Diderot, le grand satirique

Diderot est davantage un humaniste et un non-conformiste qui se préoccupe beaucoup de la stabilité et du confort de l‘existence humaine. Il croit que l‘homme est né pour vivre en société et qu‘il doit être heureux. Toute cette philosophie ressort de ses oeuvres dont l‘objectif est celui d‘aider les hommes à atteindre le bonheur: il s‘agit donc d‘une littérature engagée. La verve satirique de Diderot est le fil directeur d‘une oeuvre variée et diverse qui risque de décourager le lecteur paresseux. L‘élément satirique rassemble les articles de L‟Encyclopédie, les Salons et les oeuvres fictives de Diderot, comme par exemple, Le Neveu de Rameau, Jacques le Fataliste et son Maître et La Religieuse. Bien que L‟Encyclopédie soit une entreprise scientifique, Diderot cache, dans plusieurs articles, pour tromper la censure, des attaques virulentes contre la morale, la religion et ses institutions. Il critique aussi les superstitions et les croyances don‘t s‘entourent les religions. Dans les Salons, Diderot rédige des appréciations sur les tableaux de quelques peintres, parus dans plusieurs expositions. Mais Diderot ne les décrit pas en tant que technicien, il s‘en sert pour faire une parodie de ces peintures, utilisant très souvent un langage grossier et un style gaillard. La satire est le lien entre la non-fiction et la fiction. Dans ses oeuvres romanesques on trouve la satire sociale et littéraire : Diderot y met en question le genre romanesque traditionnel, par conséquent Le Neveu de Rameau, Jacques le Fataliste et son Maître et La Religieuse se caractérisent par un décousu apparent et désordonné – c‘est la forme amusante dont Diderot se sert pour révéler aux lecteurs que les romans traditionnels les trompent. La forme désorganisée sert aussi à montrer le manque de liberté dont l‘homme jouit – l‘homme n‘est qu‘un guignol manipulé par le destin. En effet, en « déconstruisant » le roman, Diderot oblige le lecteur à réfléchir sur la condition humaine et l‘illusion romanesque de telle façon que le lecteur ne sait plus ce qui est faux et ce qui est vrai, surtout dans le cas de La Religieuse.

An improved preemption delay upper bound for floating non-preemptive region

In embedded systems, the timing behaviour of the control mechanisms are sometimes of critical importance for the operational safety. These high criticality systems require strict compliance with the offline predicted task execution time. The execution of a task when subject to preemption may vary significantly in comparison to its non-preemptive execution. Hence, when preemptive scheduling is required to operate the workload, preemption delay estimation is of paramount importance. In this paper a preemption delay estimation method for floating non-preemptive scheduling policies is presented. This work builds on [1], extending the model and optimising it considerably. The preemption delay function is subject to a major tightness improvement, considering the WCET analysis context. Moreover more information is provided as well in the form of an extrinsic cache misses function, which enables the method to provide a solution in situations where the non-preemptive regions sizes are small. Finally experimental results from the implementation of the proposed solutions in Heptane are provided for real benchmarks which validate the significance of this work.

Response time analysis of COTS-Based multicores considering the contention on the shared memory bus

The current industry trend is towards using Commercially available Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based multicores for developing real time embedded systems, as opposed to the usage of custom-made hardware. In typical implementation of such COTS-based multicores, multiple cores access the main memory via a shared bus. This often leads to contention on this shared channel, which results in an increase of the response time of the tasks. Analyzing this increased response time, considering the contention on the shared bus, is challenging on COTS-based systems mainly because bus arbitration protocols are often undocumented and the exact instants at which the shared bus is accessed by tasks are not explicitly controlled by the operating system scheduler; they are instead a result of cache misses. This paper makes three contributions towards analyzing tasks scheduled on COTS-based multicores. Firstly, we describe a method to model the memory access patterns of a task. Secondly, we apply this model to analyze the worst case response time for a set of tasks. Although the required parameters to obtain the request profile can be obtained by static analysis, we provide an alternative method to experimentally obtain them by using performance monitoring counters (PMCs). We also compare our work against an existing approach and show that our approach outperforms it by providing tighter upper-bound on the number of bus requests generated by a task.

