927 resultados para Juvenile justice system
Resumo:
Il percorso del riconoscimento legislativo del diritto all’equo processo affonda le sue radici nel 1215, anno di promulgazione della Magna Charta Libertatum, e culmina, in ambito europeo, nel 1950, con la firma della Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei Diritti dell’Uomo e delle Libertà fondamentali (CEDU). In questo documento viene sancito che un prerequisito essenziale per garantire a tutti gli individui il diritto al fair trial è il servizio di assistenza linguistica gratuita, le cui specificità vengono descritte nella direttiva 2010/64/EU.Nel Regno Unito, già nei primi anni ’90 furono introdotte le prime misure per garantire la qualità e la competenza degli interpreti e dei traduttori in ambito giuridico-giudiziario: nel 1994 fu istituito il National Register for Public Service Interpreters (NRPSI), il registro nazionale a cui erano iscritti tutti gli interpreti per i servizi pubblici che erano in possesso di determinate qualifiche. Per assicurare che solo gli interpreti del NRPSI fossero impiegati in ambito penale, nel 1997 fu introdotto il National Agreement, un accordo non vincolante che regolava l’uso dei servizi linguisti nel Criminal Justice System. La prima versione fu modificata nel 2002 e nel 2007. In seguito ad alcune revisioni per conto del Ministero della Giustizia, nel 2010 fu avviato il processo di esternalizzazione dei servizi linguistici, che si concluse nel 2011 con la stipula del National Framework Agreement tra il Ministero della Giustizia e l’azienda Applied Language Solutions (ALS), che poco prima dell’avvio fu acquisita da un’azienda più grande, CAPITA TI. La scarsa esperienza del Ministero in questo settore, unita alle promesse poco realistiche e alla mancanza di trasparenza di ALS furono le cause principali dei numerosi problemi all’avvio del nuovo contratto che si ripercossero notevolmente sul funzionamento del sistema di giustizia. Dopo l’avvio di un piano di emergenza e un monitoraggio del Ministero, la situazione ha iniziato a ristabilirsi, senza raggiungere però i livelli pre-riforma. A Novembre 2015 è stata indetta la nuova gara di appalto: le minacce di nuovi tagli ai tariffari degli interpreti da una parte, e la partecipazione del NRPSI alla gara d’appalto come candidato al ruolo di ente supervisore della qualità dei servizi linguistici dall’altra, ci pongono di fronte a due scenari futuri molto diversi. L’elaborato è strutturato in quattro capitoli: il primo tratterà del percorso storico che ha portato al riconoscimento del diritto al processo equo, e degli strumenti comunitari a garanzia dell’assistenza linguistica gratuita. Nel secondo capitolo parleremo della situazione inglese, quindi la nascita del NRPSI e del National Agreement e le varie revisioni. Nel terzo prenderemo in esame la riforma del 2011 del Ministero della Giustizia britannico, analizzando diversi documenti: il rapporto della Commissione giustizia della Camera dei comuni 2013, quello del National Audit Office 2012, il sondaggio Involvis 2013, il rapporto indipendente OPTIMITY-MATRIX 2014.
Resumo:
Supporting Worcester’s ongoing effort to understand and address youth and young adult homelessness, the Community Roundtable on Youth Homelessness in conjunction with the Compass Project and Clark University conducted the fourth annual Point-in-Time Survey during October of 2012. Young people were surveyed at city shelters, youth programs, outside of schools, in parks, and on the streets of Worcester. Out of the 753 young people (ages 13to 25) surveyed, 120 (16%) dentified as homeless. We define homeless to include young people in shelters, staying with others temporarily (i.e. couch surfing) or on the streets. In addition to these 120 young people, another 220 youth who were housed reported that they had a friend who was homeless. As in prior years, when compared to their housed counterparts in the study, homeless youth: Have experienced more residential instability and family conflict; Have more precarious income situations; Are more likely to have children; Are more likely to have had involvement with the foster care and/or juvenile justice systems; and Have faced more barriers accessing services.
