Dental caries experience in Indians of the Upper Xingu, Brazil

The present study describes the experience of dental caries in Indians communities of the Xingu, in order to supply parameters for further analysis of trends of the disease in Indians. We performed oral health examination in 288 Indians from four communities (Yawalapiti, Aweti, Mehinaku and Kamaiura) living in the southern part of the Xingu National Park, using international criteria defined by the World Health Organization. The outcome measures were the DMFT and dmft scores, and the care index. Indians of the Upper Xingu presented high levels of caries, in all age groups. The average DMFT for 11 to 13-year-old children - 5.93 - was lower than the index measured in 1993 for 12-year-old schoolchildren in nearby cities - 8.23 -, whose United Nations' human development index ranked medium. However, Indians presented a much lower care index, per age group, than these cities, and a high ratio of missing teeth for persons above 20 years old. These observations indicate low incorporation of dental care services. The irregularity of the services programmed for these communities, and the changing dietary and cultural patterns, mainly derived from their contact with the non-indigenous population of Brazil, reinforce the pressing need for health promotion initiatives aimed at these groups.

Promoção da saúde oral: uma experiência de prevenção de cárie num concelho rural

Resumo: A cárie dentária, um problema que tem atingido populações em grande parte do mundo, é a doença de maior prevalência da cavidade oral, gerando graves consequências económicas e sociais. Esta doença tem sido estudada ao longo do tempo em diferentes países com o emprego de diversos índices, geralmente para o estudo da sua prevalência, a avaliação de medidas preventivas e o adequado planeamento das acções e serviços de saúde oral. O objectivo deste Projecto foi determinar se a escovagem quando realizada na escola com pasta fluoretada, e supervisionada pelos professores, duas vezes por dia, seria ou não eficaz na diminuição das populações microbianas de Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus e na consequente diminuição da incidência de cárie dentária. Material e métodos: Foram seleccionadas todas as crianças (universo = 178), com idades compreendidas entre os 5, 6 e 7 anos, residentes no Concelho de Aljustrel e a frequentar o pré-escolar e o primeiro ciclo do ensino básico oficial. Foi realizada a escovagem bi-diária com pasta fluoretada a 500 ppm F-, na escola, segundo o método de Bass modificado, supervisionado pelos professores titulares de turma, que tiveram formação da técnica de escovagem utilizada. Durante os 3 anos de estudo foram realizadas 6 observações dentárias e recolhas salivares para contagem de Streptococcus mutans e Lactobacillus e avaliação da capacidade tampão da saliva. Resultados: O grupo de estudo no início da intervenção apresentava valores dos índices de cárie dentária mais elevados do que os do grupo de controlo (mais 0,109 no CPO-S, 0,0749 no CPO-D, 1,505 no cpo-s e 0,831 no cpo-d), porém sem diferenças de significância estatística. A análise estatística dos resultados não veio confirmar este pressuposto uma vez que o grupo de estudo apresentou um aumento percentual ligeiramente maior do índice CPO-D (12,5%) do que o grupo de controlo (11,6%). Para além deste aspecto, ao contrário do que seria de esperar, não foi possível detectar nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa em nenhum dos índices de cárie dentária (cpo-s, cpo-d, CPO-S e CPO-D) entre o grupo de estudo e grupo de controlo entre a 1ª e última observação.Ainda que os resultados do estudo aqui apresentado tenham ficado aquém do esperado, deveria ser efectuada a escovagem diária na escola, uma vez por dia, com pasta fluoretada a 1000 ppm F-, atendendo a que esta medida contribui para a promoção da saúde e prevenção da doença e é facilitadora da construção de estilos de vida saudáveis.-------ABSTRACT: Dental caries, a problem that has affected populations worldwide, is one of the most prevalent diseases of the oral cavity, causing severe economic and social consequences. This disease has been studied over time in different countries with the use of various indices, usually for the knowledge of its prevalence, evaluation of preventive measures and appropriate planning of actions and oral services. The aim of this study was to determine whether toothbrushing when performed in schools, with fluoride toothpaste, and supervised by teachers twice a day, was effective in reducing microbial populations of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus with consequent reduction in the incidence of dental caries. Material and Methods: All children aged 5, 6, and 7 years, from Aljustrel County, attending official pre-school and first cycle of basic educatio were selected. Toothbrushing was performed twice a day with toothpaste with 500 ppm F-,in the school, according to the modified Bass method, supervised by professors in the class, who were trained in the brushing technique used. During the study period were performed 6 observations of the dental status, and were also collected saliva for the count of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, and assessment of buffering capacity of saliva. Results: The study group at the beginning of the intervention had higher values of dental caries than the control group (more than 0,109 in DMF-S, 0, 0749 in DMF, dmf-s 1,505 and 0,831 in dmf-t) although without statistical significance. The expected results were not confirmed, since the study group had a slightly higher percentage increase of the DMF-T (12,5%) than the control group (11,6%). Apart from that, contrary to what one would expect, we could not detect any statistical significant difference in any of the indices of dental caries (dmf-s, dmf-t and DMF-S, DMF-T) between the study and the control group in all study periods. Although the study results were not has expected, toothbrushing should be performed daily at school, once a day with fluoride toothpaste with 1000 ppm F-, since this measure contributes to health promotion and disease prevention and encourages healthy lifestyles.