A parallel programming model for ada

Over the last three decades, computer architects have been able to achieve an increase in performance for single processors by, e.g., increasing clock speed, introducing cache memories and using instruction level parallelism. However, because of power consumption and heat dissipation constraints, this trend is going to cease. In recent times, hardware engineers have instead moved to new chip architectures with multiple processor cores on a single chip. With multi-core processors, applications can complete more total work than with one core alone. To take advantage of multi-core processors, parallel programming models are proposed as promising solutions for more effectively using multi-core processors. This paper discusses some of the existent models and frameworks for parallel programming, leading to outline a draft parallel programming model for Ada.

Finding an upper bound on the increase in execution time due to contention on the memory bus in COTS-based multicore systems

Contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems is becoming a major determining factor of the execution time of a task. Analyzing this extra execution time is non-trivial because (i) bus arbitration protocols in such systems are often undocumented and (ii) the times when the memory bus is requested to be used are not explicitly controlled by the operating system scheduler; they are instead a result of cache misses. We present a method for finding an upper bound on the extra execution time of a task due to contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems. This method makes no assumptions on the bus arbitration protocol (other than assuming that it is work-conserving).

A shared-disk parallel cluster file system

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Informática Pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

A behavioral analysis tool for models of software systems

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

CPMD-mindful task assignment for NPS-F

The multiprocessor scheduling scheme NPS-F for sporadic tasks has a high utilisation bound and an overall number of preemptions bounded at design time. NPS-F binpacks tasks offline to as many servers as needed. At runtime, the scheduler ensures that each server is mapped to at most one of the m processors, at any instant. When scheduled, servers use EDF to select which of their tasks to run. Yet, unlike the overall number of preemptions, the migrations per se are not tightly bounded. Moreover, we cannot know a priori which task a server will be currently executing at the instant when it migrates. This uncertainty complicates the estimation of cache-related preemption and migration costs (CPMD), potentially resulting in their overestimation. Therefore, to simplify the CPMD estimation, we propose an amended bin-packing scheme for NPS-F allowing us (i) to identify at design time, which task migrates at which instant and (ii) bound a priori the number of migrating tasks, while preserving the utilisation bound of NPS-F.

Sparse matrix multiplication on a reconfigurable many-core architecture

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SMVM) is a fundamental operation in many scientific and engineering applications. In many cases sparse matrices have thousands of rows and columns where most of the entries are zero, while non-zero data is spread over the matrix. This sparsity of data locality reduces the effectiveness of data cache in general-purpose processors quite reducing their performance efficiency when compared to what is achieved with dense matrix multiplication. In this paper, we propose a parallel processing solution for SMVM in a many-core architecture. The architecture is tested with known benchmarks using a ZYNQ-7020 FPGA. The architecture is scalable in the number of core elements and limited only by the available memory bandwidth. It achieves performance efficiencies up to almost 70% and better performances than previous FPGA designs.

C'est là que l'on joue la comédie: les casa da opera en Amérique Portugaise (1719-1819)

La présente thèse doctorale propose l’étude de l’activité théâtrale développée dans les théâtres permanents construits en Amérique Portugaise au long du XVIIIe et dans la première décennie du XIXe siècle, en mettant l’accent sur les idéalisateurs des Casas da Ópera et les moyens de financement utilisés dans l’édification et l’entretien de celles-ci, le répertoire mis en scène, les artistes composant les compagnies théâtrales, les spectateurs et les possibilités de sociabilité établies dans l’espace théâtrale et les modèles architectoniques qui ont inspiré la construction des bâtiments théâtraux au cours de la période mentionnée. Ces cinq axes principaux soulignent l’approche interdisciplinaire qui a orienté nos études, dans un souci de contribution à une plus complète compréhension de notre sujet de recherche. Mots clés : Théâtres, Amérique Portugaise, Comédiens Mulâtres, Théâtre Éphémère, Comédies Portugaises, Architecture théâtrale luso-américaine, Casa da Ópera de Vila Rica/Ouro Preto.