Resumo:
One-hundred years ago, in 1914, male voters in Montana (MT) extended suffrage (voting rights) to women six years before the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified and provided that right to women in all states. The long struggle for women’s suffrage was energized in the progressive era and Jeanette Rankin of Missoula emerged as a leader of the campaign; in 1912 both major MT political party platforms supported women suffrage. In the 1914 election, 41,000 male voters supported woman suffrage while nearly 38,000 opposed it. MT was not only ahead of the curve on women suffrage, but just two years later in 1916 elected Jeanette Rankin as the first woman ever elected to the United States Congress. Rankin became a national leader for women's equality. In her commitment to equality, she opposed US entry into World War I, partially because she said she could not support men being made to go to war if women were not allowed to serve alongside them. During MT’s initial progressive era, women in MT not only pursued equality for themselves (the MT Legislature passed an equal pay act in 1919), but pursued other social improvements, such as temperance/prohibition. Well-known national women leaders such as Carrie Nation and others found a welcome in MT during the period. Women's role in the trade union movement was evidenced in MT by the creation of the Women's Protective Union in Butte, the first union in America dedicated solely to women workers. But Rankin’s defeat following her vote against World War I was used as a way for opponents to advocate a conservative, traditionalist perspective on women's rights in MT. Just as we then entered a period in MT where the “copper collar” was tightened around MT economically and politically by the Anaconda Company and its allies, we also found a different kind of conservative, traditionalist collar tightened around the necks of MT women. The recognition of women's role during World War II, represented by “Rosie the Riveter,” made it more difficult for that conservative, traditionalist approach to be forever maintained. In addition, women's role in MT agriculture – family farms and ranches -- spoke strongly to the concept of equality, as farm wives were clearly active partners in the agricultural enterprises. But rural MT was, by and large, the bastion of conservative values relative to the position of women in society. As the period of “In the Crucible of Change” began, the 1965 MT Legislature included only three women. In 1967 and 1969 only one woman legislator served. In 1971 the number went up to two, including one of our guests, Dorothy Bradley. It was only after the Constitutional Convention, which featured 19 women delegates, that the barrier was broken. The 1973 Legislature saw 9 women elected. The 1975 and 1977 sessions had 14 women legislators; 15 were elected for the 1979 session. At that time progressive women and men in the Legislature helped implement the equality provisions of the new MT Constitution, ratified the federal Equal Rights Amendment in 1974, and held back national and local conservatives forces which sought in later Legislatures to repeal that ratification. As with the national movement at the time, MT women sought and often succeeded in adopting legal mechanisms that protected women’s equality, while full equality in the external world remained (and remains) a treasured objective. The story of the re-emergence of Montana’s women’s movement in the 1970s is discussed in this chapter by three very successful and prominent women who were directly involved in the effort: Dorothy Bradley, Marilyn Wessel, and Jane Jelinski. Their recollections of the political, sociological and cultural path Montana women pursued in the 1970s and the challenges and opposition they faced provide an insider’s perspective of the battle for equality for women under the Big Sky “In the Crucible of Change.” Dorothy Bradley grew up in Bozeman, Montana; received her Bachelor of Arts Phi Beta Kappa from Colorado College, Colorado Springs, in 1969 with a Distinction in Anthropology; and her Juris Doctor from American University in Washington, D.C., in 1983. In 1970, at the age of 22, following the first Earth Day and running on an environmental platform, Ms. Bradley won a seat in the 1971 Montana House of Representatives where she served as the youngest member and only woman. Bradley established a record of achievement on environmental & progressive legislation for four terms, before giving up the seat to run a strong second to Pat Williams for the Democratic nomination for an open seat in Montana’s Western Congressional District. After becoming an attorney and an expert on water law, she returned to the Legislature for 4 more terms in the mid-to-late 1980s. Serving a total of eight terms, Dorothy was known for her leadership on natural resources, tax reform, economic development, and other difficult issues during which time she gained recognition for her consensus-building approach. Campaigning by riding her horse across the state, Dorothy was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1992, losing the race by less than a percentage point. In 1993 she briefly taught at a small rural school next to the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation. She