invadopodia had no division between ring and core and failed to organize the ring proteins, but instead assembled tail-like, narrow actin cables that showed a talin-tensin switch. Time-lapse live-cell imaging indicated that both podosomes and invadopodia were long-lived entities, but the tails of invadopodia vigorously propelled in the cytoplasm and were occasionally released from the cell membrane. Invadopodia could also be externalized outside the cytoplasm, where they still retained the ability to degrade matrix. In 3D confocal imaging combined with in situ gelatin zymography, the podosomes of primary tumour cells were large, cylindrical structures that increased in time, whereas the invadopodia in EMT-driven cells were smaller, but more numerous and degraded the underlying matrix in significantly larger amounts. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed that the substructures of podosomes were replenished more rapidly with new molecules than those of invadopodia. Overall, our results indicate that EMT has a major effect on the transcription and synthesis of both intra- and extracellular proteins, including laminins and their receptors, and on the structure and dynamics of oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Distribution and adhesion-promoting activity of alpha4 and alpha5 chain laminins in human endothelia and carcinomas

Basement membranes are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix found in contact with epithelia, endothelia, and certain isolated cells. They support tissue architecture and regulate cell behaviour. Laminins are among the main constituents of basement membranes. Due to differences between laminin isoforms, laminins confer structural and functional diversity to basement membranes. The first aim of this study was to gain insights into the potential functions of the then least characterized laminins, alpha4 chain laminins, by evaluating their distribution in human tissues. We thus created a monoclonal antibody specific for laminin alpha4 chain. By immunohistochemistry, alpha4 chain laminins were primarily localized to basement membranes of blood vessel endothelia, skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle cells, nerves, and adipocytes. In addition, alpha4 chain laminins were found in the region of certain epithelial basement membranes in the epidermis, salivary gland, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and kidney. Because of the consistent presence of alpha4 chain laminins in endothelial basement membranes of blood vessels, we evaluated the potential roles of endothelial laminins in blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and carcinomas. Human endothelial cells produced alpha4 and alpha5 chain laminins. In quantitative and morphological adhesion assays, human endothelial cells barely adhered to alpha4 chain-containing laminin-411. The weak interaction of endothelial cells with laminin-411 appeared to be mediated by alpha6beta1 integrin. The alpha5 chain-containing laminin-511 promoted endothelial cell adhesion better than laminin-411, but it did not promote the formation of cell-extracellular matrix adhesion complexes. The adhesion of endothelial cells to laminin-511 appeared to be mediated by Lutheran glycoprotein together with beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins. The results suggest that these laminins may induce a migratory phenotype in endothelial cells. In lymphatic capillaries, endothelial basement membranes showed immunoreactivity for laminin alpha4, beta1, beta2, and gamma1 chains, type IV and XVIII collagens, and nidogen-1. Considering the assumed inability of alpha4 chain laminins to polymerize and to promote basement membrane assembly, the findings may in part explain the incomplete basement membrane formation in these vessels. Lymphatic capillaries of ovarian carcinomas showed immunoreactivity also for laminin alpha5 chain and its receptor Lutheran glycoprotein, emphasizing a difference between normal and ovarian carcinoma lymphatic capillaries. In renal cell carcinomas, immunoreactivity for laminin alpha4 chain was found in stroma and basement membranes of blood vessels. In most tumours, immunoreactivity for laminin alpha4 chain was also observed in the basement membrane region of tumour cell islets. Renal carcinoma cells produced alpha4 chain laminins. Laminin-411 did not promote adhesion of renal carcinoma cells, but inhibited their adhesion to fibronectin. Renal carcinoma cells migrated more on laminin-411 than on fibronectin. The results suggest that alpha4 chain laminins have a counteradhesive function, and may thus have a role in detachment and invasion of renal carcinoma cells.

The function of Bmps and Runx2 in normal tooth development and in the pathogenesis of cleidocranial dysplasia

The development of many embryonic organs is regulated by reciprocal and sequential epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. These interactions are mediated by conserved signaling pathways that are reiteratively used. Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a congenital syndrome where both bone and tooth development is affected. The syndrome is characterized by short stature, abnormal clavicles, general bone dysplasia, and supernumerary teeth. CCD is caused by mutations in RUNX2, a transcription factor that is a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The first aim of this study was to analyse the expression of a family of key signal molecules, Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) at different stages of tooth development. Bmps have a variety of functions and they were originally discovered as signals inducing ectopic bone formation. We performed a comparative in situ hybridisation analysis of the mRNA expression of Bmp2-7 from initiation of tooth development to differentiation of dental hard tissues. The expression patterns indicated that the Bmps signal between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during initiation and morphogenesis of tooth development, as well as during the differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts. Furthermore, they are also part of the signalling networks whereby the enamel knot regulates the patterning of tooth cusps. The second aim was to study the role of Runx2 during tooth development and thereby to gain better understanding of the pathogenesis of the tooth phenotype in CCD. We analysed the tooth phenotype of Runx2 knockout mice and examined the patterns and regulation of Runx2 gene expression.. The teeth of wild-type and Runx2 mutant mice were compared by several methods including in situ hybridisation, tissue culture, bead implantation experiments, and epithelial-mesenchymal recombination studies. Phenotypic analysis of Runx2 -/- mutant tooth development showed that teeth failed to advance beyond the bud stage. Runx2 expression was restricted to dental mesenchyme between the bud and early bell stages of tooth development and it was regulated by epithelial signals, in particular Fgfs. We searched for downstream targets of Runx2 by comparative in situ hybridisation analysis. The expression of Fgf3 was downregulated in the mesenchyme of Runx2 -/- teeth. Shh expression was absent from the enamel knot in the lower molars of Runx2 -/- and reduced in the upper molars. In conclusion, these studies showed that Runx2 regulates key epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that control advancing tooth morphogenesis and histodifferentiation of the epithelial enamel organ. In addition, in the upper molars of Runx2 mutants extra buddings occured at the palatal side of the tooth bud. We suggest that Runx2 acts as an inhibitor of successional tooth formation by preventing advancing development of the buds. Accordingly, we propose that RUNX2 haploinsuffiency in humans causes incomplete inhibition of successional tooth formation and as a result supernumerary teeth.

