Biovalorização de soro de queijo por processos anaeróbios/aeróbios

Este trabalho abordou a valorização de um subproduto da indústria de lacticínios (soro de queijo) através da alteração do funcionamento de processos habitualmente utilizados no contexto do tratamento biológico. Foi avaliada a fermentação acidogénica deste subproduto para maximizar a conversão do seu elevado teor de matéria orgânica em ácidos orgânicos voláteis (AOV) que actualmente são produtos com elevada procura, nomeadamente para produção de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA). Em ensaios descontínuos e semi-contínuos foi caracterizada a produção e composição de AOV a partir de soro de queijo variando a razão food-to-microorganism (F/M) e a concentração de alcalinidade. Recorrendo à modelação dos resultados através de superfícies de resposta, demonstrou-se que condições de F/M = 4 gCQO g-1SSV combinadas com uma adição elevada de alcalinidade (8 g L-1 expresso como CaCO3) resultaram na conversão de 72% da CQO alimentada em AOV. O acetato e o butirato foram os AOV predominantes (60%), mas elevadas razões F/M combinadas com elevadas alcalinidades promoveram o alongamento da cadeia carboxílica, tendo sido produzidos AOV de maior massa molecular (iso-valerato e n-caproato). O processo de fermentação acidogénica foi posteriormente desenvolvido em modo contínuo num reactor MBBR acidogénico operado a longo prazo. Cargas orgânicas entre 30 e 50 gCQO L-1d-1 permitiram obter um grau de acidificação máximo de 68% no efluente fermentado. Foi ainda demonstrado que uma adição dinâmica de alcalinidade (0 – 4,8 g CaCO3 L-1) nestas condições estimulou a produção de AOV de cadeia ímpar (propionato e n-valerato) até 42%. O efluente acidificado no processo anaeróbio foi usado como substrato em reactores SBR operados para selecção de culturas microbianas mistas acumuladoras de PHA, nos quais foi aplicado um regime de alimentação dinâmica em condições aeróbias (“fartura-fome”). Estes sistemas operaram também a longo prazo, e demonstraram ser capazes de remover mais de 96% da CQO alimentada e simultaneamente convertê-la em PHA, até 36% do peso celular seco. A velocidade de remoção de substrato (valor máximo de 1,33 gCQO g-1SSV h-1) foi proporcional ao teor de polímero acumulado, evidenciando o estabelecimento de uma fase de “fome” prolongada que estimulou a selecção de microrganismos com elevada capacidade de acumulação de PHA. Além disso, o teor molar de hidroxivalerato (HV) no copolímero produzido [P(HB-co-HV)] foi directamente proporcional ao teor de AOV de cadeia ímpar (propionato e n-valerato) presente no soro fermentado que serviu de substrato. Uma estratégia de operação do reactor SBR com variação da carga orgânica, aliada ao regime “fartura-fome” estabelecido, permitiu ainda simular a realidade dos processos de tratamento biológico de efluentes, nos quais a composição e concentração inicial de matéria orgânica variam frequentemente. Este modo de operação do sistema estimulou notavelmente o processo de selecção de culturas acumuladoras de PHA tendo resultado num aumento da acumulação de PHA de 7% para 36%. Os resultados demonstraram com sucesso a possibilidade de valorização do soro de queijo através de eco-biotecnologia, contribuindo para uma mudança de paradigma no tratamento convencional de efluentes: ao invés de serem eliminados enquanto poluentes, os componentes orgânicos presentes neste subproduto industrial podem assim ser convertidos em materiais de valor acrescentado.

Técnicas de monitorização em redes ópticas de próxima geração

In this work several techniques to monitor the performance of optical networks were developed. These techniques are dedicated either to the measurement of the data signal parameters (optical signal to noise ratio and dispersion) or to the detection of physical failures on the network infrastructure. The optical signal to noise ratio of the transmitted signal was successfully monitored using methods based on the presence of Bragg gratings imprinted on high birefringent fibres that allowed the distinction of the signal from the noise due to its polarization properties. The monitoring of the signal group-velocity dispersion was also possible. In this case, a method based on the analysis of the electric spectrum of the signal was applied. It was experimentally demonstrated that this technique is applicable on both amplitude and phase modulated signals. It was also developed a technique to monitor the physical infrastructure of an optical access network. Once again, the application of Bragg gratings (this time imprinted on standard single mode fibres) was the basis of the developed method.

