Antibodies against non-structural c100/3 and structural core antigen of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in hemodialysis patients

Two groups of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) maintenance were evaluated for their antibody response to non-structural c100/3 protein and structural core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Forty-six patients (Group 1) never presented liver abnormalities during HD treatment, while 52 patients (Group 2) had either current or prior liver enzyme elevations. Prevalence rates of 32.6% and 41.3% were found for anti-c100/3 and anti-HCV core antibodies, respectively, in patients with silent infections (Group 1). The rate of anti-c100/3 in patients of Group 2 was 71.15% and reached 86.5% for anti-HCV core antibodies. The recognition of anti-c100/3 and anti-core antibodies was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1. A line immunoassay composed of structural and non-structural peptides was used as a confirmation assay. HBV infection, measured by the presence of anti-HBc antibodies, was observed in 39.8% of the patients. Six were HBsAg chronic carriers and 13 had naturally acquired anti-HBs antibodies. The duration of HD treatment was correlated with anti-HCV positivity. A high prevalence of 96.7% (Group 2) was found in patients who underwent more than 5 years of treatment. Our results suggest that anti-HCV core ELISA is more accurate for detecting HCV infection than anti-c100/3. Although the risk associated with the duration of HD treatment and blood transfusion was high, additional factors such as a significant non-transfusional spread of HCV seems to play a role as well. The identification of infective patients by more sensitive methods for HCV genome detection should help to control the transmission of HCV in the unit under study.

Non-uniform printed antenna array for wireless communications in sports arenas

Wireless communications had a great development in the last years and nowadays they are present everywhere, public and private, being increasingly used for different applications. Their application in the business of sports events as a means to improve the experience of the fans at the games is becoming essential, such as sharing messages and multimedia material on social networks. In the stadiums, given the high density of people, the wireless networks require very large data capacity. Hence radio coverage employing many small sized sectors is unavoidable. In this paper, an antenna is designed to operate in the Wi-Fi 5GHz frequency band, with a directive radiation pattern suitable to this kind of applications. Furthermore, despite the large bandwidth and low losses, this antenna has been developed using low cost, off-the-shelf materials without sacrificing quality or performance, essential to mass production. © 2015 EurAAP.

The key role of coligands in novel ruthenium(II)-cyclopentadienyl bipyridine derivatives: ranging from non-cytotoxic to highly cytotoxic compounds

A new family of eight ruthenium(II)-cyclopentadienyl bipyridine derivatives, bearing nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous and carbonyl sigma bonded coligands, has been synthesized. Compounds bearing nitrogen bonded coligands were found to be unstable in aqueous solution, while the others presented appropriate stabilities for the biologic assays and pursued for determination of IC50 values in ovarian (A2780) and breast (MCF7 and MDAMB231) human cancer cell lines. These studies were also carried out for the [5: HSA] and [6: HSA] adducts (HSA=human serum albumin) and a better performance was found for the first case. Spectroscopic, electrochemical studies by cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations allowed us to get some understanding on the electronic flow directions within the molecules and to find a possible clue concerning the structural features of coligands that can activate bipyridyl ligands toward an increased cytotoxic effect. X-ray structure analysis of compound [Ru(η(5)-C5H5)(bipy)(PPh3)][PF6] (7; bipy=bipyridine) showed crystallization on C2/c space group with two enantiomers of the [Ru(η(5)-C5H5)(bipy)(PPh3)](+) cation complex in the racemic crystal packing.

Prevalence of rubella antibodies in a non-immunized urban population, São Paulo, Brazil

The prevalence of rubella antibodies was evaluated through a ramdom Seroepidemiological survey in 1400 blood samples of 2-14 year old children and in 329 samples of umbilical cord serum. Rubella IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the sera were collected in 1987, five years before the mass vaccination campaign with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine carried out in the city of São Paulo in 1992. A significant increase in prevalence of rubella infection was observed after 6 years of age, and 77% of the individuals aged from 15 to 19 years had detectable rubella antibodies. However, the seroprevalence rose to 90.5% (171/189) in cord serum samples from children whose mothers were 20 to 29 years old, and reached 95.6% in newborns of mothers who were 30 to 34 years old, indicating that a large number of women are infected during childbearing years. This study confirms that rubella infection represents an important Public Health problem in São Paulo city. The data on the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies before the mass vaccination campaign reflects the baseline immunological status of this population before any intervention and should be used to design an adequate vaccination strategy and to assess the Seroepidemiological impact of this intervention.