was then hired as the Director of the Montana University System Water Center, an education and research arm of Montana State University. From 2000 - 2008 she served as the first Gallatin County Court Administrator with the task of collaboratively redesigning the criminal justice system. She currently serves on One Montana’s Board, is a National Advisor for the American Prairie Foundation, and is on NorthWestern Energy’s Board of Directors. Dorothy was recognized with an Honorary Doctorate from her alma mater, Colorado College, was named Business Woman of the Year by the Bozeman Chamber of Commerce and MSU Alumni Association, and was Montana Business and Professional Women’s Montana Woman of Achievement. Marilyn Wessel was born in Iowa, lived and worked in Los Angeles, California, and Washington, D.C. before moving to Bozeman in 1972. She has an undergraduate degree in journalism from Iowa State University, graduate degree in public administration from Montana State University, certification from the Harvard University Institute for Education Management, and served a senior internship with the U.S. Congress, Montana delegation. In Montana Marilyn has served in a number of professional positions, including part-time editor for the Montana Cooperative Extension Service, News Director for KBMN Radio, Special Assistant to the President and Director of Communications at Montana State University, Director of University Relations at Montana State University and Dean and Director of the Museum of the Rockies at MSU. Marilyn retired from MSU as Dean Emeritus in 2003. Her past Board Service includes Montana State Merit System Council, Montana Ambassadors, Vigilante Theater Company, Montana State Commission on Practice, Museum of the Rockies, Helena Branch of the Ninth District Federal Reserve Bank, Burton K. Wheeler Center for Public Policy, Bozeman Chamber of Commerce, and Friends of KUSM Public Television. Marilyn’s past publications and productions include several articles on communications and public administration issues as well as research, script preparation and presentation of several radio documentaries and several public television programs. She is co-author of one book, 4-H An American Idea: A History of 4-H. Marilyn’s other past volunteer activities and organizations include Business and Professional Women, Women's Political Caucus, League of Women Voters, and numerous political campaigns. She is currently engaged professionally in museum-related consulting and part-time teaching at Montana State University as well as serving on the Editorial Board of the Bozeman Daily Chronicle and a member of Pilgrim Congregational Church and Family Promise. Marilyn and her husband Tom, a retired MSU professor, live in Bozeman. She enjoys time with her children and grandchildren, hiking, golf, Italian studies, cooking, gardening and travel. Jane Jelinski is a Wisconsin native, with a BA from Fontbonne College in St. Louis, MO who taught fifth and seventh grades prior to moving to Bozeman in 1973. A stay-at-home mom with a five year old daughter and an infant son, she was promptly recruited by the Gallatin Women’s Political Caucus to conduct a study of Sex-Role Stereotyping in K Through 6 Reading Text Books in the Bozeman School District. Sociologist Dr. Louise Hale designed the study and did the statistical analysis and Jane read all the texts, entered the data and wrote the report. It was widely disseminated across Montana and received attention of the press. Her next venture into community activism was to lead the successful effort to downzone her neighborhood which was under threat of encroaching business development. Today the neighborhood enjoys the protections of a Historic Preservation District. During this time she earned her MPA from Montana State University. Subsequently Jane founded the Gallatin Advocacy Program for Developmentally Disabled Adults in 1978 and served as its Executive Director until her appointment to the Gallatin County Commission in 1984, a controversial appointment which she chronicled in the Fall issue of the Gallatin History Museum Quarterly. Copies of the issue can be ordered through: http://gallatinhistorymuseum.org/the-museum-bookstore/shop/. Jane was re-elected three times as County Commissioner, serving fourteen years. She was active in the Montana Association of Counties (MACO) and was elected its President in 1994. She was also active in the National Association of Counties, serving on numerous policy committees. In 1998 Jane resigned from the County Commission 6 months before the end of her final term to accept the position of Assistant Director of MACO, from where she lobbied for counties, provided training and research for county officials, and published a monthly newsletter. In 2001 she became Director of the MSU Local Government Center where she continued to provide training and research for county and municipal officials across MT. There she initiated the Montana Mayors Academy in partnership with MMIA. She taught State and Local Government, Montana Politics and Public Administration in the MSU Political Science Department before retiring in 2008. Jane has been married to Jack for 46 years, has two grown children and three grandchildren.