Control design for multicast-aware class-based networks

The expectations of citizens from the Information Technologies (ITs) are increasing as the ITs have become integral part of our society, serving all kinds of activities whether professional, leisure, safety-critical applications or business. Hence, the limitations of the traditional network designs to provide innovative and enhanced services and applications motivated a consensus to integrate all services over packet switching infrastructures, using the Internet Protocol, so as to leverage flexible control and economical benefits in the Next Generation Networks (NGNs). However, the Internet is not capable of treating services differently while each service has its own requirements (e.g., Quality of Service - QoS). Therefore, the need for more evolved forms of communications has driven to radical changes of architectural and layering designs which demand appropriate solutions for service admission and network resources control. This Thesis addresses QoS and network control issues, aiming to improve overall control performance in current and future networks which classify services into classes. The Thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, we propose two resource over-reservation algorithms, a Class-based bandwidth Over-Reservation (COR) and an Enhanced COR (ECOR). The over-reservation means reserving more bandwidth than a Class of Service (CoS) needs, so the QoS reservation signalling rate is reduced. COR and ECOR allow for dynamically defining over-reservation parameters for CoSs based on network interfaces resource conditions; they aim to reduce QoS signalling and related overhead without incurring CoS starvation or waste of bandwidth. ECOR differs from COR by allowing for optimizing control overhead minimization. Further, we propose a centralized control mechanism called Advanced Centralization Architecture (ACA), that uses a single state-full Control Decision Point (CDP) which maintains a good view of its underlying network topology and the related links resource statistics on real-time basis to control the overall network. It is very important to mention that, in this Thesis, we use multicast trees as the basis for session transport, not only for group communication purposes, but mainly to pin packets of a session mapped to a tree to follow the desired tree. Our simulation results prove a drastic reduction of QoS control signalling and the related overhead without QoS violation or waste of resources. Besides, we provide a generic-purpose analytical model to assess the impact of various parameters (e.g., link capacity, session dynamics, etc.) that generally challenge resource overprovisioning control. In the second part of this Thesis, we propose a decentralization control mechanism called Advanced Class-based resource OverpRovisioning (ACOR), that aims to achieve better scalability than the ACA approach. ACOR enables multiple CDPs, distributed at network edge, to cooperate and exchange appropriate control data (e.g., trees and bandwidth usage information) such that each CDP is able to maintain a good knowledge of the network topology and the related links resource statistics on real-time basis. From scalability perspective, ACOR cooperation is selective, meaning that control information is exchanged dynamically among only the CDPs which are concerned (correlated). Moreover, the synchronization is carried out through our proposed concept of Virtual Over-Provisioned Resource (VOPR), which is a share of over-reservations of each interface to each tree that uses the interface. Thus, each CDP can process several session requests over a tree without requiring synchronization between the correlated CDPs as long as the VOPR of the tree is not exhausted. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that aggregate over-reservation control in decentralized scenarios keep low signalling without QoS violations or waste of resources. We also introduced a control signalling protocol called ACOR Protocol (ACOR-P) to support the centralization and decentralization designs in this Thesis. Further, we propose an Extended ACOR (E-ACOR) which aggregates the VOPR of all trees that originate at the same CDP, and more session requests can be processed without synchronization when compared with ACOR. In addition, E-ACOR introduces a mechanism to efficiently track network congestion information to prevent unnecessary synchronization during congestion time when VOPRs would exhaust upon every session request. The performance evaluation through analytical and simulation results proves the superiority of E-ACOR in minimizing overall control signalling overhead while keeping all advantages of ACOR, that is, without incurring QoS violations or waste of resources. The last part of this Thesis includes the Survivable ACOR (SACOR) proposal to support stable operations of the QoS and network control mechanisms in case of failures and recoveries (e.g., of links and nodes). The performance results show flexible survivability characterized by fast convergence time and differentiation of traffic re-routing under efficient resource utilization i.e. without wasting bandwidth. In summary, the QoS and architectural control mechanisms proposed in this Thesis provide efficient and scalable support for network control key sub-systems (e.g., QoS and resource control, traffic engineering, multicasting, etc.), and thus allow for optimizing network overall control performance.

