Produção do Espaço Urbano e Dinâmica Imobiliária em Cidades Médias: os casos de Presidente Prudente (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP) e Lleida (ESP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de ferramentas BIM em um projeto de cobertura do estádio Professor Dário Rodrigues Leite

In all segments, the companies are looking for the highest productivity with the lowest possible cost, and in the construction industry, the thinking is the same. Over time, techniques that generate more productivity supplanted previous techniques; an example is the CAD technology that replaced free drawings in projects execution. However, the Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology does not deal with certain factors that permeate the entire project. It is required the use of other techniques to supply this need in traditional projects. For example, a software for schedule management, another for assets management and a person who makes calculations for estimates and budgets. The BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology aims to integrate all this information, facilitating the communication among members of a work team and reducing the time required to carry out the project. This work is a applied research, a descriptive research, carried out through modeling and simulation, processes inherent in the use of BIM, a survey was also used only to contextualization. BIM was used for a soccer stadium roof project, in order to verify the feasibility of such use through the analysis of: BIM tools, difficulties encountered and implications of BIM use, and comparison of traditional methods and the use of BIM. To aid the contextualization, a survey was conducted to verify the use of BIM in medium and small companies

Lógicas espaciais das empresas franqueadas do ramo comercial de confecções e calçados: cidades médias e consumo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

As lógicas espacias do setor bancário nas cidades de Presidente Prudente e São José do Rio Preto: da estrutura espacial concentrada à multicentralidade seletiva

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção do Espaço Urbano e Dinâmica Imobiliária em Cidades Médias: os casos de Presidente Prudente (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP) e Lleida (ESP)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de ferramentas BIM em um projeto de cobertura do estádio Professor Dário Rodrigues Leite

In all segments, the companies are looking for the highest productivity with the lowest possible cost, and in the construction industry, the thinking is the same. Over time, techniques that generate more productivity supplanted previous techniques; an example is the CAD technology that replaced free drawings in projects execution. However, the Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology does not deal with certain factors that permeate the entire project. It is required the use of other techniques to supply this need in traditional projects. For example, a software for schedule management, another for assets management and a person who makes calculations for estimates and budgets. The BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology aims to integrate all this information, facilitating the communication among members of a work team and reducing the time required to carry out the project. This work is a applied research, a descriptive research, carried out through modeling and simulation, processes inherent in the use of BIM, a survey was also used only to contextualization. BIM was used for a soccer stadium roof project, in order to verify the feasibility of such use through the analysis of: BIM tools, difficulties encountered and implications of BIM use, and comparison of traditional methods and the use of BIM. To aid the contextualization, a survey was conducted to verify the use of BIM in medium and small companies

Lógicas espaciais das empresas franqueadas do ramo comercial de confecções e calçados: cidades médias e consumo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cocaine effects on mouse incentive-learning and human addiction are linked to alpha 2 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors

Because GABA(A) receptors containing alpha 2 subunits are highly represented in areas of the brain, such as nucleus accumbens (NAcc), frontal cortex, and amygdala, regions intimately involved in signaling motivation and reward, we hypothesized that manipulations of this receptor subtype would influence processing of rewards. Voltage-clamp recordings from NAcc medium spiny neurons of mice with alpha 2 gene deletion showed reduced synaptic GABA(A) receptor-mediated responses. Behaviorally, the deletion abolished cocaine`s ability to potentiate behaviors conditioned to rewards (conditioned reinforcement), and to support behavioral sensitization. In mice with a point mutation in the benzodiazepine binding pocket of alpha 2-GABA(A) receptors (alpha 2H101R), GABAergic neurotransmission in medium spiny neurons was identical to that of WT (i.e., the mutation was silent), but importantly, receptor function was now facilitated by the atypical benzodiazepine Ro 15-4513 (ethyl 8-amido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo [1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate). In alpha 2H101R, but not WT mice, Ro 15-4513 administered directly into the NAcc-stimulated locomotor activity, and when given systemically and repeatedly, induced behavioral sensitization. These data indicate that activation of alpha 2-GABA(A) receptors (most likely in NAcc) is both necessary and sufficient for behavioral sensitization. Consistent with a role of these receptors in addiction, we found specific markers and haplotypes of the GABRA2 gene to be associated with human cocaine addiction.