O papel dos sistemas de Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring para a eficiência energética do setor residencial

A sustentabilidade energética do planeta é uma preocupação corrente e, neste sentido, a eficiência energética afigura-se como sendo essencial para a redução do consumo em todos os setores de atividade. No que diz respeito ao setor residencial, o indevido comportamento dos utilizadores aliado ao desconhecimento do consumo dos diversos aparelhos, são factores impeditivos para a redução do consumo energético. Uma ferramenta importante, neste sentido, é a monitorização de consumos nomeadamente a monitorização não intrusiva, que apresenta vantagens económicas relativamente à monitorização intrusiva, embora levante alguns desafios na desagregação de cargas. Abordou-se então, neste documento, a temática da monitorização não intrusiva onde se desenvolveu uma ferramenta de desagregação de cargas residenciais, sobretudo de aparelhos que apresentavam elevados consumos. Para isso, monitorizaram-se os consumos agregados de energia elétrica, água e gás de seis habitações do município de Vila Nova de Gaia. Através da incorporação dos vetores de água e gás, a acrescentar ao da energia elétrica, provou-se que a performance do algoritmo de desagregação de aparelhos poderá aumentar, no caso de aparelhos que utilizem simultaneamente energia elétrica e água ou energia elétrica e gás. A eficiência energética é também parte constituinte deste trabalho e, para tal, implementaram-se medidas de eficiência energética para uma das habitações em estudo, de forma a concluir as que exibiam maior potencial de poupança, assim como rápidos períodos de retorno de investimento. De um modo geral, os objetivos propostos foram alcançados e espera-se que num futuro próximo, a monitorização de consumos não intrusiva se apresente como uma solução de referência no que respeita à sustentabilidade energética do setor residencial.

Characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi strain isolated from a non-endemic area in Northeast Brazil

A cepa WSL (Wild São Lorenço) de T. cruzi, isolada de um cobaio proveniente de São Lorenço da Mata (Nordeste do Brasil) foi caracterizada através da análise do seu comportamento morfobiológico e perfil isoenzimático. Para o estudo do comportamento morfobiológico, tripomastigotas sanguíneos (1 x 10 5) da cepa WSL foram inoculados por via intraperitonal em camundongos albinos Swiss. Como controle a cepa Y (Tipo I) foi usada. Durante o curso da infecção os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: parasitemia, mortalidade, morfologia dos parasitas no sangue periférico e tropismo tissular. O perfil isoenzimático foi analisado em relação às enzimas ALAT, GPI e PGM usando como controle de referência as cepas Peruana (Tipo I), 21SF (Tipo II) e Colombiana (Tipo III). A cepa WSL apresentou as seguintes características biológicas: 1) multiplicação lenta e pico parasitêmico entre 21 - 25 dias pós-infecção; 2) mortalidade de 3,3% 40 dias pós-infecção; 3) predominância de formas largas no sangue periférico e 4) miotropismo com predominante envolvimento cardíaco. A análise isoenzimática mostrou um padrão de zimodema 2 (Z2) que corresponde às cepas biológicas Tipo II. Os resultados mostram que a cepa WSL apresenta baixa virulência e patogenicidade.

