Machado de Assis e Eça de Queirós: para além da polêmica...

Quando se pensa nas relações entre Machado de Assis e Eça de Queirós é comum referir-se à polêmica travada em torno da repercussão de O primo Basílio no Brasil. Obviamente, vários outros aspectos podem ser considerados quando se propõe uma reflexão sobre diálogos possíveis entre os dois grandes autores das literaturas de língua portuguesa no século XIX. O nosso objetivo aqui é discutir como a presença do clero e a relação com a religião são retratadas, sobretudo, em duas obras desses escritores: Dom Casmurro e A relíquia.

O Estado Novo e as críticas a Machado de Assis na primeira metade dos anos 1940

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o tratamento conferido pelo Estado Novo brasileiro (1937-1945) a Machado de Assis, depois das celebrações oficiais do centenário do autor de Dom Casmurro em 1939. Se, no ano da efeméride, o governo se empenhou em alçar o romancista à condição de maior escritor brasileiro, no início dos anos 1940, no âmbito do Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda (DIP), o tom passa a ser outro: num contexto de prevalência de certo caráter social e documental da obra de arte, o próprio Getúlio Vargas, o ideólogo Cassiano Ricardo e os principais periódicos estadonovistas fazem menção ao suposto absenteísmo e à falta de "cor local" do fundador da Academia Brasileira de Letras.

Increased SGLT1 expression in salivary gland ductal cells correlates with hyposalivation in diabetic and hypertensive rats

Abstract Background: Oral health complications in diabetes and hypertension include decreased salivary secretion. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) protein, which transports 1 glucose/2 Na+/264 H2O molecules, is described in salivary glands. We hypothesized that changes in SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cell may be related to an altered salivary flow. Findings: By immunohistochemistry, we investigated SGLT1 expression in ductal cells of parotid and submandibular glands from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), diabetic WKY (WKY-D), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and diabetic SHR (SHR-D), as well as in parotid glands from WKY subjected to sympathetic stimulation, with or without previous propranolol blockade. Diabetes and hypertension decreased the salivary secretion and increased SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and their association exacerbated the regulations observed. After 30 min of sympathetic stimulation, SGLT1 increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and that was blocked by previous injection of propranolol. Conclusions: SGLT1 expression increases in the luminal membrane of salivary gland ductal cells and the salivary flow decreases in diabetic and hypertensive rats, which may be related to sympathetic activity. This study highlights the water transporter role of SGLT1 in salivary glands, which, by increasing ductal water reabsorption, may explain the hyposalivation of diabetic and hypertensive subjects.

Hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α/4α and forkhead box A2 regulate the solute carrier 2A2 (Slc2a2) gene expression in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats

AIMS: Solute carrier 2a2 (Slc2a2) gene codifies the glucose transporter GLUT2, a key protein for glucose flux in hepatocytes and renal epithelial cells of proximal tubule. In diabetes mellitus, hepatic and tubular glucose output has been related to Slc2a2/GLUT2 overexpression; and controlling the expression of this gene may be an important adjuvant way to improve glycemic homeostasis. Thus, the present study investigated transcriptional mechanisms involved in the diabetes-induced overexpression of the Slc2a2 gene. MAIN METHODS: Hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α and 4α (HNF-1α and HNF-4α), forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and binding activity into the Slc2a2 promoter (electrophoretic mobility assay) were analyzed in the liver and kidney of diabetic and 6-day insulin-treated diabetic rats. KEY FINDINGS: Slc2a2/GLUT2 expression increased by more than 50% (P<0.001) in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats, and 6-day insulin treatment restores these values to those observed in non-diabetic animals. Similarly, the mRNA expression and the binding activity of HNF-1α, HNF-4α and FOXA2 increased by 50 to 100% (P<0.05 to P<0.001), also returning to values of non-diabetic rats after insulin treatment. Neither the Srebf1 and Cebpb mRNA expression, nor the SREBP-1c and C/EBP-β binding activity was altered in diabetic rats. SIGNIFICANCE: HNF-1α, HNF-4α and FOXA2 transcriptional factors are involved in diabetes-induced overexpression of Slc2a2 gene in the liver and kidney. These data point out that these transcriptional factors are important targets to control GLUT2 expression in these tissues, which can contribute to glycemic homeostasis in diabetes.

Increased SGLT1 expression in salivary gland ductal cells correlates with hyposalivation in diabetic and hypertensive rats

Background Oral health complications in diabetes and hypertension include decreased salivary secretion. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) protein, which transports 1 glucose/2 Na+/264 H2O molecules, is described in salivary glands. We hypothesized that changes in SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cell may be related to an altered salivary flow. Findings By immunohistochemistry, we investigated SGLT1 expression in ductal cells of parotid and submandibular glands from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), diabetic WKY (WKY-D), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and diabetic SHR (SHR-D), as well as in parotid glands from WKY subjected to sympathetic stimulation, with or without previous propranolol blockade. Diabetes and hypertension decreased the salivary secretion and increased SGLT1 expression in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and their association exacerbated the regulations observed. After 30 min of sympathetic stimulation, SGLT1 increased in the luminal membrane of ductal cells, and that was blocked by previous injection of propranolol. Conclusions SGLT1 expression increases in the luminal membrane of salivary gland ductal cells and the salivary flow decreases in diabetic and hypertensive rats, which may be related to sympathetic activity. This study highlights the water transporter role of SGLT1 in salivary glands, which, by increasing ductal water reabsorption, may explain the hyposalivation of diabetic and hypertensive subjects

