Algal wastewater treatment and biomass producing potential: nutrient removal efficiency and cell physiological responses

Microalgae are sun - light cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to biofuels, foods, feeds, and other bioproducts. The concept of microalgae cultivation as an integrated system in wastewater treatment has optimized the potential of the microalgae - based biofuel production. These microorganisms contains lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, pigments and other cell compounds, and their biomass can provide different kinds of biofuels such as biodiesel, biomethane and ethanol. The algal biomass application strongly depends on the cell composition and the production of biofuels appears to be economically convenient only in conjunction with wastewater treatment. The aim of this research thesis was to investigate a biological wastewater system on a laboratory scale growing a newly isolated freshwater microalgae, Desmodesmus communis, in effluents generated by a local wastewater reclamation facility in Cesena (Emilia Romagna, Italy) in batch and semi - continuous cultures. This work showed the potential utilization of this microorganism in an algae - based wastewater treatment; Desmodesmus communis had a great capacity to grow in the wastewater, competing with other microorganisms naturally present and adapting to various environmental conditions such as different irradiance levels and nutrient concentrations. The nutrient removal efficiency was characterized at different hydraulic retention times as well as the algal growth rate and biomass composition in terms of proteins, polysaccharides, total lipids and total fatty acids (TFAs) which are considered the substrate for biodiesel production. The biochemical analyses were coupled with the biomass elemental analysis which specified the amount of carbon and nitrogen in the algal biomass. Furthermore photosynthetic investigations were carried out to better correlate the environmental conditions with the physiology responses of the cells and consequently get more information to optimize the growth rate and the increase of TFAs and C/N ratio, cellular compounds and biomass parameter which are fundamental in the biomass energy recovery.

La vegetazione e gli habitat del SIC "IT4080008 Balze di Verghereto, Monte Fumaiolo, Ripa della Moia" (provincia di Forlì-Cesena)

Scopo della tesi è la realizzazione di rilievi fitosociologici nel SIC “IT4080008 Balze di Verghereto, Monte Fumaiolo, Ripa della Moia” (provincia di Forlì-Cesena). Il gruppo montuoso del Monte Fumaiolo, posto al confine tra le Vallate del Savio e del Tevere, è stato proposto nel 1995 come Sito di Importanza Comunitaria. E' un'area colonizzata già nell'antichità dall'uomo e comprende una grande estensione di pascoli montani, con rupi calcaree e rilievi comprendenti faggete, abetine artificiali, rimboschimenti e prati pascoli. Nell'ambito di una ricerca sulla distribuzione degli habitat di maggior pregio in questo sito sono stati realizzati campionamenti, basati sul metodo Braun Blanquet, nel periodo tra Lunglio e Settembre 2013. I dati raccolti sono stati successivamente elaborati tramite software Matlab versione 7.10.0.282 creando due dendrogrammi allo scopo di descrivere sia la qualità naturale del SIC, sia dal punto di vista degli habitat. Dalle informazioni raccolte è stata possibile la definizione di due tipologie di vegetazione: le formazioni forestali e gli ambienti aperti. I risultati mostrano 57 rilievi inerenti ai boschi divisi in ulteriori sottogruppi rappresentanti boschi a faggio, situazioni miste con Fagus sylvatica e Abies alba, querceti misti e rimboschimenti a Pinus nigra. I 27 rilievi degli ambienti aperti mostrano invece una predominanza di prati-pascolo e pascoli con situazioni di evoluzione ad arbusteti a Cytisus scoparius e Juniperus communis. Sono state campionate anche le vegetazioni a succulente presenti su affioramenti rocciosi. Le informazioni ottenute ed elaborate possono essere utili per studi futuri e per la creazione di una carta fitosociologica sulla base dei rilievi effettuati e della pregressa carta della vegetazione su base fisionomica (Barlotti 2013).

