Micro-Computer Based Linear Scheduling Application for Highway Construction Project Control, HR-339A, 1995

This report describes a new approach to the problem of scheduling highway construction type projects. The technique can accurately model linear activities and identify the controlling activity path on a linear schedule. Current scheduling practices are unable to accomplish these two tasks with any accuracy for linear activities, leaving planners and manager suspicious of the information they provide. Basic linear scheduling is not a new technique, and many attempts have been made to apply it to various types of work in the past. However, the technique has never been widely used because of the lack of an analytical approach to activity relationships and development of an analytical approach to determining controlling activities. The Linear Scheduling Model (LSM) developed in this report, completes the linear scheduling technique by adding to linear scheduling all of the analytical capabilities, including computer applications, present in CPM scheduling today. The LSM has tremendous potential, and will likely have a significant impact on the way linear construction is scheduled in the future.

A general linear relaxometry model of R1 using imaging data.

PURPOSE: The longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 ) measured in vivo depends on the local microstructural properties of the tissue, such as macromolecular, iron, and water content. Here, we use whole brain multiparametric in vivo data and a general linear relaxometry model to describe the dependence of R1 on these components. We explore a) the validity of having a single fixed set of model coefficients for the whole brain and b) the stability of the model coefficients in a large cohort. METHODS: Maps of magnetization transfer (MT) and effective transverse relaxation rate (R2 *) were used as surrogates for macromolecular and iron content, respectively. Spatial variations in these parameters reflected variations in underlying tissue microstructure. A linear model was applied to the whole brain, including gray/white matter and deep brain structures, to determine the global model coefficients. Synthetic R1 values were then calculated using these coefficients and compared with the measured R1 maps. RESULTS: The model's validity was demonstrated by correspondence between the synthetic and measured R1 values and by high stability of the model coefficients across a large cohort. CONCLUSION: A single set of global coefficients can be used to relate R1 , MT, and R2 * across the whole brain. Our population study demonstrates the robustness and stability of the model. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Magn Reson Med 73:1309-1314, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Erosão em sulcos e entressulcos em razão do formato de parcela em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo arênico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de parcelas de erosão com seções transversais da superfície do solo retangular (STR) e triangular (STT) na perda de solo e água e na erodibilidade, em sulcos e entressulcos. O experimento foi conduzido em 1998, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico, preparado convencionalmente. As dimensões das parcelas de entressulcos foram de 0,50 m por 0,75 m; nos sulcos com STR, as dimensões foram de 0,20 m por 5,90 m, e nos de STT, de 0,50 m por 5,90 m. Utilizou-se chuva simulada constante de 65 mm h-1 nos entressulcos, durante 90 minutos. Nos sulcos, após pré-umedecimento do solo, foram aplicadas cinco vazões extras crescentes de 0,0002 m³ s-1 até 0,0010 m³ s-1. A desagregação nos entressulcos Di (2,09.10-4 kg m-2 s-1 nas STR e 3,35.10-4 kg m-2 s-1 nas STT), a erodibilidade nos entressulcos Ki (1,77.10(6) kg s m-4 nas STR e 2,00.10(6) kg s m-4 nas STT), a erodibilidade em sulcos Kr (0,0110 kg N-1 s-1 nas STR e 0,0074 kg N-1 s-1 na STT) e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento tauc (2,61 N m-2 na STR e 2,00 N m-2 na STT) não foram estatisticamente diferentes nos dois formatos de seção transversal, e podem ser determinados usando-se qualquer um dos formatos de parcelas em solos de textura superficial arenosa.

Erosão em entressulcos sob diferentes tipos de preparo e manejo do solo

A validação de uso de modelos de predição da erosão hídrica do solo baseados em processos físicos fundamentais necessita de informações sobre os valores de seus parâmetros obtidos em condições locais.Este trabalho foi realizado no campo em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico típico, com o objetivo de avaliar a erosão hídrica em entressulcos sem preparo do solo (com resíduos culturais na superfície), com preparo convencional com solo descoberto (sem resíduos) e com preparo convencional com resíduos incorporados. O esquema experimental baseou-se nos estudos realizados para a determinação da erodibilidade do solo em relação ao modelo WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project). Foi aplicada chuva simulada com intensidade planejada de 60 mm h-1, durante 70 minutos, e coletadas amostras da enxurrada das parcelas em entressulcos. A perda de solo em entressulcos foi significativamente menor no tratamento sem preparo do solo em relação aos tratamentos submetidos ao preparo convencional. As taxas de erosão e perda de água em entressulcos foram crescentes com o tempo de chuva até atingir um ponto de valor máximo, após o qual decresceram, com exceção do tratamento sem preparo do solo, cujas taxas foram crescentes em todo o período de aplicação da chuva. O valor da erodibilidade do solo em entressulcos é de Ki = 2,83x10(6) kg s m-4.