Ordovician klippen structures of the Sierra de Umango: New insights on Tectonic evolution of the Western Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina

The basement rock of the Pampean flat-slab (Sierras Pampeanas) in the Central Andes was uplifted and rotated in the Cenozoic era. The Western Sierras Pampeanas are characterised by meta-igneous rocks of Grenvillian Mesoproterozoic age and metasedimentary units metamorphosed in the Ordovician period. These rocks, known as the northern Cuyania composite terrane, were derived from Laurentia and accreted toward Western Gondwana during the Early Paleozoic. The Sierra de Umango is the westernmost range of the Western Sierras Pampeanas.This range is bounded by the Devonian sedimentary rocks of the Precordillera on the western side and Tertiary rocks from the Sierra de Maz and Sierra del Espinal on the eastern side and contains igneous and sedimentary rocks outcroppings from the Famatina System on the far eastern side. The Sierra de Umango evolved during a period of polyphase tectonic activity, including an Ordovician collisional event, a Devonian compressional deformation, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic extensional faulting and sedimentation (Paganzo and Ischigualasto basins) and compressional deformation of the Andean foreland during the Cenozoic. A Nappe System and an important shear zone, La Puntilla-La Falda Shear Zone (PFSZ), characterise the Ordovician collisional event, which was related to the accretion of Cuyania Terrane to the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. Three continuous deformational phases are recognised for this event: the D1 phase is distinguished by relics of 51 preserved as internal foliation within interkinematic staurolite por-phyroblasts and likely represents the progressive metamorphic stage; the D2 phase exhibits P-T conditions close to the metamorphic peak that were recorded in an 52 transposition or a mylonitic foliation and determine the main structure of Umango; and the D3 phase is described as a set of tight to recumbent folds with S3 axial plane foliation, often related to thrust faults, indicating the retrogressive metamorphic stage. The Nappe System shows a top-to-the S/SW sense direction of movement, and the PFSZ served as a right lateral ramp in the exhumation process. This structural pattern is indicative of an oblique collision, with the Cuyania Terrane subducting under the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana in the NE direction. This continental subduction and exhumation lasted at least 30 million years, nearly the entire Ordovician period, and produced metamorphic conditions of upper amphibolite-to-granulite facies in medium- to high-pressure regimes. At least two later events deformed the earlier structures: D4 and D5 deformational phases. The D4 deformational phase corresponds to upright folding, with wavelengths of approximately 10 km and a general N-S orientation. These folds modified the S2 surface in an approximately cylindrical manner and are associated with exposed, discrete shear zones in the Silurian Guandacolinos Granite. The cylindrical pattern and subhorizontal axis of the D4 folds indicates that the S2 surface was originally flat-lying. The D4 folds are responsible for preserving the basement unit Juchi Orthogneiss synformal klippen. This deformation corresponds to the Chanica Tectonic during the interval between the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The D5 deformational phase comprehends cuspate-lobate shaped open plunging folds with E W high-angle axes (D5 folds) and sub-vertical spaced cleavage. The D5 folds and related spaced cleavage deformed the previous structures and could be associated with uplifting during the Andean Cycle. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of phytoestrogens derived from soy bean on expression of adhesion molecules on HUVEC

Background The risks of hormone replacement therapy have led to a search for new alternatives such as phytoestrogens, plant compounds with estrogen-like biological activity. Isoflavones are the phytoestrogens most extensively studied and can be found in soybean, red clover and other plants. Due to this estrogen-like activity, phytoestrogens can have some effect on atherosclerosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) have been extensively used to study the biology and pathobiology of human endothelial cells and most of the knowledge acquired is due to experiments with cultures of these cells. Objective To evaluate the effects of the phytoestrogen extracts from Glycine max soy bean, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and daidzein, as well as a mixture of these extracts (Mix), on expression of adhesion molecules, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin, by endothelial cell HUVEC, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Methods HUVEC were cultured in medium EBM2, pretreated with isoflavones for 24 and 48 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide; in addition, isoflavones were added, after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide, to HUVEC. We evaluated the production of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin on cell surface, by cell-based enzyme immunoassay, and of sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin in culture supernatant, by ELISA. Results Genistein, formononetin, biochanin A and daidzein, as well as the Mix were able to reduce VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin on cell surface and in culture supernatant. Conclusion Isoflavones extracted from Glycine max soy bean, in vitro, presented antiatherogenic effects, reducing the expression of adhesion molecules and acting as preventive agents as well as therapeutic agents.