Exposição a fungos dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina

RESUMO - Os trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas apresentam maior prevalência de lesões fúngicas, como a Tinea pedis e a onicomicose, devido às características intrínsecas da sua actividade profissional, pois apresentam mais horas por dia de exposição à contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Esta situação verifica-se não só por serem os que mais frequentam os locais possíveis de estarem contaminados, como é o caso de balneários, vestiários e zona envolvente às piscinas, mas também porque algumas das actividades desenvolvidas são realizadas com os pés descalços. Além disso, a utilização de roupa sintética e de calçado ocluso, que retêm a sudação excessiva, favorece o desenvolvimento fúngico. Constituiu objectivo deste trabalho conhecer o risco de infecção e/ou lesão (Tinea pedis e onicomicose) nos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina e a sua eventual relação com a exposição à contaminação fúngica (ar e superfícies) dos locais de trabalho. Foram descritas as variáveis ambientais e biológicas que influenciam a infecção e/ou lesão fúngica em ambiente profissional e exploradas eventuais associações entre essas mesmas variáveis. Foram também conhecidas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre as duas principais estações do ano (Verão e Inverno) e entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. O estudo realizado possui uma componente transversal, em que se pretendeu descrever os fenómenos ambientais e biológicos da contaminação fúngica em ambiente profissional e explorar eventuais associações entre variáveis; uma componente longitudinal, em que foram conhecidas as diferenças sazonais da contaminação fúngica das superfícies; e, ainda, uma componente quase experimental, em que foi analisada a distribuição fúngica nas superfícies antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. Na vertente transversal foi considerada uma amostra de 10 ginásios com piscina e outra amostra de, pelo menos, 10 profissionais de cada estabelecimento, perfazendo um total de 124 trabalhadores (75 Homens - 60,48% e 49 Mulheres - 39,52%). Foram realizadas 258 colheitas biológicas aos pés dos trabalhadores, efectuada a avaliação ambiental da contaminação fúngica dos estabelecimentos através de 50 colheitas de amostras de ar e 120 colheitas de amostras de superfícies (60 antes e 60 depois da lavagem e desinfecção) e efectuados os respectivos processamento laboratorial e identificação fúngica. Foram também avaliadas as variáveis ambientais temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar, preenchidas 10 grelhas de observação, com o objectivo de efectuar o registo de informação sobre as variáveis que xx influenciam a exposição ocupacional às espécies fúngicas e, ainda, completadas 124 grelhas de observação inerentes à colheita de material biológico, de modo a realizar o registo dos profissionais com lesão e outras informações pertinentes para a análise laboratorial. Todos os 124 trabalhadores responderam a um questionário, em simultâneo à realização das colheitas biológicas, de modo a conhecer algumas das variáveis individuais e profissionais com pertinência para o presente estudo. Num dos estabelecimentos, foram também estudadas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção e, ainda, entre as duas estações do ano (Verão e Inverno). Nesse estabelecimento, foram realizadas 36 colheitas de superfícies antes e 36 colheitas depois da lavagem e desinfecção, em 6 dias diferentes da semana, durante 6 semanas sequenciais em cada estação do ano, completando um total de 72 colheitas de superfícies. Foi ainda criado e aplicado um método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies, de modo a permitir definir níveis semi-quantitativos de estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas. Para o critério da Gravidade, considerou-se que a gravidade da contaminação e, consequentemente, da possível lesão, está intimamente relacionada com a espécie fúngica envolvida. Foram calculadas as médias da contaminação fúngica por cada estabelecimento antes da lavagem e desinfecção, de modo a estabelecer os níveis de Frequência e, em relação à Exposição, foram estabelecidos intervalos para agrupar as horas semanais de trabalho. Dos 124 trabalhadores que participaram no estudo, 58 (46,8%) possuíam lesões visíveis. Nesses 58, as Leveduras foram as mais isoladas (41,4%), seguidas dos Dermatófitos (24,1%) e de Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis e Rhodotorula sp. foram as Leveduras mais frequentemente isoladas (20,2%); no caso dos Dermatófitos, Trichophyton rubrum foi a espécie mais frequente (55,5%) e, relativamente aos Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos, Penicillium sp. foi o mais isolado (15,6%), seguido do género Fusarium (12,5%). No que concerne à contaminação fúngica das superfícies, 37 fungos filamentosos foram isolados. Fusarium foi o género mais frequente, antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção (19,1% - 17,2%). Em relação aos fungos leveduriformes, 12 leveduras diferentes foram identificadas, tendo sido os géneros Cryptococcus (40,6%) e Candida (49,3%) os mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, respectivamente. Em relação à contaminação fúngica do ar, foram identificados 25 fungos filamentosos diferentes, em que os 3 géneros mais frequentemente isolados foram Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) e Aspergillus (10,2%). Relativamente às leveduras, foi identificado o género xxi Rhodotorula (87,5%) e as espécies Trichosporon mucoides e Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Verificou-se associação, ao nível de significância de 5%, entre lesão visível e horas semanais e entre lesão visível e tempo de profissão, comprovando a influência da duração da exposição ao factor de risco (contaminação fúngica do ambiente profissional), para a presença de lesão visível nos trabalhadores expostos (Tinea pedis e onicomicose), ficando demonstrada a relação entre a exposição ao factor de risco em estudo – exposição profissional a fungos – com os efeitos para a saúde. As variáveis ambientais avaliadas (temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar) não influenciaram a contaminação fúngica do ar e das superfícies, não tendo sido evidenciada nenhuma relação estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Contudo, verificou-se influência do número de ocupantes que frequentaram