Produtividade de trigo e soja em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob erosão simulada e causada pela chuva

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da erosão hídrica, simulada pela retirada de camadas superficiais de solo e causada pela chuva, na produtividade do trigo e da soja. As espessuras das camadas de solo retiradas foram de 0 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm e 14 cm, representando a perda de todo o horizonte Ap. Foram avaliados atributos químicos e físicos do solo até a profundidade de 30 cm. A produtividade do trigo não permitiu estabelecer qualquer correlação com a remoção artificial de camadas de solo, enquanto a da soja foi reduzida em 148 kg ha-1 por cm de solo removido na espessura de solo de 0-6 cm e de 105 kg ha-1 por cm de solo removido na espessura de 0-14 cm. O teor de Ca+Mg e a capacidade de troca de cátions, em diferentes profundidades, foram os atributos do solo que mais influenciaram na produtividade da soja. O teor de C orgânico foi o único atributo do solo que se correlacionou com as produções de trigo e soja, tanto nas condições de erosão causada pela chuva como nas de simulação de erosão. A simulação do efeito da erosão pela retirada artificial de camadas do solo pode ser utilizada para predizer o efeito da erosão hídrica na produtividade da soja em Latossolo Vermelho, uma vez que a diferença do efeito da remoção artificial no rendimento desta cultura em relação às condições sob chuva foi menor do que 6%.

On the tractability of the piecewise-linear approximation for general discrete-choice network revenue management

The choice network revenue management (RM) model incorporates customer purchase behavioras customers purchasing products with certain probabilities that are a function of the offeredassortment of products, and is the appropriate model for airline and hotel network revenuemanagement, dynamic sales of bundles, and dynamic assortment optimization. The underlyingstochastic dynamic program is intractable and even its certainty-equivalence approximation, inthe form of a linear program called Choice Deterministic Linear Program (CDLP) is difficultto solve in most cases. The separation problem for CDLP is NP-complete for MNL with justtwo segments when their consideration sets overlap; the affine approximation of the dynamicprogram is NP-complete for even a single-segment MNL. This is in contrast to the independentclass(perfect-segmentation) case where even the piecewise-linear approximation has been shownto be tractable. In this paper we investigate the piecewise-linear approximation for network RMunder a general discrete-choice model of demand. We show that the gap between the CDLP andthe piecewise-linear bounds is within a factor of at most 2. We then show that the piecewiselinearapproximation is polynomially-time solvable for a fixed consideration set size, bringing itinto the realm of tractability for small consideration sets; small consideration sets are a reasonablemodeling tradeoff in many practical applications. Our solution relies on showing that forany discrete-choice model the separation problem for the linear program of the piecewise-linearapproximation can be solved exactly by a Lagrangian relaxation. We give modeling extensionsand show by numerical experiments the improvements from using piecewise-linear approximationfunctions.

SAT Modulo Linear Arithmetic for Solving Polynomial

Polynomial constraint solving plays a prominent role in several areas of hardware and software analysis and verification, e.g., termination proving, program invariant generation and hybrid system verification, to name a few. In this paper we propose a new method for solving non-linear constraints based on encoding the problem into an SMT problem considering only linear arithmetic. Unlike other existing methods, our method focuses on proving satisfiability of the constraints rather than on proving unsatisfiability, which is more relevant in several applications as we illustrate with several examples. Nevertheless, we also present new techniques based on the analysis of unsatisfiable cores that allow one to efficiently prove unsatisfiability too for a broad class of problems. The power of our approach is demonstrated by means of extensive experiments comparing our prototype with state-of-the-art tools on benchmarks taken both from the academic and the industrial world.

Maximum likelihood Linear Programming Data Fusion for Speaker Recognition

Biometric system performance can be improved by means of data fusion. Several kinds of information can be fused in order to obtain a more accurate classification (identification or verification) of an input sample. In this paper we present a method for computing the weights in a weighted sum fusion for score combinations, by means of a likelihood model. The maximum likelihood estimation is set as a linear programming problem. The scores are derived from a GMM classifier working on a different feature extractor. Our experimental results assesed the robustness of the system in front a changes on time (different sessions) and robustness in front a change of microphone. The improvements obtained were significantly better (error bars of two standard deviations) than a uniform weighted sum or a uniform weighted product or the best single classifier. The proposed method scales computationaly with the number of scores to be fussioned as the simplex method for linear programming.

A non-linear VAD for noisy environments

This paper deals with non-linear transformations for improving the performance of an entropy-based voice activity detector (VAD). The idea to use a non-linear transformation has already been applied in the field of speech linear prediction, or linear predictive coding (LPC), based on source separation techniques, where a score function is added to classical equations in order to take into account the true distribution of the signal. We explore the possibility of estimating the entropy of frames after calculating its score function, instead of using original frames. We observe that if the signal is clean, the estimated entropy is essentially the same; if the signal is noisy, however, the frames transformed using the score function may give entropy that is different in voiced frames as compared to nonvoiced ones. Experimental evidence is given to show that this fact enables voice activity detection under high noise, where the simple entropy method fails.