Fluoride modulates preosteoblasts viability and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 activities

This study evaluated the influence of fluoride on cell viability and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and -9 secreted by preosteoblasts. Preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 murine cell line) were cultured in MEM medium supplement with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and nucleosides/ribonucleosides without ascorbic acid. Adherent cells were treated with different concentrations of F (as sodium fluoride-NaF) in medium (5 x 10-6 M, 10-5 M, 10-4 M and 10-3 M) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h at 37ºC, 5% CO2. Control cells were cultivated in MEM only. After each period, preosteoblast viability was assessed by MTT assay. MMP-2 and -9 activities were performed by gel zymography. Also, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified by colorimetry in all experimental groups. It was shown that cultured cells with the highest dose of F (10-3 M) for 96 h decreased preosteoblast viability while lower doses of F did not alter it, when compared to untreated cells. No differences were observed in ALP activity among groups. Moreover, compared to control, the treatment of cells with F at low dose slightly increased MMP-2 and -9 activities after 24 h. It was concluded that F modulates preosteoblast viability in a dose-dependent manner and also may regulate extracellular matrix remodeling.

Antioxidative responses of cell suspension cultures of two Coffea arabica varieties to low aluminum levels at pH 5.8

The effects of aluminum (Al) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and ferritin expression were studied in cell suspension cultures of two varieties of Coffea arabica, Mundo Novo and Icatu, in medium with pH at 5.8. The cells were incubated with 300 µM Al3+, and the Al speciation as Al3+ was 1.45% of the mole fraction. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased in Mundo Novo, whereas glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activities remained unchanged. SOD, GR, and GST activities were increased in Icatu, while CAT activity was not changed, and GPOX activity decreased. The expression of two ferritin genes (CaFer1 and CaFer2) were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Al caused a downregulation of CaFER1 expression and no changes of CaFER2 expression in both varieties. The Western blot showed no alteration in ferritin protein levels in Mundo Novo and a decrease in Icatu. The differential enzymes responses indicate that the response to Al is variety-dependent.

Decrescita sostenibile applicata alla mobilità nelle aree urbane.

La mobilità nelle aree urbane di medie e grandi dimensioni risente di molte criticità e spesso è causa di numerose discussioni. L'utilizzo sempre crescente del mezzo di trasporto privato ha prodotto conseguenze negative: l'aumento del traffico e degli incidenti stradali, dell'inquinamento atmosferico e del rumore sono accompagnati da un forte spreco energetico. Dall'altra parte, il trasporto pubblico locale (TPL) non è riuscito a costruirsi canali preferenziali all'interno dell'immaginario cittadino, poiché sottomesso da un modello economico e un mercato fortemente dipendenti dall'automobile. Una via d'uscita dalla mobilità non sostenibile basata sull'utilizzo di combustibili fossili porta a concepire un trasporto pubblico locale gratuito, fruibile dal cittadino in qualsiasi momento della giornata. Attraverso un'analisi dell'azienda del trasporto pubblico bolognese (ATC) e dei dati provenienti dalla sanità regionale, questa tesi intende mostrare che vi sarà un miglioramento della qualità di vita in aree urbane nel momento in cui la teoria della decrescita venga condivisa da tutti i cittadini. Così sarà possibile liberare i centri urbani dai mezzi privati e quindi dagli alti livelli di inquinamento acustico e atmosferico, e dare ai cittadini la vera libertà di movimento. Mobility in medium and large sized urban areas is critical and often a cause for numerous debates. The use of private transport is in constant increase and has generated negative consequences: congestion and road accidents, air and noise pollutio as well as a considerable waste of energy. On the other hand, the local public transport (LPT) has not succeeded in representing the preferred choice by citizens in the urban imaginary. Its potential has been subdued by economic models and markets that are largely dependant on the production of vehicles. An alternative to the current non sustainable mobility based on the combustion of fossil fuels could be the provision of a free local transport network available to the citizen from anywhere at any time. This dissertation's objective is to show how an improvement of the quality of life in urban areas is connected to a collective awareness on the degrowth theory. I intend to achieve this by analysing thoroughly the system of the public transportation agency in Bologna (ATC) and considering data from the local health department. Only then we will be able to limit private vehicles from city centres and as a result of that drastically decrease air and noise pollution whilst providing a true service for a free moving citizen.