cada um dos estabelecimentos nas médias das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado nas superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Não se verificou correlação entre os resultados quantitativos da contaminação fúngica do ar e a das superfícies dos 10 estabelecimentos monitorizados. No entanto, verificaram-se diferenças significativas, ao nível de significância de 10%, entre a contaminação fúngica das superfícies e a contaminação fúngica do ar (p<0,1), tendo-se constatado que apesar de 50% dos valores mais baixos terem sido superiores na contaminação fúngica do ar, a contaminação fúngica das superfícies apresentou-se com maior variabilidade quantitativa. Em relação às diferenças significativas na contaminação fúngica das superfícies nos 10 estabelecimentos entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, apenas se verificou redução significativa (p<0,05) da contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em relação aos fungos leveduriformes. No estabelecimento seleccionado, verificou-se que a relação entre a contaminação fúngica e a temperatura e humidade relativa não foi significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as estações do ano e também não se constatou influência dos ocupantes nos valores médios das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado das superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção em ambas as estações de ano. Em quase todas as situações em que se verificaram diferenças significativas entre as duas estações do ano, verificou-se um aumento das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado no Inverno, com excepção do total das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado antes da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em que se verificou aumento no Verão. Constatou-se também que apenas ocorreu redução da xxii contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nas escadas de acesso no Inverno e nos balneários e vestiários masculinos no Verão. Com a aplicação do método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies obteve-se, nos 10 estabelecimentos, com Nível de Risco Mínimo 65 locais (54,2%), com Nível de Risco Médio 23 locais (19,2%) e com Nível de Risco Elevado 32 locais (26,6%). Próximo do jacuzzi e junto ao tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado. No estabelecimento seleccionado verificou-se que, no Verão, depois da lavagem e desinfecção, ocorreu um maior número de locais classificados no Nível de Risco Elevado e, no Inverno, constatou-se a situação inversa, tendo sido observado maior número de locais com Nível de Risco Elevado antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Junto ao tanque e nas escadas de acesso à zona envolvente ao jacuzzi e tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado, no Verão e no Inverno. Foram isolados nas superfícies fungos comuns aos isolados nos trabalhadores. Antes da lavagem e desinfecção, 30,3% dos fungos foram isolados nas superfícies e nos trabalhadores e depois desses procedimentos 45,5% dos fungos foram também isolados comummente. As Leveduras foram as mais isoladas comummente e as que se verificaram mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção da superfícies e, também, nos resultados das colheitas biológicas realizadas aos trabalhadores, foram o género Rhodotorula e a espécie Candida parapsilosis, permitindo confirmar que a infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores está relacionada com a contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Concluiu-se que é necessária a intervenção em Saúde Ocupacional no âmbito da vigilância ambiental e da vigilância da saúde, com o intuito de diminuir a prevalência das infecções fúngicas. Para a prossecução desse objectivo, sugere-se a implementação de medidas preventivas, nomeadamente: o controlo da contaminação fúngica das superfícies mediante procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção eficazes, de modo a minimizar a contaminação fúngica das superfícies; a identificação precoce da infecção através da realização de colheitas biológicas periódicas aos trabalhadores, inseridas num protocolo de vigilância da saúde; e, ainda, a sensibilização para a aplicação de medidas de higiene pessoal e o tratamento das patologias. A aplicação do método criado para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies servirá não só para a estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores de ginásios com piscinas, mas também para facilitar o estabelecimento de valores fúngicos de referência, a implementação de medidas correctivas adequadas e imediatas e, ainda, a prevenção de infecções fúngicas, não só nos ginásios com piscina, mas também noutros contextos profissionais. ------------ SUMMARY - Gyms with swimming pools workers have higher prevalence of fungal injuries, such as Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. This is due to their work intrinsic characteristics, since they have more hours per day of exposure to surfaces fungal contamination. This occurs not only because they attend sites most likely to be contaminated, such as showers, changing rooms and pool surrounding area, but also because some of the activities are done barefoot. Furthermore, synthetic clothing and occluded footwear use, which retain the excessive sweating, promotes fungal development. The aim of this study was to know gymnasiums with swimming pool workers infection and/or injury (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis) risk, and its possible relationship with exposure to workplace fungal contamination (air and surfaces). This study describes environmental and biological variables that influence infection and/or fungal injury in a professional setting and explored possible associations between these variables. Differences in surfaces fungal contamination between the two main seasons (summer and winter), as well between before and after cleaning and disinfection were known. It was developed a study with an cross-sectional perspective, that aimed to describe the biological and environmental phenomena of fungal contamination in a professional environment and explore possible associations between variables; an longitudinal perspective in which were known surfaces fungal contamination seasonal differences; and also with an almost experimental perspective that analyzed surfaces fungal distribution before and after cleaning and disinfection. The cross-sectional perspective comprised 10 gyms with