Factores sociodemográficos na saúde oral : influências nos comportamentos de rotinas de saúde oral, frequências de idas a consultas, auto avaliação do estado de saúde oral e presença de dor em jovens de 12 anos

RESUMO - Introdução: A saúde oral é uma componente essencial na saúde geral e no bem-estar dos indivíduos. Sabe-se que os problemas de saúde oral afectam predominantemente os elementos de níveis socioeconómicos mais baixos, evidenciando a influência dos determinantes sociais da saúde na saúde oral das populações. Os objectivos deste estudo são caracterizar os comportamentos de rotinas diárias de higiene oral, frequências de idas a consultas de saúde oral, auto-avaliação do estado de saúde oral e percepção de dor na cavidade oral em crianças de 12 anos em Portugal e analisar a associação entre estes e os factores sociodemográficos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, abrangendo 1309 jovens e baseado em informação recolhida no III Estudo Nacional de Prevalência de Doenças Orais (ENPDO). Para além das estatísticas descritivas usuais, as estatísticas inferenciais basearam-se predominantemente em modelos de regressão logística binária. Resultados: Dos participantes, 70.6% (n=924) escova “duas ou mais vezes por dia” com associação com todas as variáveis sociodemográficas. Na análise multivariada, o género masculino (OR=2.088; IC95%: 1.574-2.770, em relação ao género feminino), a área de residência predominantemente rural ou mediamente urbana (OR= 1.800; IC95%: 2.587; OR=1.516; IC95%: 1.093-2.103, em relação a zonas predominantemente urbanas), a escolaridade da mãe ser o ensino básico (OR= 2.112; IC95%: 1.408-3.168, em relação ao ensino superior) e a actividade laboral do pai ser desempregado (OR= 1.938; IC95%: 1.280-2.934, em relação a ser trabalhador) foram as variáveis com mais impacto para a adopção de comportamentos de escovagem potencialmente inadequados (p<0.05). A maioria dos inquiridos (94.2%; n=1247) já tinham ido a uma consulta de saúde oral e 74.5% (n=860) nos últimos 12 meses, 95.5% (n=1250) encontram-se satisfeitos com a saúde oral e 44.5% (n=578) afirma ter tido algum tipo de dor na cavidade oral nos últimos 12 meses. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com a literatura em termos de factores de associação. Desta forma, a saúde oral nos jovens de 12 anos em Portugal, nos diversos contextos aqui analisados, pode ser considerada como satisfatória. A única excepção relevante é a componente da dor, com valores alarmantes embora de natureza mais subjectiva. A influência dos factores sociodemográficos sugere que futuras abordagens para a promoção da saúde oral tenham em conta os determinantes de saúde no delineamento de estratégias quer a nível individual quer a nível comunitário.

Dental and facial characteristics of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that the temporomandibular joint is frequently affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and this degenerative disease, which may occur during facial growth, results in severe mandibular dysfunction. However, there are no studies that correlate oral health (tooth decay and gingival diseases) and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral and facial characteristics of the patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated in a large teaching hospital. METHOD: Thirty-six patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (26 female and 10 male) underwent a systematic clinical evaluation of their dental, oral, and facial structures (DMFT index, plaque and gingival bleeding index, dental relationship, facial profile, and Helkimo's index). The control group was composed of 13 healthy children. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis was 10.8 years; convex facial profile was present in 12 juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients, and class II molar relation was present in 12 (P = .032). The indexes of plaque and gingival bleeding were significant in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients with a higher number of superior limbs joints involved (P = .055). Anterior open bite (5) and temporomandibular joint noise (8) were present in the juvenile idiopathic arthritis group. Of the group in this sample, 94% (P = .017) had temporomandibular joint dysfunction, 80% had decreased mandibular opening (P = 0.0002), and mandibular mobility was severely impaired in 33% (P = .015). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis a) have a high incidence of mandibular dysfunction that can be attributed to the direct effect of the disease in the temporomandibular joint and b) have a higher incidence of gingival disease that can be considered a secondary effect of juvenile idiopathic arthritis on oral health.

