Algunes qüestions referides a l’aprenentatge lingüístic de la infància estrangera a Catalunya

L’article està organitzat en dues parts. A la primera, s’aborden algunes qüestions generals relacionades amb la integració i l’aprenentatge de llengües. A la segona, es discuteix la manera de fer possible l’aprenentatge de les llengües de l’escola a aquesta part de la infància, amb un èmfasi especial en el tractament de la seva pròpia llengua

El coneixement de la llengua catalana i la llengua castellana per part de l'alumnat estranger escolaritzat a l'educació primària de Catalunya: factors explicatius i relacions d'interdependència lingüística.

La tesi presenta els resultats de coneixement de català i castellà de 515 alumnes estrangers escolaritzats a Catalunya al finalitzar sisè de primària durant el curs 2006/07. En concret, analitza la incidència d'algunes variables en el seu coneixement lingüístic (el temps d'estada, la llengua inicial, l'escolaritat prèvia, el nivell educatiu familiar, el context sociolingüístic del centre, la concentració d'alumnat estranger per aula, els usos de les diferents llengües a l'entorn social, escolar i familiar, entre altres) i també estudia les relacions d'interdependència lingüística (Cummins, 1979) que es produeixen entre les llengües que aquest alumnat aprèn des de l'escola. Les proves utilitzades avaluen diferents habilitats relacionades amb el coneixement de llengua oral i escrita de català i castellà. El tractament que es fa de les dades és estadístic. Les conclusions apunten alguns dels elements que cal considerar pel tractament educatiu i lingüístic de la infància i l'adolescència estrangera escolaritzada a Catalunya.

Signwriting : um sistema de escrita das línguas gestuais : aplicação à língua gestual portuguesa

A língua gestual (LG) é a língua natural da pessoa surda, sendo utilizada como forma de expressão e comunicação da comunidade surda de um determinado país. Porém, é de todo impossível escrever estas línguas através de um alfabeto comum como o da Língua Portuguesa (LP). Em 1974, na Dinamarca, Valerie Sutton criou o SignWriting (SW), um sistema de escrita das línguas gestuais, contrariando assim a ideia de que as línguas espaço-visuais não poderiam ter uma representação gráfica. Para o surgimento deste sistema foram fundamentais os estudos pioneiros de William Stokoe que reconheceram o estatuto linguístico das línguas gestuais, atribuindo-lhes propriedades inerentes a uma língua, como por exemplo a arbitrariedade e convencionalidade. Neste trabalho apresentamos o SW, sistema de escrita das línguas gestuais já utilizado noutros países, e questionamos se é exequível e profícua a sua adaptação à língua gestual portuguesa (LGP). Nesse sentido, concretizamos a escrita da LGP com base em áreas vocabulares distintas e presentes no programa curricular do ensino da LGP. Por último, efetivamos tal proposta através de um modelo de ação de formação em SW.

Dialetos Gestuais em Portugal

Os dialetos das línguas orais consistem numa variação linguística que se pode concretizar, sobretudo em alterações fonológicas e lexicais que derivam da diferenciação geográfica. Na língua gestual portuguesa (LGP) parece verificar-se o mesmo fenómeno, embora a motivação para a variação linguística possa não ser apenas geográfica. A presente dissertação de Mestrado pretende estudar os dialetos em língua gestual portuguesa, registando, para o efeito, gestos produzidos e analisados por surdos de diferentes regiões do país. Em particular, pretendem analisar-se as variantes dialetais utilizadas por surdos que tenham frequentado diferentes escolas e espaços de convívio. Serão também investigadas as relações de poder local que envolvem a escolha de determinados gestos pelos usuários da língua.

Aprender inglês como segunda língua : a importância do domínio de outras línguas num mundo globalizado