Non-Linear and Non-Conventional Speech Processing: Alternative Techniques

This special issue aims to cover some problems related to non-linear and nonconventional speech processing. The origin of this volume is in the ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Non-Linear Speech Processing, NOLISP’09, held at the Universitat de Vic (Catalonia, Spain) on June 25–27, 2009. The series of NOLISP workshops started in 2003 has become a biannual event whose aim is to discuss alternative techniques for speech processing that, in a sense, do not fit into mainstream approaches. A selected choice of papers based on the presentations delivered at NOLISP’09 has given rise to this issue of Cognitive Computation.

A Canonical Genetic Algorithm for Blind Inversion of Linear Channels

It is well known the relationship between source separation and blind deconvolution: If a filtered version of an unknown i.i.d. signal is observed, temporal independence between samples can be used to retrieve the original signal, in the same manner as spatial independence is used for source separation. In this paper we propose the use of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to blindly invert linear channels. The use of GA is justified in the case of small number of samples, where other gradient-like methods fails because of poor estimation of statistics.

Erosão hídrica pós-plantio em florestas de eucalipto na região centro-leste de Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas de solo e água por erosão hídrica, em parcelas-padrão sob chuva natural, no período pós-plantio, em diferentes sistemas de manejo de florestas de eucalipto. O experimento foi instalado em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, muito argiloso, relevo ondulado. As coletas de dados foram realizadas no período de outubro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2004, em eventos de chuva considerada erosiva. Os sistemas estudados foram: mata nativa; pastagem plantada; eucalipto plantado em nível; eucalipto plantado na direção do declive; eucalipto plantado na direção do declive com queima de restos culturais; e solo descoberto. Entre os sistemas florestais, o eucalipto em nível é o que mais se aproxima da mata nativa, em perdas de solo, indicando assim maior sustentabilidade desse sistema. Os maiores valores de perda de água são encontrados no sistema eucalipto plantado na direção do declive com queima de restos culturais, sugerindo que o fogo aumenta a repelência à água e diminui a taxa de infiltração de água no solo. Todos os sistemas de manejo do eucalipto estudados apresentaram perdas de solo inferiores ao limite de tolerância.

Rugosidade superficial do solo sob diferentes doses de resíduo de milho submetido à chuva simulada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rugosidade e a tortuosidade da superfície do solo, preparado com diferentes doses de resíduo cultural de milho, e relacioná-las com o volume de chuva simulada. Em um Cambissolo, em La Coruña, Espanha, em agosto de 2005, avaliou-se a rugosidade superficial, no preparo mínimo sob chuva simulada, com as doses de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 t ha-1 de resíduo de milho picado e semi-incorporado ao solo. Aplicaram-se oito testes de chuva simulada, com 65 mm h-1 e 60 min cada um. A rugosidade e a tortuosidade, ao acaso, foram menores do que na condição linear e, as desta condição foram menores do que na condição original. A redução da rugosidade e da tortuosidade, em decorrência das chuvas, diminuiu com o aumento da dose de resíduo de milho. A rugosidade superficial foi mais fortemente influenciada quando se eliminou o efeito da declividade do terreno do que quando se eliminaram, simultaneamente, os efeitos da declividade e das marcas de preparo do solo para o seu cálculo.

A non-linear Bayesian approach for upscaling local-scale hydraulic conductivity measurements based on local- and regional-scale geophysical data

Significant progress has been made with regard to the quantitative integration of geophysical and hydrological data at the local scale. However, extending the corresponding approaches to the regional scale represents a major, and as-of-yet largely unresolved, challenge. To address this problem, we have developed an upscaling procedure based on a Bayesian sequential simulation approach. This method is then applied to the stochastic integration of low-resolution, regional-scale electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data in combination with high-resolution, local-scale downhole measurements of the hydraulic and electrical conductivities. Finally, the overall viability of this upscaling approach is tested and verified by performing and comparing flow and transport simulation through the original and the upscaled hydraulic conductivity fields. Our results indicate that the proposed procedure does indeed allow for obtaining remarkably faithful estimates of the regional-scale hydraulic conductivity structure and correspondingly reliable predictions of the transport characteristics over relatively long distances.

Short-term stability of testosterone and epitestosterone conjugates in urine samples: quantification by liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry.

A simple method using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of testosterone glucuronide (TG), testosterone sulfate (TS), epitestosterone glucuronide (EG) and epitestosterone sulfate (ES) in urine samples was developed. For validation purposes, a urine containing no detectable amount of TG, TS and EG was selected and fortified with steroid conjugate standards. Quantification was performed using deuterated testosterone conjugates to correct for ion suppression/enhancement during ESI. Assay validation was performed in terms of lower limit of detection (1-3ng/mL), recovery (89-101%), intraday precision (2.0-6.8%), interday precision (3.4-9.6%) and accuracy (101-103%). Application of the method to short-term stability testing of urine samples at temperature ranging from 4 to 37 degrees C during a time-storage of a week lead to the conclusion that addition of sodium azide (10mg/mL) is required for preservation of the analytes.