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome : Clinical, genetic and radiological study

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which the cardinal symptoms arise from exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested increased risk of fatal complications among Finnish SDS infants. The genetic defect responsible for the disease was recently identified; the SBDS gene is located at chromosome 7q11 and encodes a protein that is involved in ribosome biosynthesis. The discovery of the SBDS gene has opened new insights into the pathogenesis of this multi-organ disease. This study aimed to assess phenotypic and genotypic features of Finnish patients with SDS. Seventeen Finnish patients with a clinical diagnosis of SDS were included in the study cohort. Extensive clinical, biochemical and imaging assessments were performed to elucidate the phenotypic features, and the findings were correlated with the SBDS genotype. Imaging studies included abdominal magnetic reso-nance imaging (MRI), brain MRI, cardiac echocardiography including tissue Doppler examination, and cardiac MRI. The skeletal phenotype was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone histomorphometry. Twelve patients had mutations in the SBDS gene. In MRI, a characteristic pattern of fat-replaced pancreas with occasional enhancement of scattered parenchymal foci and of pancreatic duct was noted in the SBDS mutation-positive patients while the mutation-negative patients did not have pancreatic fat accumulation. The patients with SBDS mutations had significantly reduced bone mineral density associated with low-energy peripheral fractures and vertebral compression fractures. Bone histomorphometry confirmed low-turnover osteoporosis. The patients with SBDS mutations had learning difficulties and smaller head size and brain volume than control subjects. Corpus callosum, cerebellar vermis, and pos-terior fossa structures were significantly smaller in SDS patients than in controls. Patients with SDS did not have evidence of clinical heart disease or myocardial fibrosis. However, subtle diastolic changes in the right ventricle and exercise-induced changes in the left ventricle contractile reserve were observed. This study expanded the phenotypic features of SDS to include primary low-turnover osteoporosis and structural alterations in the brain. Pancreatic MRI showed characteristic changes in the SBDS mutation-positive patients while these were absent in the mutation-negative patients, suggesting that MRI can be used to differentiate patients harbouring SBDS mutations from those without mutations. No evidence for clinical cardiac manifestations was found, but imaging studies revealed slightly altered myocardial function that may have clinical implications. These findings confirm the pleiotropic nature of SDS and underscore the importance of careful multidisciplinary follow-up of the affected individuals.

Dios entre las m��nadas : la centralidad del tema de Dios en algunas tesis metaf��sicas de G. W. Leibniz

Resumen: En el presente trabajo buscaremos introducir ciertas tesis distintivas del pensamiento de Leibniz en lo que respecta a su metaf��sica subrayando el papel de Dios en cada una de ellas. Fundamentalmente, las tesis a tratar son la teor��a de las m��nadas y dos teor��as que se siguen de ella: la de la armon��a preestablecida y la del mejor de los mundos posibles. Adem��s, buscaremos mostrar que las pruebas de la existencia de Dios (o al menos dos de ellas: el denominado ���argumento cosmol��gico��� y el denominado ���ontol��gico���), poseen subyacentemente una fundamentaci��n metaf��sica. En este sentido, no nos centraremos en las pruebas mismas sino en su fundamentaci��n.

Nietzsche y la filosof��a de la consciencia en M��s all�� del bien y el mal

Resumen: Aunque de innegable utilidad, el ��nfasis cientificista en el estudio de la consciencia tal como lo ha desarrollado la filosof��a de la mente contempor��nea ha obnubilado otras perspectivas. Hoy resulta imperativo retrotraernos a ellas en el estudio de tesis sobre la consciencia. En aras de contribuir al debate actual, el presente trabajo se propone una interpretaci��n de las tesis de Friedrich Nietzsche sobre la consciencia. Se analizar��n, adem��s, los presupuestos epistemol��gicos nietzscheanos involucrados en su cr��tica de la consciencia. Finalmente, se estudiar�� la interpretaci��n de Paul Katsafanas sobre c��mo debemos entender el concepto ���consciencia��� en Nietzsche