Resumo:
Female inmates make up the fastest growing segment in our criminal justice system today. The rapidly increasing trend for female prisoners calls for enhanced efforts to strategically plan the correctional facilities that address the needs of this growing population, and to work with communities to prevent crime in women. The incarcerated women in the U.S. have an estimated 145,000 minor children who are predisposed to unique psychosocial problems as a result of parental incarceration.^ This study examined the patterns of care and outcomes for pregnant inmates and their infants in Texas state prisons between 1994 and 1996. The study population consists of 202 pregnant inmates who delivered in a 2-year period, and a randomly sampled comparison cohort of 804 women from general Texas population, matched on race and educational levels. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used to elucidate the inmates' risk-factor profile, delivery/birth outcomes, and the patterns of care during pregnancy. The continuity-of-care issues for this population were also explored.^ Epidemiologic data were derived from multiple record systems to establish the comparison between two cohorts. A significantly great proportion of the inmates have prior lifestyle risk-factors (smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse), poorer health status, and worse medical history. However, most of these existing risk-factors seem to show little manifestation in their current pregnancy. On the basis of maternal labor/delivery outcome and a number of neonatal indicators, this study found some evidence of a better pregnancy outcome for the inmate cohort when compared to the comparison group. Some possible explanations of this paradox were discussed. Seventeen percent of inmates gave birth to infants with suspected congenital syphilis. The placement patterns for the infants' care immediately after birth were elucidated.^ In addition to the quantitative data, an ethnographic approach was used to collect qualitative data from a subset of the inmate cohort (n = 20) and 12 care providers. The qualitative data were analyzed for their contents and themes, giving rise to a detailed description of the inmates' pregnancy experience. Eleven themes emerged from the study's thematic analysis, which provides the context for interpreting the epidemiologic data.^ Meaningful findings in this study were presented in a three-dimensional matrix to shed light on the apparent relationship between outcome indicators and their potential determinants. The suspected "linkages" between the outcome and their determinants can be used to generate hypotheses for future studies. ^
Resumo:
This study investigated the targets of anger that are most strongly involved in posttraumatic anger. Using a sample of 218 crime victims, the authors assessed the levels of anger at potential targets (perpetrator, criminal justice system, third persons, and the self ) and their association with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The results revealed that anger was most strongly directed at the perpetrator and at the self, and that anger at other targets was low. Moreover, anger at the perpetrator and at the self showed strong associations with PTSD symptoms, whereas the associations of anger at other targets with PTSD symptoms were low.
Resumo:
Suicide is recognized as a major public health and clinical problem in the United States. One fifth of adolescents in the United States seriously consider suicide each year, and about 8% of high school students attempt suicide at least once. Hispanic ethnicity constitutes a risk factor for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, with Hispanic females at highest risk. Nevertheless, published studies on suicidal behavior in Hispanic female adolescents are extremely limited and focus on suicidal ideation in school samples. Given the severity of the problem and the paucity of information on this topic, more research on ethnic differences in suicidal ideation in community samples of high-risk children is urgently needed. This cross-sectional study delineated differences in suicide ideation between Hispanic female adolescents and non-Hispanic white female adolescents attending a mental health clinic and examined the association of ethnicity with suicide ideation independent of other known risk factors. Data were accrued between June 2004 and December 2008 in a Harris County Mental Health and Mental Retardation Association (MHMRA) clinic. Data were limited to adolescents who were Harris County Residents between the ages of 10 to 17 years when they were admitted to the clinic. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables play a significant role in ethnic disparities in suicide ideation. A series of logistic regressions were performed to estimate the association between ethnicity and suicide ideation after controlling for potentially confounding factors. ^ Results showed an interaction between Hispanic ethnicity and having a history of treatment: Hispanic girls having history of treatment had lower odds of having suicide ideation than Hispanic girls without such a history. After adjusting for treatment history, family problems, substance use, juvenile justice involvement, current treatment, and age, Hispanic girls had 1.86 times the odds of having suicide ideation than non Hispanic girls (OR=1.86, 95% CI=0.88-1.46). Although additional studies on community samples of high risk adolescents are needed to verify these findings, our study highlights the fact that Hispanic girls are at significantly higher risk and need to be targeted for prevention and treatment efforts. ^
Resumo:
We all take on roles, probably several each day. Parent, worker, consumer, spouse, or shortstop, the roles we play are varied and complex. After one's own family, perhaps the roles of consumer and worker are most important to Family Preservation. How do we come to play these roles, and in what ways are they changing, or should they change? Often, neither the worker or family set out to play their roles, but through the twist and turns of life, the opportunity to serve and preserve a family presents itself. At a recent conference, a group of workers spoke of how, rather than having a career goal to do Family Preservation, Family Preservation found them. Many of the families probably say the same thing! In the fields of mental health, developmental disabilities, and adoption, families may seek Family Preservation services; rarely do families involved in juvenile justice, corrections, or child welfare systems look for Family Preservation. Family Preservation finds them. And thus the roles begin.