Dental Branch Annual Report 2004/2005 (PDF 629 KB)

The second Annual Report of Dental Branch

Dental Branch Annual Report 2003/2004 (PDF 269 KB)

The second Annual Report of Dental Branch

Dental Review August 2003 (PDF 344 KB)

Workforce Planning Review August 2003

Dental Treatment Services Scheme (DTSS) - Service Utilisation and Treatment Need (Lot 9)

Dental Treatment Services Scheme (DTSS) – Service Utilisation and Treatment Need (Lot 9) Since 2002, following agreement between the Department of Health and Children and the GMS Payments Board, data from the DTSS payments database has been transferred routinely to the Oral Health Services Research Centre (OHSRC), in University College, Cork for analysis. Queries have been developed in the OHSRC to provide individual level data on the treatments provided to patients, such as examinations, extractions, fillings, scale and polish, removal/amputation of roots, root treatment (upper and lower anterior teeth), radiographs, partial dentures and full dentures, and also data on the characteristics of the dentist providing services. Click here to download PDF 2.4mb

A pilot study combining individual-based smoking cessation counseling, pharmacotherapy, and dental hygiene intervention.

BACKGROUND: Dentists are in a unique position to advise smokers to quit by providing effective counseling on the various aspects of tobacco-induced diseases. The present study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of integrating dentists in a medical smoking cessation intervention. METHODS: Smokers willing to quit underwent an 8-week smoking cessation intervention combining individual-based counseling and nicotine replacement therapy and/or bupropion, provided by a general internist. In addition, a dentist performed a dental exam, followed by an oral hygiene treatment and gave information about chronic effects of smoking on oral health. Outcomes were acceptability, global satisfaction of the dentist's intervention, and smoking abstinence at 6-month. RESULTS: 39 adult smokers were included, and 27 (69%) completed the study. Global acceptability of the dental intervention was very high (94% yes, 6% mostly yes). Annoyances at the dental exam were described as acceptable by participants (61% yes, 23% mostly yes, 6%, mostly no, 10% no). Participants provided very positive qualitative comments about the dentist counseling, the oral exam, and the resulting motivational effect, emphasizing the feeling of oral cleanliness and health that encouraged smoking abstinence. At the end of the intervention (week 8), 17 (44%) participants reported smoking abstinence. After 6 months, 6 (15%, 95% CI 3.5 to 27.2) reported a confirmed continuous smoking abstinence. DISCUSSION: We explored a new multi-disciplinary approach to smoking cessation, which included medical and dental interventions. Despite the small sample size and non-controlled study design, the observed rate was similar to that found in standard medical care. In terms of acceptability and feasibility, our results support further investigations in this field. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN67470159.

Oral and general health-related quality of life in patients treated for oral cancer compared to control group.

BACKGROUND Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is gaining importance as a valuable outcome measure in oral cancer area. The aim of this study was to assess the general and oral HRQoL of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients 6 or more months after treatment and compare them with a population free from this disease. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with patients treated for oral cancer at least 6 months post-treatment and a gender and age group matched control group. HRQoL was measured with the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12); oral HRQoL (OHRQoL) was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP). Multivariable regression models assessed the association between the outcomes (SF-12, OHIP-14 and OIDP) and the exposure (patients versus controls), adjusting for sex, age, social class, functional tooth units and presence of illness. RESULTS For patients (n = 142) and controls (n = 142), 64.1% were males. The mean age was 65.2 (standard deviation (sd): 12.9) years in patients and 67.5 (sd: 13.7) years in controls. Patients had worse SF-12 Physical Component Summary scores than controls even in fully the adjusted model [β-coefficient = -0.11 (95% CI: -5.12-(-0.16)]. The differences in SF-12 Mental Component Summary were not statistically significant. Regarding OHRQoL patients had 11.63 (95% CI: 6.77-20.01) higher odds for the OHIP-14 and 21.26 (95% CI: 11.54-39.13) higher odds for OIDP of being in a worse category of OHRQoL compared to controls in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSION At least 6 months after treatment, oral cancer patients had worse OHRQoL, worse physical HRQoL and similar psychological HRQoL than the general population.

Are the health messages in schoolbooks based on scientific evidence? A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND Most textbooks contains messages relating to health. This profuse information requires analysis with regards to the quality of such information. The objective was to identify the scientific evidence on which the health messages in textbooks are based. METHODS The degree of evidence on which such messages are based was identified and the messages were subsequently classified into three categories: Messages with high, medium or low levels of evidence; Messages with an unknown level of evidence; and Messages with no known evidence. RESULTS 844 messages were studied. Of this total, 61% were classified as messages with an unknown level of evidence. Less than 15% fell into the category where the level of evidence was known and less than 6% were classified as possessing high levels of evidence. More than 70% of the messages relating to "Balanced Diets and Malnutrition", "Food Hygiene", "Tobacco", "Sexual behaviour and AIDS" and "Rest and ergonomics" are based on an unknown level of evidence. "Oral health" registered the highest percentage of messages based on a high level of evidence (37.5%), followed by "Pregnancy and newly born infants" (35%). Of the total, 24.6% are not based on any known evidence. Two of the messages appeared to contravene known evidence. CONCLUSION Many of the messages included in school textbooks are not based on scientific evidence. Standards must be established to facilitate the production of texts that include messages that are based on the best available evidence and which can improve children's health more effectively.

