Affinity distribution functions in multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption. Analytical inversion of isotherms to obtain affinity spectra

An analytical approach for the interpretation of multicomponent heterogeneous adsorption or complexation isotherms in terms of multidimensional affinity spectra is presented. Fourier transform, applied to analyze the corresponding integral equation, leads to an inversion formula which allows the computation of the multicomponent affinity spectrum underlying a given competitive isotherm. Although a different mathematical methodology is used, this procedure can be seen as the extension to multicomponent systems of the classical Sips’s work devoted to monocomponent systems. Furthermore, a methodology which yields analytical expressions for the main statistical properties (mean free energies of binding and covariance matrix) of multidimensional affinity spectra is reported. Thus, the level of binding correlation between the different components can be quantified. It has to be highlighted that the reported methodology does not require the knowledge of the affinity spectrum to calculate the means, variances, and covariance of the binding energies of the different components. Nonideal competitive consistent adsorption isotherm, widely used in metal/proton competitive complexation to environmental macromolecules, and Frumkin competitive isotherms are selected to illustrate the application of the reported results. Explicit analytical expressions for the affinity spectrum as well as for the matrix correlation are obtained for the NICCA case. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Symptômes, fonction respiratoires et inflammation bronchique liés à l'exposition professionnelle chronique aux brouillards d'huile entière : étude de faisabilité

Les fluides de coupe sont largement utilisés dans les industries mécaniques des machines-outils pour assurer la lubrification et le refroidissement des pièces métalliques. Lors de l'usinage, les machines-outils provoquent, de par leur grande vitesse de rotation, l'émission d'huile. On estime qu'environ 400'000 travailleurs sont exposés aux fluides de coupe en Suisse, plus de la moitié d'entre eux étant aux huiles entières (minérales ou synthétiques, non diluées avec de l'eau). Dans la littérature, on observe des effets respiratoires chroniques potentiellement précurseurs d'une bronchite et/ou de broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive chez des travailleurs exposés de manière chronique aux brouillards d'huile entière. Le problème est que le lien entre le retentissement respiratoire chronique et le niveau d'exposition professionnel des travailleurs exposés aux brouillards d'huile est difficile à mettre en évidence, car la mesure de l'exposition aux brouillards d'huile était jusqu'à présent très imprécise. Une nouvelle technique permettant de mesurer les deux fractions (particulaire et volatile) des brouillards d'huile entière vient d'être validée. L'objectif principal de l'étude est d'évaluer la faisabilité d'une étude de cohorte prospective à large échelle sur le lien entre l'exposition professionnelle chronique aux brouillards d'huile entière , mesurée de manière plus précise selon cette nouvelle technique, et les symptômes, la fonction respiratoire et l'inflammation bronchique. L'objectif secondaire est d'étudier le lien entre l'exposition professionnelle aiguë aux brouillards d'huile entière parmi ces travailleurs (n=14) et les symptômes, la fonction respiratoire et l'inflammation bronchique. Il s'agit d'une étude épidémiologique d'observation de type transversale. Les sujets étudiés sont des salariés de l'industrie du décolletage. La faisabilité a été déterminée sur la base de critères portant sur le recrutement, la récolte des données et l'analyse des données. La récolte de données a eu lieu après 48h de non-exposition, à l'aide d'un questionnaire d'exposition au poste de travail, un curriculum laboris et questionnaire des symptômes, la mesure du NO exhalé, une spirométrie et la mesure individuelle et sur postes fixes des expositions actuelles aux brouillards d'huile entière par la nouvelle méthode. Les difficultés et les points positifs rencontrés ont permis d'émettre des recommandations en vue de la réalisation une étude à plus large échelle. Aucun lien n'a pu être démontré au vu du faible nombre de travailleurs inclus et les niveaux relativement bas d'exposition aux brouillards d'huile entière mesurés. Sur la base de l'étude de faisabilité, une étude de cohorte prospective est recommandée pour établir un lien entre le niveau de brouillards d'huile entière et les effets respiratoires.

New insights into cellular prion protein (PrPc) functions: the 'ying and yang' of a relevant protein.

The conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPc), a GPI-anchored protein, into a protease-K-resistant and infective form (generally termed PrPsc) is mainly responsible for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), characterized by neuronal degeneration and progressive loss of basic brain functions. Although PrPc is expressed by a wide range of tissues throughout the body, the complete repertoire of its functions has not been fully determined. Recent studies have confirmed its participation in basic physiological processes such as cell proliferation and the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Other studies indicate that PrPc interacts with several molecules to activate signaling cascades with a high number of cellular effects. To determine PrPc functions, transgenic mouse models have been generated in the last decade. In particular, mice lacking specific domains of the PrPc protein have revealed the contribution of these domains to neurodegenerative processes. A dual role of PrPc has been shown, since most authors report protective roles for this protein while others describe pro-apoptotic functions. In this review, we summarize new findings on PrPc functions, especially those related to neural degeneration and cell signaling.