Resumo:
This is the eleventh issue of the Family Preservation Journal, and we have chosen to focus this special issue on the use of family preservation services in child welfare. While family preservation services, as a philosophy and as a service model, are provided to families in a variety of service settings and sectors, including juvenile justice and mental health arenas, they have their basis and origin in services to children and families. We think it is time, in this 11th issue of the Journal, to take stock of the state of family preservation services in child welfare and assess where they might be heading.
Resumo:
Adolescents 15 – 19 years of age have the highest prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis out of any age group, reaching 28.3% among detained youth [1]. The 2010 Center for Disease Control guidelines recommend one dose of azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated chlamydia infections based on 97% cure rate with azithromycin. Recent studies found an 8% or higher failure rate of azithromycin treatment in adolescents [2-5]. We conducted a prospective study beginning May, 2012 in the Harris County Juvenile Justice Center (HCJJC) medical department. Study subjects were detainees with positive urine NAAT tests for chlamydia on intake. We provided treatment with Azithromycin, completed questionnaires assessing risk factors and performed a test of cure for chlamydia three weeks after successful treatment. Those with treatment failure (positive TOC) received doxycycline for seven days. The preliminary results summarized herein are based on data collected from May 2012 to January 2013. Of the 97 youth enrolled in the study to date, 4 (4.1%) experienced treatment failure after administration of Azithromycin. Of these four patients, all were male, African-American and asymptomatic at the time of initial diagnosis and treatment. Of note, 37 (38%) patients in the cohort complained of abdominal pain with administration of Azithromycin. Results to date suggest that the efficacy of Azithromycin in our study is higher than the recent reported studies indicating a possible upper bound of Azithromycin. These results are preliminary and recruitment will continue until a sample size of 127 youth is reached.^
Resumo:
Esta ponencia es la presentación del proyecto de tesis, que tiene por objetivo estudiar el proceso de constitución y consolidación del poder judicial, responsable de la administración de justicia, como integrante del Estado provincial, legitimador de su accionar político y mediador con la sociedad civil. La investigación se ubica en la provincia de Buenos Aires, entre 1853 y 1881, que sancionó su propia Constitución en 1854, en la que declaraba en su artículo 118 que el poder judicial sería independiente de todo otro en el ejercicio de sus funciones. Es decir que en esta provincia la consagración de la teoría de los poderes del Estado y la ley como definidora de lo que era justo, requirieron de la organización del poder judicial. El sistema judicial de la provincia de Buenos Aires comenzó su formación como poder del Estado a partir de la reforma rivadaviana y el proceso alcanzó su madurez entre 1853 y 1881, como parte fundamental del proyecto liberal, asentado sobre la autoridad de la ley. El poder judicial garantizaba la legitimidad del sistema político republicano de matriz liberal, pero la dependencia con el poder ejecutivo se mantuvo en parte, representada en el presupuesto, los nombramientos y los jurys. La organización judicial en formación incluyó al ámbito rural con una fisonomía institucional que tendía a consolidar la relación entre Estado y sociedad civil; ésta manifestaba sus necesidades a través de la opinión pública y el poder las interpretaba con el fin de legitimar su acción política. En este proceso de legitimación, el poder judicial era funcional al Estado, lo que se consolidó con el tiempo. La Constitución de 1873, a pesar de ser ideal en algunas de sus propuestas, dio protagonismo y efectividad a las instituciones judiciales que se formaron y pusieron en funcionamiento con una nueva concepción de justicia, que sin dejar de lado el derecho natural se consolidaba en una función más positiva, atenta a los derechos individuales y de propiedad. Para comprender el rol que jugó el sistema de justicia en la formación del Estado es necesario desenmarañar la compleja trama de relaciones entre el poder político y los magistrados, y a su vez entre ellos y la sociedad. Pero esto no se puede realizar sin conocer y comprender que entendían por justicia, y definir de qué forma organizaron su administración. En la realización de esta investigación atenderé a las soluciones que el ordenamiento jurídico debía brindar a una determinada sociedad, las instituciones que lo formaron y las ideas de quienes lo gestaron. El uso de la fuente judicial será fundamental para observar si la letra de la ley fue cumplida en la administración de justicia y de qué manera. Pero esa fuente judicial confirmará o no la aplicación de las leyes dictadas por el poder legislativo y los decretos emanados del ejecutivo, por ello será necesario reconstruir los organigramas del Poder Judicial a partir del estudio de los Registros Oficiales y los debates legislativos de la provincia.