The aplication of land use and nighttime lights on the development of high-resolution emission inventories for South America

In this paper, nighttime light data are suggested as a proxy for spatial distribution of vehicles running in urban and nearby areas. Nighttime lights focus on human activities, in contrast to traditional Earth observing systems that focus on natural systems. It is the human activity being visible in the form of brightness of nocturnal lights. Two available nighttime lights dataset were used in this work. The first one was provided by the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS), henceforth, DMSO-OLS. The second one is the NASA-NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite, henceforth, Suomi-NPP. To validate the new proposed methodology, hundreds of urban areas of South America were analyzed in a high degree of resolution. The results of this study showed that night-time lights are very well correlated with vehicle fleet, population, and impervious surfaces but with strong spatial variability. The results of this study suggest a better understanding of the human activities in the context of a vehicular-based city conception.

Los rostros de la amada : Bécquer, Machado, Salinas, Guillén

La concepción del amor y la imagen de la amada forman parte de una poética explícita y consciente en la mayoría de los poetas hispánicos de la modernidad. Basta asomarse al universo de los textos para comprobar esta afirmación en nombres indiscutidos de la lírica española desde el siglo XIX, con las ineludibles diferencias que marca el contexto histórico-literario del que nacen. En el camino hacia la creación, el sentimiento amoroso es siempre fuente inspiradora y las características del ser amado se determinan a partir de la poética que singulariza cada voz lírica. Examinaré, entonces, algunos textos de autores emblemáticos como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Antonio Machado, Pedro Salinas y Jorge Guillén que ilustrarán esta afirmación de la relación poética/amada.

La idea de España en el Epistolario de Antonio Machado

Los Epistolarios representan una fuente riquísima de noticias acerca de su autor. Cuando el corresponsal es un escritor, cada una de las cartas es, además, una pieza literaria donde el artista se construye a sí mismo en ese diálogo aplazado en el tiempo y el espacio que, a su vez, constituye una verdadera poética. Dado su carácter de privada (solamente está dirigida a un destinatario preciso), la carta expone una intimidad que resulta muy ilustrativa del ideario de quien escribe. El Epistolario de Antonio Machado en la magnífica edición de Jordi Doménech (Barcelona, Octaedro, 2009) es un verdadero documento que permite adentrarse no solamente en la personalidad del autor -que se va modulando en cada una de las misivas, según la época y el destinatario- sino un verdadero inventario del pensamiento estético y político del poeta y un complemento ineludible de su obra en prosa y en verso. El propósito de este trabajo es relevar en las cartas de Machado su idea de España -tan cara a la Generación del '98- y la evolución que va sufriendo, a la luz de los sucesos históricos y de los avatares personales del escritor.

Una identificación poética : Jaime Gil de Biedma lee Juan de Mairena, de Antonio Machado

"Puestos a escoger entre nuestras concepciones poéticas y la fidelidad a la propia experiencia, finalmente optamos por esta última". Esa frase de Jaime Gil de Biedma bien podría formar parte de uno de los aforismos del libro Juan de Mairena, de Antonio Machado. La problemática de la conformidad de lo ético junto a lo estético nos lleva a la propuesta de ese artículo, es decir, el análisis del importante papel de la obra Juan de Mairena para la afirmación de una posición ético-poética en la obra de Jaime Gil

El romance y su empleo ideológico : El caso de "La tierra de Alvargonzález" de Antonio Machado

La poesía según Machado debe hacer manifiesto el fluir temporal y la interacción del poeta con su época a partir de un código simple, lo que implica el rechazo de toda pretensión aristocratizante. El pueblo debe ser el receptor privilegiado. Es por esto que aboga por el uso de una "palabra integral", próxima al lenguaje hablado y por el empleo de formas estróficas de clara raigambre popular. Tal es el caso de "La tierra de Alvargonzález", que remeda la primaria función cultural de cualquier narración tradicional: la de ser ejemplos de vida. El deseo de dignificar cierta veta vulgar del romancero, los romances de ciego o pliegos de cordel, que -no olvidemos- son importaciones de la cultura letrada, se cifra en un lenguaje complejo en su factura, mas no en su comprensión, que combina motivos y estrategias de tradición popular con símbolos de procedencia modernista. En la profundización ?modernizadora? de algunas de sus posturas ideológicas, anuda el uso de un molde estrófico de tradición oral, el romance, con una serie de reflexiones de carácter noventaiochista. De este modo, el arte no es sólo expresión estética, sino -como querían los hombres de la generación del 98- un bastidor en el que se enhebran también cuestiones de índole histórica y social

'Machado es el dechado de virtudes republicanas por exelencia': Entrevista con Almudena Grandes sobre El corazón helado

Fil: Macciuci, Raquel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Georges Didi-Huberman, Cuando las imágenes toman posición. El ojo de la historia, I. Madrid, Antonio Machado Libros, 2008, 323 páginas

Fil: Ennis, Juan Antonio. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Guerra, María José, Breve introducción a la ética Ecológica. Madrid, A. Machado libros, 2001, p. 212. p

Fil: Vidiella, Graciela Amanda. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.