swimming pool sample, and another sample of, at least, 10 professionals in each establishment totalling 124 workers (75 men – 60,48%, and 49 women – 39,52%). Were performed 258 biological samples at workers feet, environmental fungal contamination evaluation from the establishments through 50 air samples and 120 surfaces samples (60 before and 60 after cleaning and disinfection) and conducted their laboratory processing and fungal identification. Were also evaluated environmental variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity completed 10 observation grids, in order to obtain data about variables that affect occupational exposure to fungal species, and also completed 124 observation grids inherent to biological material collection, in order to know the professionals with injury and other relevant information for laboratory analysis. All 124 workers answered to a questionnaire at the same time that occur biological samples collection, in order to xxv obtain information about some of the individual and professional variables with relevance to this study. In one of the establishments were also studied differences concerning surfaces fungal contamination between before and after cleaning and disinfection, and also between two main seasons (summer and winter). In this setting, there were performed 36 surfaces samples before and 36 surfaces samples after cleaning and disinfection on 6 different week days for 6 sequential weeks in each season, totalling 72 surfaces samples. It was also created and implemented a method to establish a pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, in order to help define semi-quantitative levels estimation to fungal infection risk in gyms with swimming pools workers. For Gravity criterion it was considered that contamination severity and, thus, the possible injury are closely related to implicate fungal species. Was calculated fungal contamination average by each establishment prior cleaning and disinfection, in order to establish Frequency levels. Regarding Exposure, were established weekly hours group intervals spent in professional activity. From the 124 professionals tested, 58 (46,8%) had visible injuries. In the 58 workers, Yeasts were the most isolated (41,4%), followed by Dermatophytes (24,1%) and Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were the most frequently isolated Yeasts (20,2% for each), from Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (55,5%) and from Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. was the most frequent (15,6%), followed by Fusarium genera (12,5%). Regarding surfaces fungal contamination, 37 filamentous fungi were isolated. Fusarium genera was the most frequent, before and after cleaning and disinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Considering yeasts, 12 different yeasts were identified, being Cryptococcus (40,6%) and Candida (49,3%) genera the more frequent before and after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. In relation to air fungal contamination, 25 different filamentous fungi were identified and the 3 most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) and Aspergillus (10,2%). For yeasts, were identified Rhodotorula genera (87,5%), and also the species Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Was found association with 5% significance level, between visible injury and weekly hours and between visible injury and occupation time, confirming exposure duration influence to risk factor (work environment fungal contamination) for the visible injury presence in exposed workers (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis), being confirmed the relation between the study exposure risk - occupational exposure to fungi - with health effects. xxvi Environmental variables evaluated (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) did not affect air and surfaces fungal contamination and wasn’t found no statistically significant relation (p>0,05). However, there was evidence that occupant’s number influence surfaces colony forming units mean per square meter before cleaning and disinfection. There was no correlation between quantitative data from air fungal contamination and surfaces fungal contamination from the 10 establishments monitored. However, there were significant differences with 10% significance level, between surfaces and air fungal contamination (p<0,1), and despite 50% of the lowest rates were higher in air fungal contamination, it was found that surfaces fungal contamination had more quantitative variability. Regarding differences from the 10 establishments surfaces fungal contamination, between before and after cleaning and disinfection, there was only a significant reduction (p<0,05) in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms for yeasts. In the selected establishment, it was found that relation between fungal contamination and temperature and relative humidity was not significant (p>0,05) in both seasons, and also there wasn’t no influence observed from occupants in surfaces colony forming units mean per square meters before cleaning and disinfection in both seasons. In almost all situations where significant differences between the two seasons were shown, there was a colony-forming units per square meter increase in winter. There was an exception in total colony forming units per square meter before cleaning and disinfection in male changing room’s exception, where there was an increase in summer. Furthermore, was found that only occur a reduction in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection, on access stairs in winter, as well as in male changing rooms in summer. With application from the method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, it was obtained, in the 10 establishments, 65 sites with Low Risk Level (54,2%), 23 sites with Average Risk Level (19,2%) and 32 sites with High Risk Level (26,6%). Near swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications. In the selected establishment, was found that in the summer, after cleaning and disinfection, there were a greater number of sites classified as High Risk Level, and in winter it was found the opposite situation, being noted more places with High Risk Level before cleaning and disinfection. Next to swimming pool and access stairs to swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications in Summer and Winter. Were isolated common fungi in surfaces and in workers. Prior to cleaning and disinfection 30,3% of fungi were isolated