Resumo:
Los crímenes sexuales en general, y la violación en particular, suelen concebirse como una situación que involucra únicamente a dos personas: la víctima y su atacante. Sin embargo, los expedientes judiciales vinculados a estos delitos muestran un universo complejo de actores, que no ;se agota en aquel binomio. El presente trabajo se enfoca en algunas de esas ocasiones donde aquella lógica se demuestra incorrecta, mostrando cómo la justicia lidia con aquel desafío desde el discurso jurídico, analizando imágenes y concepciones que abogados y médicos expresan, afirman ;o discuten en relación al comportamiento esperado de hombres y mujeres, así como la situación de la justicia frente a crímenes que se alejan de la "normalidad" reconocida
Resumo:
Los crímenes sexuales en general, y la violación en particular, suelen concebirse como una situación que involucra únicamente a dos personas: la víctima y su atacante. Sin embargo, los expedientes judiciales vinculados a estos delitos muestran un universo complejo de actores, que no ;se agota en aquel binomio. El presente trabajo se enfoca en algunas de esas ocasiones donde aquella lógica se demuestra incorrecta, mostrando cómo la justicia lidia con aquel desafío desde el discurso jurídico, analizando imágenes y concepciones que abogados y médicos expresan, afirman ;o discuten en relación al comportamiento esperado de hombres y mujeres, así como la situación de la justicia frente a crímenes que se alejan de la "normalidad" reconocida
Resumo:
Esta ponencia es la presentación del proyecto de tesis, que tiene por objetivo estudiar el proceso de constitución y consolidación del poder judicial, responsable de la administración de justicia, como integrante del Estado provincial, legitimador de su accionar político y mediador con la sociedad civil. La investigación se ubica en la provincia de Buenos Aires, entre 1853 y 1881, que sancionó su propia Constitución en 1854, en la que declaraba en su artículo 118 que el poder judicial sería independiente de todo otro en el ejercicio de sus funciones. Es decir que en esta provincia la consagración de la teoría de los poderes del Estado y la ley como definidora de lo que era justo, requirieron de la organización del poder judicial. El sistema judicial de la provincia de Buenos Aires comenzó su formación como poder del Estado a partir de la reforma rivadaviana y el proceso alcanzó su madurez entre 1853 y 1881, como parte fundamental del proyecto liberal, asentado sobre la autoridad de la ley. El poder judicial garantizaba la legitimidad del sistema político republicano de matriz liberal, pero la dependencia con el poder ejecutivo se mantuvo en parte, representada en el presupuesto, los nombramientos y los jurys. La organización judicial en formación incluyó al ámbito rural con una fisonomía institucional que tendía a consolidar la relación entre Estado y sociedad civil; ésta manifestaba sus necesidades a través de la opinión pública y el poder las interpretaba con el fin de legitimar su acción política. En este proceso de legitimación, el poder judicial era funcional al Estado, lo que se consolidó con el tiempo. La Constitución de 1873, a pesar de ser ideal en algunas de sus propuestas, dio protagonismo y efectividad a las instituciones judiciales que se formaron y pusieron en funcionamiento con una nueva concepción de justicia, que sin dejar de lado el derecho natural se consolidaba en una función más positiva, atenta a los derechos individuales y de propiedad. Para comprender el rol que jugó el sistema de justicia en la formación del Estado es necesario desenmarañar la compleja trama de relaciones entre el poder político y los magistrados, y a su vez entre ellos y la sociedad. Pero esto no se puede realizar sin conocer y comprender que entendían por justicia, y definir de qué forma organizaron su administración. En la realización de esta investigación atenderé a las soluciones que el ordenamiento jurídico debía brindar a una determinada sociedad, las instituciones que lo formaron y las ideas de quienes lo gestaron. El uso de la fuente judicial será fundamental para observar si la letra de la ley fue cumplida en la administración de justicia y de qué manera. Pero esa fuente judicial confirmará o no la aplicación de las leyes dictadas por el poder legislativo y los decretos emanados del ejecutivo, por ello será necesario reconstruir los organigramas del Poder Judicial a partir del estudio de los Registros Oficiales y los debates legislativos de la provincia.