“Aprender inglês como segunda língua – A importância do Domínio de outras línguas num mundo globalizado” é um trabalho de investigação que visa abordar a importância da aprendizagem da língua inglesa na perspetiva dos alunos no final do 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e tendo em conta o mundo globalizado em que vivemos. A metodologia a aplicar é do tipo descritivo. Os sujeitos são 101 alunos do 9º ano de escolaridade do Ensino Básico, pertencentes ao Colégio Vasco da Gama, perfazendo cinco turmas. Para ter acesso às opiniões dos alunos, recorremos à elaboração de questionários estruturados de acordo com os objetivos da investigação. Os questionários foram aplicados em aula com a devida autorização da Direção do Colégio. Procuramos apurar se, de acordo com a legislação europeia que valoriza a aprendizagem de várias línguas como forma de aproximar os vários países da comunidade, nomeadamente de uma língua franca que possa ser o meio de comunicação preferencial no mundo político, económico, social e cultural, os alunos valorizam a aquisição da língua estrangeira e em caso afirmativo, quais as funções e com que objetivos pretendem os alunos atingir a fluência na língua inglesa. No que diz respeito aos resultados obtidos, podemos afirmar que os alunos valorizam o domínio de outras línguas num mundo globalizado, em especial o domínio da língua inglesa visto ser considerada a língua franca internacional que permite a comunicação entre povos de diferentes línguas maternas. Também o enriquecimento cultural e o desenvolvimento da criatividade são fatores apontados pelos alunos como importantes consequências da aquisição de outras línguas.

Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator

Human languages form a distinct and largely independent class of cultural replicators with behaviour and fidelity that can rival that of genes. Parallels between biological and linguistic evolution mean that statistical methods inspired by phylogenetics and comparative biology are being increasingly applied to study language. Phylogenetic trees constructed from linguistic elements chart the history of human cultures, and comparative studies reveal surprising and general features of how languages evolve, including patterns in the rates of evolution of language elements and social factors that influence temporal trends of language evolution. For many comparative questions of anthropology and human behavioural ecology, historical processes estimated from linguistic phylogenies may be more relevant than those estimated from genes.

Thinking for speaking and linguistic relativity among bilinguals: towards a new research agenda

This article evaluates how the different papers in this special issue fill a gap in our understanding of cognitive processes that are being activated when second language learners or bilinguals prepare to speak. All papers are framed in Slobin’s (1987) Thinking for Speaking theory, and aim to test whether the conceptualisation patterns that were learned in early childhood can be relearned or restructured in L2 acquisition. In many papers the focus is on identifying constraints on this restructuring process. Among these constraints, the role of typological differences between languages is investigated in great depth. The studies involve different types of learners, language combinations and tasks. As all informants were given verbal rather than non-verbal tasks, the focus is here on the effects of conceptual transfer from one language on another, and not on the effects of language on non-linguistic cognition. The paper also sketches different avenues for further research in this field and proposes that researchers working in this field might want to take up the challenge of investigating whether speakers of different languages perceive motion outside explicitly verbal contexts differently, as this will enable us to gain an understanding of linguistic relativity effects in this domain. Studying which teaching methods can help learners to restructure their conceptualisation patterns may also shed new light on the aspects of discourse organization and motion event construal that are most difficult for learners.

Alverata: Latin, Greek and Cyrillic typeface

Alverata: a typeface design for Europe This typeface is a response to the extraordinarily diverse forms of letters of the Latin alphabet in manuscripts and inscriptions in the Romanesque period (c. 1000–1200). While the Romanesque did provide inspiration for architectural lettering in the nineteenth century, these letterforms have not until now been systematically considered and redrawn as a working typeface. The defining characteristic of the Romanesque letterform is variety: within an individual inscription or written text, letters such as A, C, E and G might appear with different forms at each appearance. Some of these forms relate to earlier Roman inscriptional forms and are therefore familiar to us, but others are highly geometric and resemble insular and uncial forms. The research underlying the typeface involved the collection of a large number of references for lettering of this period, from library research and direct on-site ivestigation. This investigation traced the wide dispersal of the Romanesque lettering tradition across the whole of Europe. The variety of letter widths and weights encountered, as well as variant shapes for individual letters, offered both direct models and stylistic inspiration for the characters and for the widths and weight variants of the typeface. The ability of the OpenType format to handle multiple stylistic variants of any one character has been exploited to reflect the multiplicity of forms available to stonecutters and scribes of the period. To make a typeface that functions in a contemporary environment, a lower case has been added, and formal and informal variants supported. The pan-European nature of the Romanesque design tradition has inspired an pan-European approach to the character set of the typeface, allowing for text composition in all European languages, and the typeface has been extended into Greek and Cyrillic, so that the broadest representation of European languages can be achieved.