on surfaces and workers, and after 45,5% of fungi were also xxvii commonly isolated. The Yeasts were the most commonly isolated and the most frequent before and after surfaces cleaning and disinfection, and also in workers biological samples, were Rhodotorula genera and Candida parapsilosis, allowing confirming that workers fungal infection is related with surfaces fungal contamination. It was concluded that Occupational Health intervention it is necessary, in environmental monitoring and health surveillance perspective, in order to reduce fungal infections prevalence. To achieve this objective, preventive measures implementation it’s recommended, including: surfaces fungal contamination control, through effective cleaning and disinfecting in order to minimize surfaces fungal contamination; early infection identification by performing periodic biological sampling from workers, included in a health surveillance protocol; and also personal hygiene and diseases treatment awareness. Application of the created method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, will be useful not only for estimating workers from gymnasiums with swimming pools fungal infection risk, but also to facilitate fungal reference values stipulation, effective and corrective measures implementation, and also, fungal infections prevention, not only in gymnasiums with swimming pool, but also in other professional settings.----------------- RÉSUMÉ - Les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines présentent souvent des infections fongiques, telles que Tinea pedis et aussi des onychomycoses, dues à leur activité professionnel, parce qu’ils restent plus longtemps tout prés des surfaces avec une certaine contamination fongique. Toute cette situation est due non seulement parce qu’ils sont ceux qui fréquentent plus souvent les places plus contaminées: des balnéaires, des vestiaires et des zones autour des piscines, mais aussi ils réalisent des activités aux pieds nus ou avec des chaussures très fermés et encore quelques fois avec des vêtements synthétiques. Tout cela emmène à une grande sudation ce qui aidera au développement fongique. Un objective de ce travaille a été connaître le risque d’infection et/ou présence de lésion (Tinea pedis et des onychomycoses) dans les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines et leur éventuel rapport avec l’exposition à la contamination fongique (de l’air et des surfaces) dans leurs locaux de travaille. On a décrit aussi des variables d’environnement et biologiques qui ont une certaine influence dans les infections fongiques dans tout l’environnement professionnel et aussi approfondir des éventuels associations entre ces même variables. On a encore reconnu des différences de la contamination fongique avant et après des lavages et désinfection de ces surfaces. Aussi on a trouvé des différences de contamination en Été et en Hiver. Cet étude a un composante transversale, en visant la description des phénomènes de contamination fongique biologique et de l'environnement dans un environnement professionnel et l’étude des associations possibles entre les variables; une composante longitudinale dans laquelle ils étaient connus comme des variations saisonnières de la contamination fongique des surfaces, et même; un quasi-composante expérimentale, où elle a examiné la répartition des champignons surfaces avant et après le lavage et la désinfection. Dans la composante transversale on été considérés 1 échantillons de 10 gymnases avec des piscines et un autre échantillon de au moins 10 professionnels de chaque établissement dans un total 124 travailleurs (75 hommes - 60,48% et 49 femmes - 39,52%). On a réalisé 258 prélèvements aux pieds des travailleurs et on a effectué en simultané la validation par contamination fongique de l’environnement par 50 prélèvements de l’air et par 120 prélèvements de surfaces (60 avant et 60 après des lavages et des désinfections) et on a effectué leur traitement en laboratoire et l’identification fongique. On a fait aussi l’évaluation des variables de l’environnement, la température, l’humidité relative et la vitesse de l’air. On a remplie 10 tableaux xxix d’observation, avec l’objective d’obtenir des informations sur les variables qu’influenceront l’exposition occupationnel aux souches fongiques, et encore 124 tableaux d’observation liée au prélèvement du matériel biologique, pour réaliser le registre des professionnels avec des lésions et des autres informations pertinentes pour une analyse laboratoire. Tous ces 124 travailleurs ont rempli un questionnaire au même temps que les prélèvements biologiques, afin de connaître quelques variables individuels et professionnels importants pour cet étude. Dans un des établissements on a aussi étudié les différences fongiques des surfaces parmi avant et après les lavages et de la désinfection et encore parmi l’Été et l’Hiver. Dans ce même établissement on a réalisé 36 prélèvements des surfaces avant et 36 après des lavages et de la désinfection, pendant 6 jours différents de la semaine, pendant 6 semaines en chaque saison de l’année, dans un total de 72 prélèvements des surfaces. On a encore crié et appliqué une méthode pour établir un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, afin de permettre la définition des niveaux semi quantitative d’estimation des risques d’infection fongique des travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines. Pour le critère de Gravité, il a été considéré que la gravité de la contamination, et donc les possibles dommages, est étroitement liée aux espèces fongiques impliquées. Nous avons calculé la moyenne de la contamination fongique par chaque établissement avant le lavage et la désinfection afin d'établir les niveaux de Fréquence et, par rapport à l'Exposition, ont été crées pour regrouper les intervalles d'heures hebdomadaires consacrées à l'activité professionnelle en question. Sur les 124 travailleurs qui ont participé à l'étude, 58 (46,8%) avaient des lésions visibles. Parmi ces 58, les Levures ont été les plus isolées (41,4%), suivis par des Dermatophytes (24,1%) et des Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. ont été les Levures les plus fréquemment isolées (20,2%); dans le cas des Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum est le plus fréquent (55,5%) et pour les Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. a été le plus isolé (15,6%), suivi par Fusarium sp. (12,5%). En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique des surfaces, 37 champignons filamenteux ont été isolés. Le genre Fusarium est le plus fréquent avant et après le lavage et la désinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Pour la levure, 12 levures différentes ont été identifiées, ayant été Cryptococcus sp. (40,6%) et Candida sp. (49,3%) les plus fréquents avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, respectivement. En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique de l'air, on a identifié 25 différents champignons filamenteux, où les 3 genres les plus fréquemment isolés étaient Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) et Aspergillus (10,2%). Pour les levures, il a été identifié le genre xxx Rhodotorula (87,5%) et les espèces Trichosporon mucoides et Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). On a vérifié une association, au niveau de signification de 5%, entre les lésions visibles et les heures hebdomadaires et entre les lésions visibles et la durée d’occupation, ce qui confirme l'influence de la durée de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (contamination fongique dans le milieu de travail) pour la présence des lésions visibles chez les travailleurs exposés (Tinea pedis et onychomycose), en démontrant une relation entre l'exposition au facteur de risque dans ces études - l'exposition professionnelle aux champignons - avec les effets sur la santé. Les variables environnementales évalué (température, humidité relative et la vitesse de l'air) ne modifient pas la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces; donc, n'a pas été démontré aucune relation statistiquement significative (p>0,05). Cependant, il y a une influence du nombre d'occupants qui ont participé à chacun des établissements en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètre carré sur la surface avant le lavage et la désinfection. Il n'y avait pas de corrélation entre les résultats quantitatifs de la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces des 10 établissements surveillés, cependant il existe des différences importantes, au niveau de signification de 10% entre la contamination fongique des surfaces et de la contamination fongique de l'air (p <0,1), on a constaté que malgré 50% des niveaux les plus bas étaient plus élevés dans la contamination fongique de l'air, la contamination fongique des surfaces présentée une plus grande variabilité quantitativement. En ce qui concerne les différences de la contamination fongique des surfaces dans les 10 établissements entre avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, il y avait seulement une réduction significative (p<0,05) de la contamination fongique après le lavage et la désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires pour les hommes par rapport aux levures. Lors de l'établissement choisi, on a constaté que le rapport entre la contamination fongique et la température et l'humidité relative n'était pas significatif (p>0,05) dans les deux saisons et aussi on n’a pas observé l'influence des occupants en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètres carrés de surfaces avant le lavage et la désinfection dans les deux saisons de l'année. Dans presque toutes les situations ou on a vérifié des différences significatives entre les deux saisons, il ya eu une augmentation des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré en Hiver, à l'exception du total des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré avant le lavage et désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes où il y a eu une augmentation en Été. On a également été constaté que seulement a eu une réduction de la contamination des xxxi champignons après la désinfection de l'escalier d'accès en Hiver et dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes en Été. Avec la méthode pour établir standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces on a obtenu dans les 10 établissements, avec le Niveau de Risque Faible de 65 places (54,2%), avec le Niveau de Risque Moyen 23 places (19,2%) et 32 places avec le Niveau de Risque Élevé (26,6%). Près du jacuzzi et près de la piscine sont les lieux avec des plus évaluations de Niveau de Risque Élevé. Lors de l'établissement choisi, il a été constaté que, dans l'Été, après le lavage et la désinfection, un plus grand nombre de places évaluées comme présentant un Niveau de Risque Élevé et en Hiver on a constaté la situation inverse avec de nombreux points de Niveau de Risque Élevé avant le lavage et la désinfection. A côté de la piscine et les escaliers ont été les lieux avec plus grands classifications de Niveau de Risque Élevé en Été et en Hiver. On a isolé, chez les travailleurs, des champignons communs aux isolés sur les surfaces. Avant le lavage et la désinfection, 30,3% des champignons ont été isolés sur les travailleurs et sur les surfaces et, après ces procédures, 45,5% des champignons ont été isolés fréquemment. Les levures les plus souvent isolées et les plus fréquentes avant et après le lavage et la désinfection des surfaces, et aussi dans les résultats d'échantillons biologiques prélevés sur les travailleurs, étaient du genre Rhodotorula et les espèces de Candida parapsilosis, ce qui permet confirmer que l'infection fongique des travailleurs est liée à la contamination fongique des surfaces. On a conclu qu’il est nécessaire l'intervention en Santé Occupationnelle sous la surveillance de l'environnement et sous la surveillance de la santé, afin de réduire la prévalence des infections fongiques. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons la mise en oeuvre de mesures préventives, y compris: le contrôle de la contamination fongique des surfaces par des méthodes de lavage et de désinfection afin de minimiser la contamination fongique des surfaces, l'identification précoce de l'infection avec des prélèvements biologiques périodiques, notamment un protocole pour la surveillance de la santé, et aussi la conscience du sens de l'hygiène personnelle et le traitement des pathologies. La méthode mise en place pour l’établissement d’un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, servira à estimer non seulement le risque d'infection fongique des travailleurs dans les gymnases avec des piscines, mais aussi pour faciliter l'établissement de valeurs de référence de champignons, l'application des mesures correctives immédiates et appropriées, et aussi la prévention des infections fongiques, non seulement dans les gymnases avec piscine, mais aussi dans d'autres contextes professionnels.

Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks Training Through Charged System Search and its Application for Non-Technical Losses Detection

The non-technical loss is not a problem with trivial solution or regional character and its minimization represents the guarantee of investments in product quality and maintenance of power systems, introduced by a competitive environment after the period of privatization in the national scene. In this paper, we show how to improve the training phase of a neural network-based classifier using a recently proposed meta-heuristic technique called Charged System Search, which is based on the interactions between electrically charged particles. The experiments were carried out in the context of non-technical loss in power distribution systems in a dataset obtained from a Brazilian electrical power company, and have demonstrated the robustness of the proposed technique against with several others natureinspired optimization techniques for training neural networks. Thus, it is possible to improve some applications on Smart Grids.

Using Baseline Methods to Identify Non-technical Losses in the Context of Smart Grids

Demand response has gained increasing importance in the context of competitive electricity markets and smart grid environments. In addition to the importance that has been given to the development of business models for integrating demand response, several methods have been developed to evaluate the consumers’ performance after the participation in a demand response event. The present paper uses those performance evaluation methods, namely customer baseline load calculation methods, to determine the expected consumption in each period of the consumer historic data. In the cases in which there is a certain difference between the actual consumption and the estimated consumption, the consumer is identified as a potential cause of non-technical losses. A case study demonstrates the application of the proposed method to real consumption data.

Effects of non-specific immunopotentiators in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection: II. Corynebacterium parvum

The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on host protection, tissue reaction and "in vivo" chemotaxis in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were studied. The C. parvum was given intraperitoneally using a dose of 0.7 mg, twice a week (for 4 weeks), thirty days before (prophylactic treatment) or after infection (curative treatment). The host protection was evaluated through the recovery of adult worms by liver perfusion and was lower in the prophylactic group as compared to the control group (p = 0.018), resulting in 44% protection. The "in vivo" leukocyte response in both prophylactic and curative groups was higher as compared to the infected/non treated group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively). Tissue reactions were described in the experimental and control groups, but there were not remarkable differences among them. The possible biological implications and relevance of the findings for the defensive response of the host and control of schistosomiasis are discussed.

Status of Non-Technical Losses of Electricity in Brazil

The electricity demand in Brazil has been growing. Some studies estimate that through 2035 the energy consumption (the power consumption) should increase 78%. Two distinct actions are necessary to meet this growth: the construction of new generating plants and to reduce electrical losses in the country. As the construction of power plants have a high price, coupled with the growth of (current) environmental concern, electric utilities are investing in reducing losses, both technical and non-technical. In this context, this paper aims to present an overview of nontechnical losses in Brazil and to raise a discussion on the reasons that contribute to energy fraud.

Study of Proposed Identification of Non-Technical Losses of Electricity in Brazil

The electric utilities have large revenue losses annually due to commercial losses, which are caused mainly by fraud on the part of consumers and faulty meters. Automatic detection of such losses where there is a complex problem, given the large number of consumers and the high cost of each inspection, not to mention the wear of the relationship between company and consumer. Given the above, this paper aims to briefly present some methodologies applied by utilities to identify consumer frauds.

GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus and other putative hepatitis non A-E viruses

The identification of the major agents causing human hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E Viruses) was achieved during the last 30 years. These viruses are responsible for the vast majority of human viral hepatitis cases, but there are still some cases epidemiologically related to infectious agents without any evidence of infection with known virus, designated as hepatitis non A - E. Those cases are considered to be associated with at least three different viruses: 1 - Hepatitis B Virus mutants expressing its surface antigen (HBsAg) with altered epitopes or in low quantities; 2 - Another virus probably associated with enteral transmitted non A-E hepatitis, called Hepatitis F Virus. Still more studies are necessary to better characterize this agent; 3 - Hepatitis G Virus or GB virus C, recently identified throughout the world (including Brazil) as a Flavivirus responsible for about 10% of parenteral transmitted hepatitis non A-E. Probably still other unknown viruses are responsible for human hepatitis cases without evidence of infection by any of these viruses, that could be called as non A-G hepatitis.

Differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires by means of the polymerase chain reaction

A polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect pathogenic leptospires isolated from animals and humans in Argentina. A double set of primers (G1/G2, B64-I/B64-II), described before, were used to amplify by PCR a DNA fragment from serogroups belonging to Leptospira interrogans but did not allow to detect saprophytic strains isolated from soil and water (L. biflexa). This fact represents an advantage since it makes possible the differentiation of pathogenic from non-pathogenic leptospires in cultures. The sensitivity of this assay has been determined, allowing to detect just only 10 leptospires in the reaction tube. Those sets of primers generated either a 285 bp or 360 bp fragment, depending on the pathogenic strain

A case report of vascular catheter-associated bacteremia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a non-immunosuppressed patient

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from a central venous catheter in a non-immunosuppressed patient with systemic tuberculosis. This case report represents a very uncommon form of isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total improvement was obtained after treatment.