A regulação endócrina dos balanços de cálcio

RESUMO: As concentrações circulantes de cálcio são notavelmente constantes a despeito das variações diárias na absorção intestinal e na eliminação renal deste elemento. A regulação da calcémia é um sistema complexo que compreende vários factores controladores (a calcémia, a fosforémia, as concentrações circulantes de paratormona (PTH) e calcitriol além de muitos outros factores como hormonas esteróides em geral, outros iões como o magnésio e outros factores hormonais) e vários órgãos alvo (glândulas paratiroideias, osso, rim e intestino). As respostas dos órgãos alvo também são muito variadas. No caso mais simples, a cristalização de sais de cálcio corresponde a uma mudança de fase em que participam moléculas orgânicas que a iniciam, aceleram ou inibem. Em geral a combinação de um factor controlador com o respectivo receptor de membrana (para polipeptídeos ou iões) ou intracelular (hormonas esteróides) é apenas o primeiro passo de uma cadeia bioquímica que introduz uma enorme amplificação na resposta. A esta variedade de mecanismos de resposta correspondem grandes diferenças nos tempos de resposta que podem ser de minutos a semanas. É hoje possível “observar” (medir) com apreciável rigor nos líquidos biológicos (sangue, urina, fezes, etc.) os factores mais importantes do sistema de regulação da calcémia (cálcio, fósforo, paratormona e calcitriol) assim como administrar estes factores em experiências agudas. Esta possibilidade reflecte – se na literatura neste campo que tem vindo a crescer. O advento das técnicas da biologia molecular tem permitido a caracterização molecular de algumas das disfunções da homeostase do cálcio e é de esperar um diagnóstico fisiopatológico cada vez mais rigoroso dessas disfunções. Com o avanço dos conhecimentos nesta área que não cessa de aumentar temos cada vez maiores capacidades para fazer diagnósticos e é cada vez mais difícil interpretar com rigor os correspondentes quadros metabólicos. A análise ou síntese de sistemas complexos é a actividade mais nobre dos engenheiros que lhes permite desenhar pontes, diques, barcos, aviões ou automóveis. Com o aparecimento de computadores de médio ou grande porte foi – lhes possível utilizar descrições matemáticas não só para desenhar sistemas como ainda para interpretar eventuais falhas na sua operação. Essas descrições matemáticas consistem numa sequência de operações realizadas num computador segundo um “programa informático” que receberam a designação genérica de modelos, por analogia com as famosas leis (equações) da física que foram deduzidas a partir de um certo número de postulados e que permitem representar matematicamente processos físicos. As famosas leis de Newton são talvez os exemplos mais famosos de “modelos” de sistemas físicos. A introdução de modelos matemáticos em biologia e particularmente em medicina só se deu recentemente.MÉTODOS No trabalho que aqui se apresenta construiu - se um modelo simplificado da homeostase do cálcio destinado ao cálculo de variáveis observáveis (concentrações de cálcio, fósforo, PTH e calcitriol) de modo a poderem comparar-se valores calculados com valores observados. A escolha dos componentes do modelo foi determinada pela nossa experiência clínica e pela informação fisiopatológica e clínica publicada. Houve a preocupação de construir o modelo de forma modular de modo a ser possível a sua expansão sem grandes transformações na descrição matemática (e informática) já existente. Na sua fase actual o modelo não pode ser usado como instrumento de diagnóstico. É antes uma ferramenta destinada a esclarecer “em princípio” mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Usou – se o modelo para simular um certo número de observações publicadas e para exemplificar a sua eventual aplicação clínica na simulação de situações hipotéticas e na análise de possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos responsáveis por situações de hipo ou hipercalcémias. Simultaneamente fez – se uma análise dos dados acumulados relativos a doentes vistos no Serviço de Endocrinologia do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil – Centro Regional Oncológico de Lisboa, S.A. CONCLUSÕES Numa população de 894 doentes com patologias variadas do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa os valores da calcémia tiveram uma distribuição normal unimodal com uma média de 9.56 mg/dl, e um erro padrão de 0.41 mg/dl. Estas observações sugerem que a calcémia está sujeita a regulação. A partir dos resultados publicados em que o metabolismo do cálcio foi perturbado por infusões de cálcio, calcitriol ou PTH, de estudos bioquímicos e fisiológicos sobre os mecanismos de acção de factores controladores da calcémia e do estudo do comportamento de órgãos alvo (paratiroideias, intestino, osso e rim) foi possível construir um modelo matemático de parâmetros concentrados do sistema de regulação da calcémia. As expressões analíticas usadas foram baseadas na cinética enzimática de modo a que os seus parâmetros tivessem um significado físico ou fisiológico simples. O modelo revelou apreciável robustez e flexibilidade. É estável quando não perturbado e transita entre estados estacionários quando perturbado. Na sua forma actual gera