Biology, ecology, population dynamics and distribution of metals in Sepia officinalis on a typical estuarine coastal lagoon - Ria de Aveiro

The common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, is a necto-benthic cephalopod that can live in coastal ecosystems, with high influence of anthropogenic pressures and thus be vulnerable to exposure to various types of contaminants. The cuttlefish is a species of great importance to the local economy of Aveiro, considering the global data of catches of this species in the Ria de Aveiro. However, studies on this species in Ria de Aveiro are scarce, so the present study aims to fill this information gap about the cuttlefish in the Ria de Aveiro. The cuttlefish enters Ria de Aveiro in the spring and summer to reproduce, returning to deeper waters in the winter. In terms of abundance, the eastern and center regions of the lagoon, closer to the sea, showed the highest values of abundance, while the northern and southern regions of the main channel had the lowest abundance. This fact may be related to abiotic factors, as well as depth, salinity and temperature. In the most southern point of the Ria de Aveiro (Areão) no cuttlefish was caught. This site had the lowest values of salinity and depth. The cuttlefish has an allometric the females being heavier than males to mantle lengths greater than 82.4 mm. Males reach sexual maturity first than females. In Ria de Aveiro in a generation of parents was found. The cuttlefish, presents itself as opportunistic predators, consuming a wide variety of prey from different taxa. The diet was similar in different sampling locations observing significant differences for the seasons. S. officinalis was captured at 10 sites in the Ria de Aveiro with different anthropogenic sources of contamination. Thus, levels of metals analyzed were similar at all sampling sites, with the exception of a restricted area, Laranjo, which showed higher values. The cuttlefish has the ability to accumulate metals in your body. The levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg found in the digestive gland and mantle reflect a differential accumulation of metals in the tissues. This accumulation is related to the type and function of tissue analyzed and the type of metal analysis (essential and non-essential). The metal concentrations in the digestive gland are higher than in the mantle, with the exception of mercury. This may be due to the high affinity of the mantle for the incorporation of methylmercury (MeHg), the most abundant form of mercury. The accumulation of metals can vary over a lifetime, depending on the metal. The concentrations of Zn, Cd and Hg increases throughout life, while Pb decreases and essential metals such as Fe and Cu remain constant. The data collected suggest that the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) can be used as a bioindicator of environmental contamination for some metals.

Seamless integration of heterogeneous networks in multicast environments

Nowadays, communication environments are already characterized by a myriad of competing and complementary technologies that aim to provide an ubiquitous connectivity service. Next Generation Networks need to hide this heterogeneity by providing a new abstraction level, while simultaneously be aware of the underlying technologies to deliver richer service experiences to the end-user. Moreover, the increasing interest for group-based multimedia services followed by their ever growing resource demands and network dynamics, has been boosting the research towards more scalable and exible network control approaches. The work developed in this Thesis enables such abstraction and exploits the prevailing heterogeneity in favor of a context-aware network management and adaptation. In this scope, we introduce a novel hierarchical control framework with self-management capabilities that enables the concept of Abstract Multiparty Trees (AMTs) to ease the control of multiparty content distribution throughout heterogeneous networks. A thorough evaluation of the proposed multiparty transport control framework was performed in the scope of this Thesis, assessing its bene ts in terms of network selection, delivery tree recon guration and resource savings. Moreover, we developed an analytical study to highlight the scalability of the AMT concept as well as its exibility in large scale networks and group sizes. To prove the feasibility and easy deployment characteristic of the proposed control framework, we implemented a proof-of-concept demonstrator that comprehends the main control procedures conceptually introduced. Its outcomes highlight a good performance of the multiparty content distribution tree control, including its local and global recon guration. In order to endow the AMT concept with the ability to guarantee the best service experience by the end-user, we integrate in the control framework two additional QoE enhancement approaches. The rst employs the concept of Network Coding to improve the robustness of the multiparty content delivery, aiming at mitigating the impact of possible packet losses in the end-user service perception. The second approach relies on a machine learning scheme to autonomously determine at each node the expected QoE towards a certain destination. This knowledge is then used by di erent QoE-aware network management schemes that, jointly, maximize the overall users' QoE. The performance and scalability of the control procedures developed, aided by the context and QoE-aware mechanisms, show the advantages of the AMT concept and the proposed hierarchical control strategy for the multiparty content distribution with enhanced service experience. Moreover we also prove the feasibility of the solution in a practical environment, and provide future research directions that bene t the evolved control framework and make it commercially feasible.