Physiological studies to optimize algal biomass production in phytoremediation processes

Nowadays microalgae are studied, and a number of species already mass-cultivated, for their application in many fields: food and feed, chemicals, pharmaceutical, phytoremediation and renewable energy. Phytoremediation, in particular, can become a valid integrated process in many algae biomass production systems. This thesis is focused on the physiological and biochemical effects of different environmental factors, mainly macronutrients, lights and temperature on microalgae. Microalgal species have been selected on the basis of their potential in biotechnologies, and nitrogen occurs in all chapters due to its importance in physiological and applicative fields. There are 5 chapters, ready or in preparation to be submitted, with different specific matters: (i) to measure the kinetic parameters and the nutrient removal efficiencies for a selected and local strain of microalgae; (ii) to study the biochemical pathways of the microalga D. communis in presence of nitrate and ammonium; (iii) to improve the growth and the removal efficiency of a specific green microalga in mixotrophic conditions; (iv) to optimize the productivity of some microalgae with low growth-rate conditions through phytohormones and other biostimulants; and (v) to apply the phyto-removal of ammonium in an effluent from anaerobic digestion. From the results it is possible to understand how a physiological point of view is necessary to provide and optimize already existing biotechnologies and applications with microalgae.

Pirolisi catalitica di microalghe con zeoliti

L’aumento delle concentrazioni del diossido di carbonio in atmosfera dovuto alla combustione dei combustibili fossili è una fonte di grande preoccupazione a causa del suo impatto sul clima globale. La biomassa è l’unica fonte rinnovabile a poter essere convertita in combustibili e, tra i metodi di conversione, la pirolisi produce un liquido (bio-olio) che presenta potenzialità come combustibile. Le alghe sono una biomassa di interesse, ma il bio-olio che si ottiene è caratterizzato da composti contenenti ossigeno, zolfo e azoto che ne riducono la qualità. Tali elementi possono essere eliminati attraverso la scissione (cracking) con zeoliti con la produzione di idrocarburi. L’obiettivo dello studio è stato quello di valutare le caratteristiche del cracking catalitico di tre microalghe: Arthrospira platensis, Botryococcus braunii e Desmodesmus communis per la produzione di idrocarburi. Le biomasse sono state pirolizzate a 500 °C e i vapori prodotti termicamente sono stati fatti passare nella zeolite dove subiscono il cracking. Sono state utilizzate due zeolite a diversa acidità: un pellet H-ZSM5 (SiO2/Al2O3=38) e un monolite a base di HZSM5 (SiO2/Al2O3=80) e sepiolite. Dal cracking si ottengono sei frazioni pirolitiche: char, coke, fase acquosa, bio-olio, frazione volatile e gas non condensabili. Le frazioni sono state caratterizzate tramite analisi elementari e molecolari e dai dati ottenuti sono stati calcolati i bilanci di N, C e del potere calorifico. Per tutte le alghe si ottiene un bio-olio con un elevato contenuto di carbonio e fortemente deossigenato, ma le rese sono relativamente basse. I prodotti che contengono una maggior frazione del carbonio della biomassa iniziale sono il char ed il coke, seguiti dalla fase organica e dai gas. La distribuzione dell’azoto è simile ma con una maggiore frazione nella fase acquosa. Entrambi i catalizzatori agiscono migliorando la qualità del bio-olio tramite la riduzione dei composti azotati ed ossigenati e formando idrocarburi monoaromatici, tipici delle benzine, e poliaromatici. Il monolite, con zeolite meno acida, produce una maggior frazione di bio-olio caratterizzato, però, da una minor percentuale di composti aromatici. Si ritiene che l’aumento delle rese del bio-olio e la valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti (biochar, fase acquosa) siano indispensabili per la sostenibilità del processo.

Species-specific stomatal response of trees to drought - a link to vegetation dynamics?