simulações que reproduzem satisfatoriamente um número apreciável de dados experimentais colhidos em doentes. Isto não significa que possa ser usado como instrumento de diagnóstico aplicável a doentes individuais. O desenho do modelo comporta a adição posterior de novas relações quando surgirem situações para as quais se revele insuficiente. A utilização exaustiva do modelo permitiu explicitar aspectos do metabolismo do cálcio que ou não estão contidas na sua formulação actual – o aparecimento de hipertrofia ou de adenomas das paratiroideias e as alterações na estrutura óssea , a participação de outros factores controladores – magnésio, ou estão insuficientemente descritas – alterações do metabolismo do fósforo nos hipoparatiroidismos. A análise dos dados relativos aos doentes do Serviço de Endocrinologia do IPO permitiu o início da caracterização dos tipos de patologia que representam e de possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos subjacentes. Estas observações são o ponto de partida para análises futuras. São exemplos das relações encontradas: a distribuição dos doentes por dois grandes grupos conforme a calcémia é determinada pelas concentrações circulantes de PTH ou estas são determinadas pela calcémia; a distribuição sazonal das concentrações de Vit. D25. no sangue; a correlação negativa entre estas e as concentrações de PTH no sangue. Também foi possível extrair a cinética do controlo da PTH sobre a síntese de calcitriol. O estudo dos níveis circulantes de PTH no pós-operatório imediato de doentes paratiroidectomizados permitiu determinar as suas taxas de degradação metabólica. O modelo permitiu simular as relações Ca/PTH no sangue, Ca/Fracção excretada da carga tubular, Ca/P no sangue para valores normais ou altos de Ca. Foram feitas simulações de situações fisiopatológicas (em “doentes virtuais”): infusões crónicas de cálcio, PTH e calcitriol; alterações no comportamento de receptores. Estas simulações correspondem a experiências que não podem ser realizadas em humanos. São exemplos da utilização do modelo na exploração de possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos através da observação de resultados quantitativos inacessíveis à intuição. O modelo foi útil em duas fases do trabalho: Primeiro, durante a sua síntese implicou uma escolha criticamente selectiva de informação, sua análise quantitativa e processamento, uma explicitação rigorosa (analítica) das relações funcionais entre os controladores e as variáveis e da sua integração numa estrutura global; Segundo, a simulação de situações experimentais ou clínicas (dados do Serviço de Endocrinologia do IPO) em doentes obrigou a explicitar raciocínios fisiopatológicos habitualmente formulados em bases puramente intuitivas. Esta prática revelou comportamentos óbvios após as simulações – acção reduzida das infusões PTH (simulação de hiperparatiroidismos primários) enquanto não há inibição total da respectiva secreção, necessidade de aumento da massa secretora da paratiroideia nas insuficiências renais avançadas, etc. A síntese e utilização do modelo não implicaram uma preparação matemática avançada e foram possíveis mercê da disponibilidade de “software” interactivo especificamente desenhado para a simulação de sistemas dinâmicos em que os programas se escrevem em inglês usando a simbologia simples da álgebra elementar. A função nobre de modelos desta natureza é semelhante à dos modelos usados pelos físicos desde o século XVII: permitir explicações de carácter geral funcionando como uma ferramenta intelectual para manipulação de conceitos e para a realização de “experiências pensadas” (“thought experiments”) respeitando certos princípios físicos (princípios de conservação) que estabelecem as fronteiras da realidade. -------ABSTRACT: Calcium blood levels are remarkably constant despite great variations in calcium daily intake, intestinal absorption and renal excretion. The regulation of the calcium concentration in the blood is achieved by a complex system that includes several controller factors (mainly the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol but also of steroid hormones, ions such as magnesium and other hormonal factors) and several target organs (parathyroid glands, bone, kidney and intestine). The functional response to the controlling factors obeys a variety of kinetics. The precipitation of calcium salts is a simple phase transition in which organic molecules may provide nucleation centres or inhibit the process. The combination of a controller factor with its receptor located in the cell membrane (for peptides or ions) or in the nucleus (for steroid hormones) is only the first step of a biochemical chain that introduces a huge amplification in the response. To this great variability of response we have to add the times of response that vary from minutes to weeks. It is possible to “observe” (measure) with great accuracy in biological fluids (blood, urine, faeces, etc.) the most important factors intervening in the calcium regulation (calcium, phosphorus, PTH and calcitriol). The response of the system to acute infusions of the controlling factors has also been studied. Using molecular biology techniques it has been possible to characterize some calcium