Synthese, Radioiodierung und Evaluierung von neuen MGMT-Inhibitoren und ihren Glucose-Konjugaten

Eine häufige Art der Chemotherapie ist die Behandlung von Tumoren mit alkylierenden oder chloralkylierenden Zytostatika, die eine Alkylierung von Guanin in der DNA verursachen. Daraus resultieren eine Blockierung der DNA-Synthese und ein Rückgang im Tumorwachstum. Das Enzym O6-Methylguanin-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) ist in der Lage, solche Schäden zu reparieren. Da MGMT auch in verschiedenen Tumorarten exprimiert wird, eine Tatsache, die therapeutische Effekte verringern könnte, wird zur Zeit die Gabe von Inhibitoren der MGMT, wie O6-Benzylguanin, vor der eigentlichen Chemotherapie untersucht. Um möglicher Weise die Selektivität dieser Verbindungen für Tumor- vs. gesundem Gewebe und auch die in vivo-Eigenschaften zu verbessern, wurden glycosylierte Inhibitoren vorgeschlagen. Für eine Entwicklung neuer MGMT-Inhibitoren wäre es hilfreich, die in vivo Bioverteilung in Tier und Mensch durch eine Markierung mit geeigneten Isotopen verfolgen zu können. Im Moment existiert keine Möglichkeit, den MGMT-Status eines Tumors nicht-invasiv zu visualisieren. Diese Information kann sehr wichtig für die Planung einer Chemotherapie mit alkylierenden oder chloralkylierenden Zytostatika sein. Mit Methoden wie der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) oder der Einzel-Photonen-Emissions-Tomographie (SPECT) ist eine nicht-invasive Quantifizierung von biochemischen Prozessen prinzipiell möglich. Hierfür wurden verschiedenen MGMT-Inhibitoren bereits mit Isotopen wie Fluor-18, Kohlenstoff-11 un Iod-131 markiert, aber sie waren aus unterschiedlichen Gründen nicht geeignet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung von neuen O6-derivatisierten Guaninen, die über einen C8-Spacer an der N9-Position des Guanins mit einer Glucose-Einheit konjugiert werden sollten, geeigneten Markierungsvorläufern und Radioiodierungs-Methoden. Durch Wahl eines geeigneten Radioiodisotops für die Markierung des Restes an der O6-Position des Guanins kann die ex vivo-Bioverteilung dieser Verbindungen in tumortragenden Nacktmäusen (Iod-131) und die Untersuchung der in vivo-Verteilung (Iod-123) durchgeführt werden. Daher wurden O6-(5-Iodothenyl)- (ITG) und O6-(3-Iodbenzyl)guanin-Derivate (IBG) sowie ihre Glucose-Konjugate ITGG und IBGG synthetisiert. Von diesen inaktiven Standard-Verbindungen wurden die IC50-Werte zur MGMT bestimmt. Da sie alle im nM-Bereich lagen, schienen die Verbindungen für weitere Untersuchungen geeignet zu sein. Die Radiomarkierung der Inhibitoren mit Iod-131 bzw. Iod-123 wurde durch Umsetzung der Trialkyl-stannylierten Markierungsvorläufer mit der Chloramin T-Methode in mittleren (Iod-123) bis hohen (Iod-131) radiochemischen Ausbeuten und mit hohen radiochemischen Reinheiten durchgeführt. Mit den 131I-iodierten Verbindungen wurde die spezifische Bindung zur MGMT nachgewiesen, eine Eigenschaft, die essentiell für eine weitere Verwendung dieser Derivate ist. Sie wurden auch zur Bestimmung der ex vivo-Tumor- und Organverteilung in tumortragenden Nacktmäusen (MEX(+), MEX(-), Glioblastom) verwendet. In allen Fällen war die Tumoraufnahme der nicht-konjugierten Guanin-Derivate höher als die der entsprechenden Glucose-Konjugate. Das Tumor-Blut-Verhältnis, das sehr wichtig für einen potentiellen Einsatz der Verbindungen als Tracer des MGMT-Status eines Tumors ist, variierte abhängig von der Kinetik. Zu allen Zeitpunkten war die in vivo-Deiodierung der Glucose-Konjugate deutlich geringer als die von ITG oder IBG. Unter Verwendung von [131I]IBG und [131I]IBGG wurde die Biodistribution nach Inhibition der Natrium-abhängigen Glucose-Transporter, die zumindests teilweise für die Aufnahme der MGMT-Inhibitoren in Zellen verantwortlich sind, durch Phloretin untersucht. Einen Unterschied in der Tumoraufnahme zwischen den mit Phloretin behandelten und den unbehandelten Mäusen konnte nicht beobachtet werden, wahrscheinlich weil die Akkumulation im Tumor generell niedrig war. Mit den 123I-iodierten Verbindungen [123I]IBG und [123I]IBGG wurden in vivo-Scans an tumortragenden Nacktmäusen (MEX(+), MEX(-)) mit einer Kleintier-SPECT-Kamera durchgeführt. In beiden Fällen wurde eine geringe Akkumulation in den Tumoren im Vergleich zu anderen Organen beobachtet, was die ex vivo-Biodistributionsdaten bestätigte.