A atua����o da esquerda no processo constituinte : 1986-1988

Descreve os mecanismos de produ����o do texto constitucional com uma an��lise ampla do processo pol��tico brasileiro na conjuntura de crise e supera����o da ditadura militar, processo no qual se inseriram os trabalhos da Constituinte de 1986-1988. Focaliza a din��mica interna da Constituinte, tratando de aspectos variados como o regimento da Constituinte, a forma����o de suas comiss��es, a a����o dos blocos parlamentares, a diversidade de comportamento dos partidosde acordo com o tipo de quest��o em jogo, sem tirar os olhos dos determinantes pol��ticos mais gerais que a condicionavam - o fato de se tratar de um Congresso Constituinte, e n��o de uma Constituinte exclusiva e soberana, a press��o dos militares, da grande imprensa e do movimento popular.

Biblioteca digital, conhecimento cient��fico e o livre acesso �� informa����o

Apresenta e contextualiza a integra����o de uma cole����o de textos acad��micos no projeto de Biblioteca Digital da C��mara dos Deputados, tomando por base os conceitos relacionados �� atual Sociedade da Informa����o ou Sociedade do Conhecimento. Descreve o estado da arte do funcionamento de bibliotecas digitais em institui����es governamentais no Brasil. Prop��e a incorpora����o da cole����o de monografias, disserta����es e teses, resultantes dos cursos de p��s-gradua����o oferecidos pelo Centro de Forma����o e Treinamento da C��mara dos Deputados, como cole����o piloto de implanta����o da Biblioteca Digital.

Di��rio da Constituinte [grava����o de v��deo] : [programa n. 116A]

A Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) realiza debate sobre a pol��tica econ��mica atual, preocupada em fazer uma Constitui����o voltada para a realidade . O primeiro encontro ocorreu com Walter Barelli, Diretor do Departamento Intersindical de Estudos Estat��sticos S��cio-Econ��micos - DIEESE, que apresentou estudos realizados sobre o Plano Bresser. Pl��nio Arruda Sampaio (PT-SP) afirma que, devido a subservi��ncia da pol��tica econ��mica ao capital estrangeiro, o desemprego aumentou. Bresser Pereira, Ministro da Fazenda, fez um balan��o da situa����o econ��mica do pa��s e debateu o assunto durante seis horas, apresentando dados a respeito do seu plano. Dalton Canabrava (PMDB-MG) acha que o Plano Bresser �� bem fundamentado. Cristina Tavares (PMDB-PE) defende o parlamentarismo para evitar a perman��ncia no poder de ministros com tais teses. Carlos Sant'Anna (PMDB-BA) opina que a situa����o econ��mica �� dram��tica. Luiz In��cio Lula da Silva (PT-SP) diz que existe uma dist��ncia entre o Executivo e o Legislativo. Delfim Netto (PDS-SP) gostou da exposi����o e diz que devemos saudar a volta da racionalidade na pol��tica econ��mica. C��sar Maia (PDT-RJ) acredita que as medidas ir��o alongar e aprofundar a recess��o. Gastoni Righi (PTB-SP) defende o debate para encontrar as melhores solu����es dentro da futura Carta. Bresser Pereira diz que o plano de congelamento est�� dando certo.

Di��rio da Constituinte [grava����o de v��deo] : [programa n. 130]

Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM), Relator da Comiss��o de Sistematiza����o, entregou documento a Afonso Arinos com an��lise das emendas apresentadas ao anteprojeto da Constitui����o. Afonso Arinos (PFL-RJ) afirma que, pela primeira vez na hist��ria, �� feita uma Constituinte sem um texto preliminar e que o anteprojeto �� fruto de um processo democr��tico. Na reuni��o do Conselho Pol��tico do Governo, os l��deres da Alian��a Democr��tica defenderam a necessidade de entendimento em torno dos temas mais pol��micos da Constituinte. Jos�� Louren��o (PFL-BA) opina que o di��logo tem que ser retomado. Carlos Chiarelli (PFL-RS) afirma que uma Constitui����o duradoura �� fruto do entendimento. Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP) acredita que o entendimento �� poss��vel, se for ao redor das teses que o povo quer como, por exemplo, no caso da Reforma Agr��ria. Fernando Gabeira, jornalista e escritor, explica as formas de participa����o popular na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). Na sess��o O Povo Pergunta, cidad��o quer saber qual �� a situa����o da educa����o e se h�� possibilidade de aumentar a verba em benef��cio dela. Jo��o Calmon (PMDB-ES) responde que corre s��rio risco a proposta de vincula����o de 18% da receita de impostos federais e de, no m��nimo, 25% da receita de impostos estaduais e municipais para a educa����o e conclama a popula����o a se manifestar em favor do aumento dos recursos. Outro cidad��o quer saber como a Constituinte vai melhorar o atendimento m��dico e a sa��de da popula����o. Euclides Scalco (PMDB-PR) responde que deve ser criado o Fundo Nacional de Sa��de, composto pelos 30% dos recursos da seguridade e outros recursos estaduais, municipais e do or��amento da Uni��o para garantir assist��ncia plena e para que se implante, definitivamente, o Sistema ��nico de Sa��de no pa��s.