homeostasis dysfunctions and better physiopathological diagnosis are expected. With the increasingly new knowledge in this area we have better capacity to diagnose but it is harder to explain correctly the underlying metabolic mechanisms. The analysis or synthesis of complex systems is the noble activity of engineers that enables them to draw bridges, dams, boats, airplanes or cars. With the availability of medium-large frame computers it was possible to use mathematical descriptions not only to draw systems but also to explain flaws in its operations. These mathematical descriptions are generally known as models by analogy with the laws (equations) of physics that allow the mathematical description of physical processes. In practice it is not possible to find general solutions for the mathematical descriptions of complex systems but (numeric) computations for specific situations can be obtained with digital computers. The introduction of mathematical models in biology and particularly in medicine is a recent event. METHODS In this thesis a simplified model of calcium homeostasis was built that enables the computation of observable variables (concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, PTH and calcitriol) and allows the comparison between the simulation values and observed values. The choice of the model’s components was made according to our clinical experience and to the published clinical and physiopathological data. The model has a modular design that allows future expansions with minor alterations in its structure. In its present form the model cannot be used for diagnosis. It is a tool designed to enlighten physiopathological processes. To exemplify its possible clinical application in the simulation of hypothetical situations and in the analysis of possible mechanisms responsible for hypo or hypercalcemias the model was used to simulate a certain number of published observations. An analysis of clinical and laboratory data from the Endocrinology Department of the Portuguese Cancer Institute (I.P.O.F.G.-C.R.O.L.,S.A.) is also presented. CONCLUSIONS In a population of 188 patients without an identifiable disease of the calcium metabolism at the Portuguese Cancer Institute the calcemia levels had a unimodal distribution with an average of 9.56 mg/dL and a S.E.M of 0.41 mg/dL. This observation confirms that serum calcium is regulated. Using published data; in which calcium metabolism was disrupted by calcium, PTH or calcitriol infusions; from biochemical and physiological studies of the action of controller factors on the calcemia; in which the response of target organs (parathyroid glands, intestine, bone, kidney) was studied it was possible to build a mathematical model of concentrated parameters of the calcium homeostasis. Analytical expressions used were based on enzymatic kinetics. The model is flexible and robust. It is stable when not disturbed and changes between steady states when disturbed. In its present form it provides simulations that reproduce closely a number of experimental clinical data. This does not mean that it can be used as a diagnostic tool for individual patients. The exhaustive utilisation of the model revealed the need of future expansions to include aspects of the calcium metabolism not included in its present form –hypertrophy or adenomas of the parathyroid glands, bone structure changes, participation of other controller factors such as magnesium – or insufficiently described – phosphate metabolism in hypoparathyroidism. The analysis of the data collected from the I.P.O.’s Endocrinology Department allowed the initial characterization of the different pathologies represented and of their possible physiopathological mechanisms. These observations are a starting point for future analysis. As examples of the relations found were: the distribution of patients in two groups according to the dependency of calcium by PTH levels or PTH levels by calcium concentration; the seasonal distribution of the serum concentrations of D25; its negative correlation with PTH concentration. It was also possible to extract the kinetics of the control of the synthesis of calcitriol by PTH. The analysis of immediate post-surgical levels of PTH in parathyroidectomized patients allowed the determination of its metabolic clearance. The model also allowed the simulation of the relations between Ca/PTH in blood, serum Ca/Fraction of tubular load excreted and Ca/P in blood for normal and high values of calcium. Simulations were made of pathological situations (in “virtual patients”): chronic infusions of calcium, PTH and calcitriol; changes in the characteristics of receptors. These simulations are not possible in real persons. They are an example of the use of this model in exploring possible mechanisms of disease through the observation of quantitative results not accessible to simple intuition. This model was useful in two phases: Firstly, its construction required a careful choice of data, its quantitative analysis and processing, an analytical description of the relations between controller factors and variables and their integration in a global structure. Secondly, the simulation of experimental or clinical (I.P.O.’s Endocrinology Department) data implied testing physiopathological explanations that previously were based on intuition. The construction and utilisation of the model didn’t demand an advanced mathematical preparation since user-friendly interactive software was used. This software was specifically designed for the simulation of dynamic systems. The programs are written in English using elementary algebra symbols. The essential function of this type of models is identical to that of those used by physicists since the XVII century which describe quantitatively natural processes and are an intellectual tool for the manipulation of concepts and the performance of “thought experiments” based in certain physical principles (conservation principles) that are the frontiers of reality.