Biochemische Charakterisierung des Exopolysaccharids von Pediococcus parvulus B399, sowie dessen Hydrolyse durch eine neue beta-1,3-Glucanase aus Delftia sp. MV01

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die erste β-1,3-Glucanase aus Delftia beschrieben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Enzym unter anderem gegen das nur schwer zu hydrolysierende Exopolysaccharid aus Pediococcus parvulus wirkte. rnrnIm Einzelnen wurde zunächst das Exopolysaccharid aus Pediococcus parvulus B399 aus einem eigens zusammengestellten β-Glucan-Synthesemedium (Medium M) isoliert und gereinigt. Anschließend erfolgte eine umfassende Charakterisierung des Biopolymers. Hierzu gehörten neben der sauren Hydrolyse zur Bestimmung der Monomerzusammensetzung des Polymers, auch spektroskopische Methoden, darunter 1H und 13C-NMR. Mithilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie konnte die Struktur des Exopolysaccharids aus Pediococcus parvulus B399 bestimmt werden. Es handelte sich hierbei ebenfalls um ein β-1,3(1,2)-Glucan, wie es bereits für Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 beschrieben wurde. Darüber hinaus wurde erstmals ein ATR-FTIR-Spektrum für ein Exopolysaccharid aus Pediokokken gezeigt. Über GPC-Messungen konnte auch die molekulare Größe des β-1,3(1,2)-Glucans aus Pediococcus parvulus B399 bestimmt werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass sich das Exopolysaccharid bei Anzucht in Medium M aus einer hochmolekularen Fraktion (5*106 g/mol) und vier niedermolekularen Fraktionen (347; 818; 10048 und 20836 g/mol) zusammensetzte. Neben der strukturellen Charakterisierung, wurde das Exopolysaccharid auch rheologisch untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass es sich durch seine schwach gelbildenen Eigenschaften auch zum Einsatz in der Lebensmittelindustrie als Stabilisator, Fettersatzmittel oder ähnliches eignen würde. Die erwähnte gelbildende Netzwerkstruktur konnte für das Exopolysaccharid aus Pediococcus parvulus B399 auch erstmals im AFM bestätigt werden. rnEin weiterer Teil der Arbeit umfasste ein breites Screeningverfahren nach einem geeigneten Organismus, der das Exopolysaccharid aus Pediococcus parvulus B399 effektiv hydrolysieren sollte. Aus einer Anreicherungskultur des Termitendarms (Wenzel et al., 2002), konnte Delftia sp. MV01 isoliert werden. Dieser Organismus produzierte bei Wachstum in β glucanhaltigem Medium (Exopolysaccharid aus Pediococcus parvulus B399, sowie weitere kommerziell erhältliche β-1,3-Glucane) eine Glucanase, die in folgenden Schritten konventionell gereinigt und charakterisiert wurde.