Ensaios sobre o crescimento económico regional e a dinâmica do processo de convergência

The research is centred on economic growth and it adopts a regional view focused on European regions (NUTS 2). Under analysis is the undergoing convergence process in Europe to evaluate if there is an increase in regional economic growth and a simultaneous decrease in regional disparities. The empirical evidence shows signs of transience on the regional convergence process, along with the formation of several clusters of regions. Considering this evidence it is of interest to assess the profiles of such clusters, and evaluate the homogeneousness of its regions and their spread across European space. As suggested in the literature, space is a relevant factor in the spread of clusters, according to the different variables (regions profiles, diversity measures and growth indicators). Regional disparities across Europe are, on average, large and persistent, with a high degree of stability among the relative rankings of European regions. Such results cast shadows about the impact of European structural funding in diminishing regional disparities. Such an approach is of interest due to the growing need to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of public policies implemented. The fact that there is an undergoing process of economic integration in Europe increases the usefulness of such an analysis, especially in a context in which European public funds are negotiated and granted.

Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in amino acid glycine

Bioorganic ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics are becoming increasingly important in view of their intrinsic compatibility with biological environment and biofunctionality combined with strong piezoelectric effect and switchable polarization at room temperature. Here we study piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in the smallest amino acid glycine, representing a broad class of non-centrosymmetric amino acids. Glycine is one of the basic and important elements in biology, as it serves as a building block for proteins. Three polymorphic forms with different physical properties are possible in glycine (α, β and γ), Of special interest for various applications are non-centrosymmetric polymorphs: β-glycine and γ-glycine. The most useful β-polymorph being ferroelectric took much less attention than the other due to its instability under ambient conditions. In this work, we could grow stable microcrystals of β-glycine by the evaporation of aqueous solution on a (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate as a template. The effects of the solution concentration and Pt-assisted nucleation on the crystal growth and phase evolution were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, spin-coating technique was used for the fabrication of highly aligned nano-islands of β-glycine with regular orientation of the crystallographic axes relative the underlying substrate (Pt). Further we study both as-grown and tip-induced domain structures and polarization switching in the β-glycine molecular systems by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and compare the results with molecular modeling and computer simulations. We show that β-glycine is indeed a room-temperature ferroelectric and polarization can be switched by applying a bias to non-polar cuts via a conducting tip of atomic force microscope (AFM). Dynamics of these in-plane domains is studied as a function of applied voltage and pulse duration. The domain shape is dictated by both internal and external polarization screening mediated by defects and topographic features. Thermodynamic theory is applied to explain the domain propagation induced by the AFM tip. Our findings suggest that β-glycine is a uniaxial ferroelectric with the properties controlled by the charged domain walls which in turn can be manipulated by external bias. Besides, nonlinear optical properties of β-glycine were investigated by a second harmonic generation (SHG) method. SHG method confirmed that the 2-fold symmetry is preserved in as-grown crystals, thus reflecting the expected P21 symmetry of the β-phase. Spontaneous polarization direction is found to be parallel to the monoclinic [010] axis and directed along the crystal length. These data are confirmed by computational molecular modeling. Optical measurements revealed also relatively high values of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (50% greater than in the z-cut quartz). The potential of using stable β-glycine crystals in various applications are discussed in this work.