------------------RESUMÉE: Les concentrations circulantes de calcium sont constantes même pendant des variations de l’absorption intestinale et de l’élimination rénale de cet élément. La régulation de la calcémie est un système complexe qui comprend plusieurs éléments contrôleurs (la calcémie, la phosphorémie, les concentrations circulantes de l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH) e du calcitriol et d’autres comme les hormones stéroïdes ou des ions comme le magnésium) et plusieurs organes (glandes parathyroïdiennes, l’os, le rein et l’intestin). Les réponses de ces organes sont variées. Dans le cas plus simple, la cristallisation des sels de calcium correspond à un changement de phase dans lequel y participent des molécules organiques que la débutent, l’accélèrent ou l’inhibent. Généralement la combinaison d’un élément contrôleur avec leur récepteur de membrane (pour les peptides ou les ions) ou intracellulaire (pour les hormones stéroïdes) n’est que le premier pas d’une chaîne biochimique qu’introduit une grande amplification de la réponse. A cette variété de réponses correspondent des grandes différences des temps de réponses qu’y vont des minuits a semaines. Il est possible « observer » (mesurer) dans les fluides biologiques (sang, urine, fèces, etc.) les éléments plus importants du système de régulation de la calcémie (calcium, phosphate, PTH et le calcitriol) et les administrer en expérimentes aigus. Cette possibilité est visible dans la littérature publiée dans ce domaine qui est en croissance permanente. L’avenir des techniques de biologie moléculaire a permis caractériser des nombreuses dysfonctions de la régulation de la calcémie et on attend un diagnostique physiopathologique de ces dysfonctions chaque fois plus rigoureuses. Les connaissances dans ce domaine s’agrandissent et on a de plus de capacités pour faire des diagnostiques et il est chaque fois plus difficile les interpréter. L’analyse ou synthèse de systèmes complexes est l’activité plus noble des ingénieurs qui les permit dessiner des ponts, bateaux, avions ou automobiles. Avec des ordinateurs de médium ou grand port il les est possible utiliser descriptions mathématiques pour dessiner les systèmes et interpréter des éventuelles fautes d’opération. Ces descriptions mathématiques sont une séquence d’opérations réalisées dans un ordinateur selon « un programme informatique » qui ont reçu la désignation générique de modèles, pour analogie avec les équations de la physique qui ont été déduits d’un nombre de postulées et qu’ont permit représenter des processus physiques en équations mathématiques. Les fameuses équations de Newton sont peut-être les exemples plus connus des systèmes physiques. L’introduction des modèles mathématiques en biologie et en particulier en médecine est un évènement récent. Dans ce travaille, on a construit un modèle simplifié de l’homéostasie du calcium pour calculer les variables observables (concentrations de calcium, phosphate, PTH et calcitriol) pour les comparer. Les choix des components a été déterminés par notre expérience clinique et par l’information physiopathologique et clinique publiée. Le modèle a été construit de façon modulaire ce que permit leur postérieur expansion sans des grandes altérations dans la description mathématique et informatique déjà existante. Dans cette forme le modèle ne peut être utilisé comme un instrument de diagnostique. Il est un outil pour éclairer la physiopathologie. Le modèle a été utilisé pour simuler un certain nombre d’observations publiées et pour exemplifier leur possible utilisation clinique dans la simulation des hypothèses et de la physiopathologie des situations d’hypo ou hypercalcémie. On a fait une analyse des éléments des procès cliniques des malades observées dans le Service d’Endocrinologie de l’IPOFG-CROL, SA. Dans une population de 894 malades avec des différentes pathologies les valeurs de calcémie on une distribution uni modale avec une Médie de 9.56 mg/dL et une erreur standard de 0.41 mg/dL. Ces observations suggèrent que la calcémie soit sujette de régulation. En utilisant des résultats de travaux publiés dans lesquels le métabolisme du calcium a été changé par des infusions de calcium, calcitriol ou PTH, des études biochimiques et physiologiques sur des mécanismes d’action des éléments contrôleurs de la calcémie et de l’étude du comportement des organes cible (parathyroïdes, intestin, rein, os), il a été possible de construire un modèle mathématique de paramètres