Use of health services by residents at a seniors-only living facility

The objective of the study was to compare the use of medical and dental services by seniors residing at a seniors-only living facility and in the general community. It was a quantitative study, among 50 residents of the living facility and 173 in the general community. The data were collected between November 2011 and February 2012 through a questionnaire, and subjected to statistical analysis. Performance of clinical exams and satisfaction with health services was greater among seniors living in the general community; however, physical therapy treatment was more common among those living in the facility. The use of medical and dental services showed a statistically significant difference. The seniors in both groups need oral health monitoring and those living in the facility also require coverage by the Family Health Strategy. The presence of professionals with the right profile to adequately serve residents and the network of available services are determining factors for the success of this new housing policy.

Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gums) for preventing dental caries in children.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fluoride supplements were first introduced to provide systemic fluoride in areas where water fluoridation is not available. Since 1990, the use of fluoride supplements in caries prevention has been re-evaluated in several countries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of fluoride supplements for preventing dental caries in children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 12 October 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3), MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 12 October 2011), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 12 October 2011), WHOLIS/PAHO/MEDCARIB/LILACS/BBO via BIREME (1982 to 12 October 2011), and Current Controlled Trials (to 12 October 2011). We handsearched reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing, with minimum follow-up of 2 years, fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges) with no fluoride supplement or with other preventive measures such as topical fluorides in children less than 16 years of age at the start. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors, independently and in duplicate, assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion, and carried out risk of bias assessment and data extraction. In the event of disagreement, we sought consensus and consulted a third review author. We contacted trial authors for missing information. We used the prevented fraction (PF) as a metric for evaluating the efficacy of the intervention. The PF is defined as the mean caries increment in controls minus mean caries increment in the treated group divided by mean caries increment in controls. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses when data could be pooled. We assessed heterogeneity in the results of the studies by examining forest plots and by using formal tests for homogeneity. We recorded adverse effects (fluorosis) when the studies provided relevant data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 studies in the review involving 7196 children.In permanent teeth, when fluoride supplements were compared with no fluoride supplement (three studies), the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a 24% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16 to 33%) reduction in decayed, missing and filled surfaces (D(M)FS). The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous or primary teeth. In one study, no caries-inhibiting effect was observed on deciduous teeth while in another study, the use of fluoride supplements was associated with a substantial reduction in caries increment.When fluoride supplements were compared with topical fluorides or with other preventive measures, there was no differential effect on permanent or deciduous teeth.The review found limited information on the adverse effects associated with the use of fluoride supplements. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the use of fluoride supplements is associated with a reduction in caries increment when compared with no fluoride supplement in permanent teeth. The effect of fluoride supplements was unclear on deciduous teeth. When compared with the administration of topical fluorides, no differential effect was observed. We rated 10 trials as being at unclear risk of bias and one at high risk of bias, and therefore the trials provide weak evidence about the efficacy of fluoride supplements.

Forgoing dental care for economic reasons in Switzerland: a six-year cross-sectional population-based study

BACKGROUND: While oral health is part of general health and well-being, oral health disparities nevertheless persist. Potential mechanisms include socioeconomic factors that may influence access to dental care in the absence of universal dental care insurance coverage. We investigated the evolution, prevalence and determinants (including socioeconomic) of forgoing of dental care for economic reasons in a Swiss region, over the course of six years. METHODS: Repeated population-based surveys (2007-2012) of a representative sample of the adult population of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Forgone dental care, socioeconomic and insurance status, marital status, and presence of dependent children were assessed using standardized methods. RESULTS: A total of 4313 subjects were included, 10.6% (457/4313) of whom reported having forgone dental care for economic reasons in the previous 12 months. The crude percentage varied from 2.4% in the wealthiest group (monthly income ≥ 13,000 CHF, 1 CHF ≈ 1$) to 23.5% among participants with the lowest income (<3,000 CHF). Since 2007/8, forgoing dental care remained stable overall, but in subjects with a monthly income of <3,000 CHF, the adjusted percentage increased from 16.3% in 2007/8 to 20.6% in 2012 (P trend = 0.002). Forgoing dental care for economic reasons was independently associated with lower income, younger age, female gender, current smoking, having dependent children, divorced status and not living with a partner, not having a supplementary health insurance, and receipt of a health insurance premium cost-subsidy. CONCLUSIONS: In a Swiss region without universal dental care insurance coverage, prevalence of forgoing dental care for economic reasons was high and highly dependent on income. Efforts should be made to prevent high-risk populations from forgoing dental care.