Metodologia de gestão dinâmica do estuário do Sado

O estuário do Sado é um sistema litoral onde existem conflitos de gestão ambiental, uma vez que por um lado, localiza-se junto da zona industrial da Península de Setúbal e por outro lado, uma grande parte da sua área está classificada como Reserva Natural. Sendo uma área de especial sensibilidade, torna-se necessário implementar modelos de gestão, que passam pela elaboração de metodologias que avaliem o estado de qualidade da zona costeira. O objectivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia conceptual de gestão do estuário do Sado, ligado a um modelo dinâmico e ecológico suportado por uma infraestrutura de informação do tipo DPSIR e com base num sistema SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica). Desta forma pretende-se integrar a avaliação da qualidade do ecossistema, com base em indicadores da qualidade ambiental previamente seleccionados, com informação socio-económica. Nesta metodologia as propostas de intervenção e a avaliação do seu impacte no estuário são baseadas nos dados ambientais recolhidos e nas previsões dos efeitos dessas acções. Pretende-se que a modelação dinâmica e ecológica do sistema desempenhe um papel fundamental tanto na caracterização do estuário como nas propostas de intervenção. A simulação permite a caracterização do sistema, a comparação de cenários alternativos e a quantificação do impacte de acções de intervenção. Os dados de campo e os resultados da modelação são integrados numa plataforma comum que facilite o relacionamento e o cruzamento de toda a informação. Esta metodologia permitirá assim a elaboração de uma interface de suporte à gestão/decisão do Estuário do Sado para entidades com poder de decisão sobre este ecossistema.

Influência da superfície sedimentar na dinâmica das macroalgas verdes e da sua macroepifauna associada na Ria Formosa

O sistema lagunar, conhecido vulgarmente por Ria Formosa, desenvolve-se na costa meridional Portuguesa, desde o Ancão a ocidente até Cacela a oriente. Com extensão, de aproximadamente 55 km, apresenta a sua maior largura, de 6 km, no sector Norte-Sul entre Faro e o Cabo de Santa Maria. Este sistema é um conjunto de ilhas-barreira que proteje a zona lagunar adjacente à plataforma litoral algarvia, da invasão marinha. A área total do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa é aproximadamente de 163 km2, sendo 48 km2 cobertos por sapal e 32 km2 ocupados por canais, esteiros e baixios (Teixeira & Alvim, 1978). Durante as marés vivas, as áreas intertidais expostas são de aproximadamente 50 km2. Estas áreas são predominantemente cobertas por plantas de sapal (Spartina maritima), angiospérmicas marinhas (Zostera e Cymodocea) e mantos de macroalgas (Entermorpha, Ulva e Fucus). 20 km2 do sistema são ocupados por salinas e aquaculturas (CCRA, 1984).

Caracterização dinâmica das bancadas principais do Estádio Algarve

No presente artigo apresenta-se o estudo de revisão do Projecto de Estabilidade e Fundações das Bancadas Nascente e Poente do Estádio Algarve. Dá-se relevo ao comportamento dinâmico da estrutura da Bancada Poente, com a descrição das respostas da mesma perante a acção sísmica e a acção das multidões.

Silves islâmica: a muralha do arrabalde oriental e a dinâmica de ocupação do espaço adjacente

Dissertação de mest., Teoria e Métodos da Arqueologia, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Estrutura e dinâmica da teia alimentar microbiana na Ria Formosa

Tese dout., Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 2006

Dinâmica dos oceanos

Dissertação mest. Matemática, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Influência das variáveis oceanográficas na dinâmica populacional e pesca do espadarte, Xiphias gladius Lianneus 1758, capturados pela frota brasileira

Tese de dout., Ciências do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2006

Vulnerabilidade das Ilhas-Barreira e dinâmica da Ria Formosa na óptica da gestão

Dissertação mest., Gestão e conservação da natureza, Universidade do Algarve, 2007