N=1 SQCD-like theories with N_f massive flavors from AdS/CFT and beta functions

We study new supergravity solutions related to large-N c N=1 supersymmetric gauge field theories with a large number N f of massive flavors. We use a recently proposed framework based on configurations with N c color D5 branes and a distribution of N f flavor D5 branes, governed by a function N f S(r). Although the system admits many solutions, under plausible physical assumptions the relevant solution is uniquely determined for each value of x ≡ N f /N c . In the IR region, the solution smoothly approaches the deformed Maldacena-Núñez solution. In the UV region it approaches a linear dilaton solution. For x < 2 the gauge coupling β g function computed holographically is negative definite, in the UV approaching the NSVZ β function with anomalous dimension γ 0 = −1/2 (approaching − 3/(32π 2)(2N c  − N f )g 3)), and with β g  → −∞ in the IR. For x = 2, β g has a UV fixed point at strong coupling, suggesting the existence of an IR fixed point at a lower value of the coupling. We argue that the solutions with x > 2 describe a"Seiberg dual" picture where N f  − 2N c flips sign.

A Database of >20 keV Electron Green's Functions of Interplanetary Transport at 1 AU

We use interplanetary transport simulations to compute a database of electron Green's functions, i.e., differential intensities resulting at the spacecraft position from an impulsive injection of energetic (>20 keV) electrons close to the Sun, for a large number of values of two standard interplanetary transport parameters: the scattering mean free path and the solar wind speed. The nominal energy channels of the ACE, STEREO, and Wind spacecraft have been used in the interplanetary transport simulations to conceive a unique tool for the study of near-relativistic electron events observed at 1 AU. In this paper, we quantify the characteristic times of the Green's functions (onset and peak time, rise and decay phase duration) as a function of the interplanetary transport conditions. We use the database to calculate the FWHM of the pitch-angle distributions at different times of the event and under different scattering conditions. This allows us to provide a first quantitative result that can be compared with observations, and to assess the validity of the frequently used term beam-like pitch-angle distribution.

Protein interaction studies point to new functions for Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is considered a multifunctional protein with defined functions in numerous mammalian cellular processes. GAPDH functional diversity depends on various factors such as covalent modifications, subcellular localization, oligomeric state and intracellular concentration of substrates or ligands, as well as protein-protein interactions. In bacteria, alternative GAPDH functions have been associated with its extracellular location in pathogens or probiotics. In this study, new intracellular functions of E. coli GAPDH were investigated following a proteomic approach aimed at identifying interacting partners using in vivo formaldehyde cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry. The identified proteins were involved in metabolic processes, protein synthesis and folding or DNA repair. Some interacting proteins were also identified in immunopurification experiments in the absence of cross-linking. Pull-down experiments and overlay immunoblotting were performed to further characterize the interaction with phosphoglycolate phosphatase (Gph). This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of 2-phosphoglycolate formed in the DNA repair of 3"-phosphoglycolate ends generated by bleomycin damage. We show that interaction between Gph and GAPDH increases in cells challenged with bleomycin, suggesting involvement of GAPDH in cellular processes linked to DNA repair mechanisms.

Oston ja ostovaraston raportoinnin ja mittariston kehittäminen toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän pohjalta

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää Stora Enson Varkauden tehtaiden oston ja osto-varastojen raportointia ja toiminnan mittaamista toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän käyttöönottoprojektin yhteydessä. Työssä selvitettiin suorituskykymittareiden merkitystä yrityksen toiminnalle ja mittareista muodostettavalta mittaus-järjestelmältä vaadittavia ominaisuuksia. Lisäksi kartoitettiin materiaali-toimintojen yhteyttä koko yrityksen toimintaan. Työ painottuu SAP R/3:n materiaalihallinnon raporttien kartoittamiseen. Lisäksi työssä käsitellään Varenso Oy:n johtamisjärjestelmästä, Latukoneesta, saatavia mittareita. Mittariston kehittämisprosessi sisälsi käytössä olevien mittareiden arvioinnin, uusien mittareiden kartoittamisen sekä mittareiden karsinnan ja valinnan. Valituille mittareille luotiin raportointipohjat, joiden avulla niitä jatkossa seurataan. SAP R/3:n materiaalihallinnon raportointimahdollisuudet ovat laajat, mutta ne eivät kuitenkaan vielä kata kaikkia oston ja ostovarastojen raportointitarpeita. Mittaamisen ja raportoinnin kehittäminen edelleen vaatii SAP R/3:n raportointiominaisuuksien laajempaa käyttöönottoa tai muiden työkalujen hyödyntämistä raportoinnin tukena.

Executive functions profile in extreme eating/weight conditions: from anorexia nervosa to obesity

Extreme weight conditions (EWC) groups along a continuum may share some biological risk factors and intermediate neurocognitive phenotypes. A core cognitive trait in EWC appears to be executive dysfunction, with a focus on decision making, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Differences between individuals in these areas are likely to contribute to the differences in vulnerability to EWC. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a common pattern of executive dysfunction in EWC while comparing anorexia nervosa patients (AN), obese subjects (OB) and healthy eating/weight controls (HC).

The Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Osteocyte Capacity to Modulate Dendritic Cell Functions Is Strictly Dependent on the Culture System.

In vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) into osteocytes (human differentiated osteogenic cells, hDOC) before implantation has been proposed to optimize bone regeneration. However, a deep characterization of the immunological properties of DOC, including their effect on dendritic cell (DC) function, is not available. DOC can be used either as cellular suspension (detached, Det-DOC) or as adherent cells implanted on scaffolds (adherent, Adh-DOC). By mimicking in vitro these two different routes of administration, we show that both Det-DOC and Adh-DOC can modulate DC functions. Specifically, the weak downregulation of CD80 and CD86 caused by Det-DOC on DC surface results in a weak modulation of DC functions, which indeed retain a high capacity to induce T-cell proliferation and to generate CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. Moreover, Det-DOC enhance the DC capacity to differentiate CD4(+)CD161(+)CD196(+) Th17-cells by upregulating IL-6 secretion. Conversely, Adh-DOC strongly suppress DC functions by a profound downregulation of CD80 and CD86 on DC as well as by the inhibition of TGF-β production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that different types of DOC cell preparation may have a different impact on the modulation of the host immune system. This finding may have relevant implications for the design of cell-based tissue-engineering strategies.

A Gradient based algorithm for blind inversion of Wiener System using multi-variate score functions

A Wiener system is a linear time-invariant filter, followed by an invertible nonlinear distortion. Assuming that the input signal is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence, we propose an algorithm for estimating the input signal only by observing the output of the Wiener system. The algorithm is based on minimizing the mutual information of the output samples, by means of a steepest descent gradient approach.

Phylogeography and population genetics of north European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Although abundant in the number of individuals, the Atlantic salmon may be considered as a threatened species in many areas of its native distribution range. Human activities such as building of power plant dams, offshore overfishing, pollution, clearing of riverbeds for timber floating and badly designed stocking regimes have diminished the distribution of Atlantic salmon. As a result of this, many of the historical populations both in Europe and northern America have gone extinct or are severely depressed. In fact, only 1% of Atlantic salmon existing today are of natural origin, the rest being farmed salmon. All of this has lead to a vast amount of research and many restoration programmes aiming to bring Atlantic salmon back to rivers from where it has vanished. However, many of the restoration programmes conducted thus far have been unsuccessful due to inadequate scientific research or lack of its implementation, highlighting the fact that more research is needed to fully understand the biology of this complex species. The White and Barents Seas in northwest Russia are among the last regions in Europe where Atlantic salmon populations are still stable, thus forming an important source of biodiversity for the entire European region. Salmon stocks from this area are also of immense economic and social importance for the local people in the form of fishing tourism. The main aim of this thesis was to elucidate the post-glacial history and population genetic structure of north European and particularly northwest Russian Atlantic salmon, both of which are aspects of great importance for the management and conservation of the species. Throughout the whole thesis, these populations were studied by utilizing microsatellites as the main molecular tool. One of the most important discoveries of the thesis was the division of Atlantic salmon from the White and Barents Seas into four separate clusters, which has not been observed in previous studies employing nuclear markers although is supported by mtDNA studies. Populations from the western Barents Sea clustered together with the northeast Atlantic populations into a clearly distinguishable group while populations from the White Sea and eastern Barents Sea were separated into three additional groups. This has important conservation implications as this thesis clearly indicates that conservation of populations from all of the observed clusters is warranted in order to conserve as much of the genetic diversity as possible in this area. The thesis also demonstrates how differences in population life histories within a species, migratory behaviour in this case, and in their phylogeographic origin affect the genetic characteristics of populations, namely diversity and divergence levels. The anadromous populations from the Atlantic Ocean, White Sea and Barents Sea possessed higher levels of genetic diversity than the anadromous populations form the Baltic Sea basin. Among the non-anadromous populations the result was the opposite: the Baltic freshwater populations were more variable. This emphasises the importance of taking the life history of a population into consideration when developing conservation strategies: due to the limited possibilities for new genetic diversity to be generated via gene flow, it is expected that freshwater Atlantic salmon populations would be more vulnerable to extinction following a population crash and thus deserve a high conservation status. In the last chapter of this thesis immune relevant marker loci were developed and screened for signatures of natural selection along with loci linked to genes with other functions or no function at all. Also, a novel landscape genomics method, which combines environmental information with molecular data, was employed to investigate whether immune relevant markers displayed significant correlations to various environmental variables more frequently than other loci. Indications of stronger selection pressure among immune-relevant loci compared to non-immune relevant EST-linked loci was found but further studies are needed to evaluate whether it is a common phenomenon in Atlantic salmon.

Sidelobe elimination for generalized synthetic discriminant functions by a two-filter correlation and subsequent postprocessing of the intensity distributions

One of the most important problems in optical pattern recognition by correlation is the appearance of sidelobes in the correlation plane, which causes false alarms. We present a method that eliminate sidelobes of up to a given height if certain conditions are satisfied. The method can be applied to any generalized synthetic discriminant function filter and is capable of rejecting lateral peaks that are even higher than the central correlation. Satisfactory results were obtained in both computer simulations and optical implementation.