concentrés du système de régulation de la calcémie. Les expressions analytiques utilisées ont été basées sur la cinétique enzymatique de façon à que les paramètres aient eu une signification physique ou biologique. Le modèle est stable quand il n’est pas perturbé et transit entre états stationnaires quand il est sujet a des perturbations. A ce moment il fait des simulations qui reproduisent de façon satisfaisant un nombre d’observations expérimentales. La construction du modèle permit l’addiction de nouvelles relations dans les cas ou il est insuffisant. L’utilisation exhaustive du modèle a permit expliciter des aspects du métabolisme du calcium qui y ne sont pas compris – l’hyperplasie ou la formation des adénomes des parathyroïdes, les altérations de la structure des os, la participation d’outres éléments régulateurs (magnésium), ou sont insuffisamment décrites – les altérations du métabolisme des phosphates dans l’hypoparathyroidism. L’analyse de l’information des malades du Service d’Endocrinologie a permit caractériser les pathologies représentées et leurs possibles mécanismes physiopathologiques. Ces observations sont le point de départ pour les analyses futures. Sont des exemples des relations trouvées: la distribution des malades par deux groupes: ceux dans lequel la calcémie est déterminée par la PTH ou ceux dans lesquels la PTH est déterminée par la calcémie; la distribution sazonale de la concentration de la vitamine D; la corrélation négative entre la vitamine D et la PTH. On a eu la possibilité de déduire la cinétique de control de la PTH sur la synthèse du calcitriol. L’étude des niveaux circulants de PTH sur des sujets parathyroidectomisées a permit déduire leur taux de dégradation métabolique. Le modèle a permit simuler les relations Ca/PTH dans le sang, Ca/fraction éliminée par le rein, Ca/P dans le sang pour des valeurs normales ou hautes de calcium. On a fait des simulations de situations physiopathologiques (dans “malades virtuelles”): Infusions chroniques de calcium, PTH ou calcitriol; altérations des récepteurs. Ces simulations ne peuvent pas être réalisées dans les humains. Sont des exemples d’utilisation du modèle dans l’exploration des possibles mécanismes de la physiopathologie en observant des résultats quantitatifs inaccessibles à l’intuition. Le modèle a été utile pendant deux étapes des travaux: La première, dans sa construction on a choisi l’information disponible, son analyse quantitative, l’explicitation rigoureuse (analytique) des relations fonctionnelles entre les contrôleurs et les variables et sa intégration dans une structure globale. La deuxième, la simulation de situations expérimentales ou cliniques (du Service d’Endocrinologie) a obligé d’expliciter des raisonnements physiopathologiques généralement formulés utilisant l’intuition. Cette pratique a montré des comportements – action réduite des infusions de PTH (jusqu’à l’inhibition totale de leur respective sécrétion), nécessité d’augmenter la masse sécréteuse de la parathyroïde dans les insuffisants rénales, etc. La synthèse et utilisation du modèle n’ont pas besoin d’une formation avancée en mathématique et sont possibles grâce à un programme interactif qui a été conçu pour la simulation des systèmes dynamiques dans lesquels le programme se construit en anglais en utilisant la symbolique élémentaire de l’algèbre. La fonction noble de ces modèles est semblable à celles des physiques du XVII siècle: Permettre établir explications générales en fonctionnant comme un outil intellectuel pour manipuler des concepts et pour la réalisation d’expérimentes pensées en respectant certains principes de la physique (principe de la conservation) qu’établissent les frontières de la réalité.

Optimizações guiadas por dados reais em linguagens de domínio específico para a web

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

A Generic and Compositional Framework for Multicore Response Time Analysis

23rd International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS 2015). 4 to 6, Nov, 2015, Main Track. Lille, France. Best Paper Award Nominee

Non-preemptive and SRP-based fullypreemptive scheduling of real-time Software Transactional Memory

Recent embedded processor architectures containing multiple heterogeneous cores and non-coherent caches renewed attention to the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM) as a building block for developing parallel applications. STM promises to ease concurrent and parallel software development, but relies on the possibility of abort conflicting transactions to maintain data consistency, which in turns affects the execution time of tasks carrying transactions. Because of this fact the timing behaviour of the task set may not be predictable, thus it is crucial to limit the execution time overheads resulting from aborts. In this paper we formalise a FIFO-based algorithm to order the sequence of commits of concurrent transactions. Then, we propose and evaluate two non-preemptive and one SRP-based fully-preemptive scheduling strategies, in order to avoid transaction starvation.

Décroissance volontaire et perspectives en matière d'alimentaire

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ecologia Humana e Problemas Sociais Contemporâneos