Motion event cognition and grammatical aspect: evidence from Afrikaans

Research on the relationship between grammatical aspect and motion event construal has posited that speakers of non-aspect languages are more prone to encoding event endpoints than are speakers of aspect languages (e.g., von Stutterheim and Carroll 2011). In the present study, we test this hypothesis by extending this line of inquiry to Afrikaans, a non-aspect language which is previously unexplored in this regard. Motion endpoint behavior among Afrikaans speakers was measured by means of a linguistic retelling task and a non-linguistic similarity judgment task, and then compared with the behavior of speakers of a non-aspect language (Swedish) and speakers of an aspect language (English). Results showed the Afrikaans speakers' endpoint patterns aligned with Swedish patterns, but were significantly different from English patterns. It was also found that the variation among the Afrikaans speakers could be partially explained by taking into account their frequency of use of English, such that those who used English more frequently exhibited an endpoint behavior that was more similar to English speakers. The current study thus lends further support to the hypothesis that speakers of different languages attend differently to event endpoints as a function of the grammatical category of aspect.

The ‘thinking’ in thinking-for-speaking: where is it?

According to the thinking-for-speaking (TFS) hypothesis, speakers of different languages think differently while in the process of mentally preparing content for speech. The aim of the present paper is to critically discuss the research carried out within the TFS paradigm, against the background of the basic tenets laid out by the proponents of this framework. We will show that despite substantial progress in the investigation of crosslinguistic differences in the organisation of information in discourse, the studies that actually examine the cognitive aspects of speech production are, to date, vanishingly few. This state of affairs creates a gap in our knowledge about the thought processes that co-occur with speech production during language use and acquisition. We will argue that in order to reach a more comprehensive picture of the cognitive processes and outcomes of speech production, methodologies additional to the analysis of information organisation must be used.

The Whorfian mind : electrophysiological evidence that language shapes perception

Color perception has been a traditional test-case of the idea that the language we speak affects our perception of the world.1 It is now established that categorical perception of color is verbally mediated and varies with culture and language.2 However, it is unknown whether the well-demonstrated language effects on color discrimination really reach down to the level of visual perception, or whether they only reflect post-perceptual cognitive processes. Using brain potentials in a color oddball detection task with Greek and English speakers, we demonstrate that language effects may exist at a level that is literally perceptual, suggesting that speakers of different languages have differently structured minds.

Using lexical diversity measures to operationalise language dominance in bilinguals

Treffers-Daller and Korybski propose to operationalize language dominance on the basis of measures of lexical diversity, as computed, in this particular study, on transcripts of stories told by Polish-English bilinguals in each of their languages They compute four different Indices of Language Dominance (ILD) on the basis of two different measures of lexical diversity, the Index of Guiraud (Guiraud, 1954) and HD-D (McCarthy & Jarvis, 2007). They compare simple indices, which are based on subtracting scores from one language from scores for another language, to more complex indices based on the formula Birdsong borrowed from the field of handedness, namely the ratio of (Difference in Scores) / (Sum of Scores). Positive scores on each of these Indices of Language Dominance mean that informants are more English-dominant and negative scores that they are more Polish-dominant. The authors address the difficulty of comparing scores across languages by carefully lemmatizing the data. Following Flege, Mackay and Piske (2002) they also look into the validity of these indices by investigating to what extent they can predict scores on other, independently measured variables. They use correlations and regression analysis for this, which has the advantage that the dominance indices are used as continuous variables and arbitrary cut-off points between balanced and dominant bilinguals need not be chosen. However, they also show how the computation of z-scores can help facilitate a discussion about the appropriateness of different cut-off points across different data sets and measurement scales in those cases where researchers consider it necessary to make categorial distinctions between balanced and dominant bilinguals. Treffers-Daller and Korybski correlate the ILD scores with four other variables, namely Length of Residence in the UK, attitudes towards English and life in the UK, frequency of usage of English at home and frequency of code-switching. They found that the indices correlated significantly with most of these variables, but there were clear differences between the Guiraud-based indices and the HDD-based indices. In a regression analysis three of the measures were also found to be a significant predictor of English language usage at home. They conclude that the correlations and the regression analyses lend strong support to the validity of their approach to language dominance.

Multilingualism and identity

The term “multilingualism” is most often used to refer to a state of linguistic knowledge, environments, or speakers in relation to which a minimum of three languages are implicated.

Diversity lessons from Wales: how marketing bilingualism contributes to language shift and language maintenance

Wales is one of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom. While sharing much of its political and social history with England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, it has retained a distinct cultural identity.In particular, over 560,000 people, a significant minority of the population of 2.2 million, speak Welsh, a member of the Celtic family of languages, and the country is officially bilingual. In this paper, we will look at attempts to maintain and grow the number of speakers of the language and at the relevance of this development for speakers of minority languages in other settings.