Question: Is stomatal regulation specific for climate and tree species, and does it reveal species-specific responses to drought? Is there a link to vegetation dynamics? Location: Dry inner alpine valley, Switzerland Methods: Stomatal aperture (θE) of Pinus sylvestris, Quercus pubescens, Juniperus communis and Picea abies were continuously estimated by the ratio of measured branch sap flow rates to potential transpiration rates (adapted Penman-Monteith single leaf approach) at 10-min intervals over four seasons. Results: θE proved to be specific for climate and species and revealed distinctly different drought responses: Pinus stomata close disproportionately more than neighbouring species under dry conditions, but has a higher θE than the other species when weather was relatively wet and cool. Quercus keeps stomata more open under drought stress but has a lower θE under humid conditions. Juniperus was most drought-tolerant, whereas Picea stomata close almost completely during summer. Conclusions: The distinct microclimatic preferences of the four tree species in terms of θE strongly suggest that climate (change) is altering tree physiological performances and thus species-specific competitiveness. Picea and Pinus currently live at the physiological limit of their ability to withstand increasing temperature and drought intensities at the sites investigated, whereas Quercus and Juniperus perform distinctly better. This corresponds, at least partially, with regional vegetation dynamics: Pinus has strongly declined, whereas Quercus has significantly increased in abundance in the past 30 years. We conclude that θE provides an indication of a species' ability to cope with current and predicted climate.

Diversity and faunal composition of benthic foraminifera in Hole 44-390A on the Blake Nose Plateau

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages are a widespread tool to understand changes in organic matter flux and bottom-water oxygenation and their relation to paleoceanographic changes in the Upper Cretaceous oceans. In this study, assemblage data (diversity, total number, and number per species and gram) from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 390 (Blake Nose, western North Atlantic) were processed for the lower Maastrichtian (Globotruncana falsostuarti - Gansserina gansseri Planktic Foraminiferal Zone). These data document significant changes in nutrient flux to the sea floor as well as bottom-water oxygenation during this time interval. Parallel to the observed changes in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages the number of inoceramid shells decreases, reflecting also a significant increase in bottom-water oxygenation. We speculate, that these data could reflect the onset of a shift from warmer low-latitude to cooler high-latitude deep-water sources. This speculation will predate the major reorganization of the oceanic circulation resulting in a circulation mode similar to today at the Early/Late Maastrichtian boundary by ~1 Ma and therefore improves our understanding of Late Cretaceous paleoceanography.

Pollen and macroremains from sediment core Aschenhütte

The Upper Pleistocene sediments of the Aschenhütte sink-hole (west of Herzberg am Harz, Lower Saxony) enable one to make interesting correlations between palynological and geological results. The sequence is composed of limnic-telmatic deposits (Eemain to Lower Weichselian) and loess with paleosoils (Weichselian). Sedimentation started during the hornbeam-dominated phase of the Eemian interglacial period and continued throughout the Eemian, the Weichselian Brörup interstadial (sensu Andersen) and parts of the preceding and the following stadial phases, the Herning and the Rederstall stadials. As opposed to most of the known Eemian sites spruce was a major tree species during the hornbeam-dominated phase of the Eemian. The vegetational development during the interstadial phase does not show a period of climatic deterioration as is the case for the Brörup interstadial when considering regions with a more demanding vegetation or regions close to the natural boundaries of the tree species concerned. Pollen or seeds of Bruckenthalia and Picea omoricoides have not been found in the Aschenhütte cores. The limnic-telmatic sediments interlock with loess-paleosoils (Eemian soil and Lower Weichselian bleaching soils) at the lake shore. They are overlaid by loess paleosoils of the Stillfried-B interstadial (Hattorf soil and Lohne soil). Lake level fluctuations were determined by means of the facies distribution and isochrones as defined by pollen analysis. A relatively high stand of the lake level existed after the end of the Eemian interglacial and during the Brörup interstadial periods. In the course of the Herning stadial period the water level dropped, whereas during the Rederstall stadial phase the lake basin was covered by sediments and therefore dried up.