Resumo:
Esta ponencia es la presentación del proyecto de tesis, que tiene por objetivo estudiar el proceso de constitución y consolidación del poder judicial, responsable de la administración de justicia, como integrante del Estado provincial, legitimador de su accionar político y mediador con la sociedad civil. La investigación se ubica en la provincia de Buenos Aires, entre 1853 y 1881, que sancionó su propia Constitución en 1854, en la que declaraba en su artículo 118 que el poder judicial sería independiente de todo otro en el ejercicio de sus funciones. Es decir que en esta provincia la consagración de la teoría de los poderes del Estado y la ley como definidora de lo que era justo, requirieron de la organización del poder judicial. El sistema judicial de la provincia de Buenos Aires comenzó su formación como poder del Estado a partir de la reforma rivadaviana y el proceso alcanzó su madurez entre 1853 y 1881, como parte fundamental del proyecto liberal, asentado sobre la autoridad de la ley. El poder judicial garantizaba la legitimidad del sistema político republicano de matriz liberal, pero la dependencia con el poder ejecutivo se mantuvo en parte, representada en el presupuesto, los nombramientos y los jurys. La organización judicial en formación incluyó al ámbito rural con una fisonomía institucional que tendía a consolidar la relación entre Estado y sociedad civil; ésta manifestaba sus necesidades a través de la opinión pública y el poder las interpretaba con el fin de legitimar su acción política. En este proceso de legitimación, el poder judicial era funcional al Estado, lo que se consolidó con el tiempo. La Constitución de 1873, a pesar de ser ideal en algunas de sus propuestas, dio protagonismo y efectividad a las instituciones judiciales que se formaron y pusieron en funcionamiento con una nueva concepción de justicia, que sin dejar de lado el derecho natural se consolidaba en una función más positiva, atenta a los derechos individuales y de propiedad. Para comprender el rol que jugó el sistema de justicia en la formación del Estado es necesario desenmarañar la compleja trama de relaciones entre el poder político y los magistrados, y a su vez entre ellos y la sociedad. Pero esto no se puede realizar sin conocer y comprender que entendían por justicia, y definir de qué forma organizaron su administración. En la realización de esta investigación atenderé a las soluciones que el ordenamiento jurídico debía brindar a una determinada sociedad, las instituciones que lo formaron y las ideas de quienes lo gestaron. El uso de la fuente judicial será fundamental para observar si la letra de la ley fue cumplida en la administración de justicia y de qué manera. Pero esa fuente judicial confirmará o no la aplicación de las leyes dictadas por el poder legislativo y los decretos emanados del ejecutivo, por ello será necesario reconstruir los organigramas del Poder Judicial a partir del estudio de los Registros Oficiales y los debates legislativos de la provincia.
Resumo:
Los crímenes sexuales en general, y la violación en particular, suelen concebirse como una situación que involucra únicamente a dos personas: la víctima y su atacante. Sin embargo, los expedientes judiciales vinculados a estos delitos muestran un universo complejo de actores, que no ;se agota en aquel binomio. El presente trabajo se enfoca en algunas de esas ocasiones donde aquella lógica se demuestra incorrecta, mostrando cómo la justicia lidia con aquel desafío desde el discurso jurídico, analizando imágenes y concepciones que abogados y médicos expresan, afirman ;o discuten en relación al comportamiento esperado de hombres y mujeres, así como la situación de la justicia frente a crímenes que se alejan de la "normalidad" reconocida
