La investigació sobre l'èxit i el fracàs escolar des la la perspectiva dels factors de risc. Implicacions per a la recerca i la pràctica educatives

La situació problemàtica de la qual partim en aquesta tesi és la constatació de l'existència d'unes dinàmiques escolars negatives -expressades amb males notes reiterades- difícils de modificar, que determinats infants inicien i desenvolupen al llarg de la seva escolarització i que els condueix a una situació de fracàs escolar. Les males notes són el senyal que alerta pares i educadors de la presència de problemes escolars en els alumnes i constitueixen la causa explícita que motiva la cerca de solucions. Sovint es busquen solucions fora de l'escola, la qual cosa suggereix que, malgrat els esforços realitzats, l'escola i el sistema educatiu han tingut dificultats per a ajudar els infants a millorar globalment els seus resultats escolars. D'una banda, l'escola troba dificultats per a identificar el mes aviat possible quins infants seran mes susceptibles de desenvolupar unes dinàmiques escolars negatives que els puguin conduir a una situació de fracàs escolar. D'altra banda, també hi ha dificultats per trobar i aplicar estratègies preventives d'intervenció educativa a l'aula, que resultin adequades per a prevenir el desenvolupament de dinàmiques escolars negatives en alguns infants. Partint de la situació problemàtica descrita, la finalitat de la tesi es obtenir informació teòrica , empírica sobre algunes variables que puguin resultar rellevants per a articular, des de l'aula escolar, intervencions educatives destinades a prevenir el desenvolupament de les dinàmiques escolars negatives. Des de la perspectiva de la prevenció, la rellevància de les variables hauria d'establir-se en funció de la seva utilitat per a: A) Identificar des de l'aula escolar situacions de més perill -de més risc- de desenvolupar aquestes dinàmiques negatives i, consegüentment, arribar a la situació de fracàs escolar . Això implica, per tant, que les variables han de permetre la identificació abans que la situació de fracàs escolar es produeixi . B) Intervenir educativament des de l'escola; per tant, cal que siguin variables sobre les quals l'escola pugui incidir. La modificabilitat de les variables ha de permetre que es puguin emprendre accions educatives, des de la mateixa aula escolar. Variables que resultin suficientment importants de cara a disminuir el perill o evitar el desenvolupament de dinàmiques negatives. Es a dir, que la seva modificació contribueixi a evitar que els infants arribin a la situació de fracàs escolar. Per assolir aquesta finalitat es realitzen un segut de passes en funció de les quals s'ha estructurat la tesi en dues parts: Un marc teòric i un estudi de casos. EI Marc teòric té dos objectius: 1. Definir la situació problemàtica. En el capítol primer del marc teòric de la tesi, s'exposen les dimensions d'aquesta situació problemàtica. La revisió bibliogràfica entorn del tema del fracàs escolar ens ajuda a emmarcar la qüestió de les dinàmiques escolars en el fenomen complex del fracàs i l'èxit escolar, i del rendiment. Aquestes aportacions teòriques juntament amb les aportacions de la recerca educativa en relació a l'estabilitat del rendiment al llarg dels cursos són la base per a definir la situació problemàtica. 2. Delimitar, des d'un punt de vista teòric, algunes variables rellevants per a la prevenció del desenvolupament de dinàmiques escolars negatives, conduents a la situació de fracàs escolar. La primera passa per a dur a terme aquesta delimitació teòrica, que es presenta al segon capítol, ha estat revisar les aportacions de les investigacions sobre variables que incideixen en el rendiment escolar, les quals s'han analitzat en funció de la seva rellevància per a la prevenció. Aquesta revisió ha permès constatar un seguit de problemes de caire terminològic, metodològic i sobre la repercussió d'aquesta recerca en la practica educativa que afecten directament la utilitat de les aportacions d'aquestes investigacions de cara a identificar variables rellevants per a la prevenció. De l'anàlisi dels resultats d'aquestes recerques es desprèn que: a) Hi ha moltes variables associades al rendiment escolar, algunes difícilment modificables mitjançant la intervenció educativa escolar. b) EI fet que una variable estigui associada al rendiment no implica que sigui rellevant per a la prevenció c) S'obté poca informació sobre variables que contribueixin a disminuir la probabilitat de fracàs escolar. En base a aquests resultats es constata que cal buscar una perspectiva d'anàlisi de les variables mes adequades a l'enfocament preventiu, perspectiva que ha d'orientar-se a l'estudi del risc de fracàs escolar. La segona passa que es duu a terme per arribar a una delimitació teòrica de les variables rellevants es l'estudi del concepte de risc i d'altres conceptes relacionats: signe de risc, marcador de risc, factor de risc, factor protector, població en risc, infant en situació de risc, així com la revisió d'estudis i recerques que s'han plantejat en aquesta línia. Aquest treball ha permès: a) Clarificar aquests conceptes i aplicar-los en l'àmbit educatiu, en referència al problema del fracàs escolar, estructurant un marc teòric en funció del qual plantejar una anàlisi de les variables associades al rendiment escolar. b) Concretar un model per a l'anàlisi, des de l'aula escolar, de les variables que incideixen en el risc de fracàs escolar. Aquest model, que es situa en la perspectiva de l'aula escolar i que pren en consideració el paper actiu que els estudiants tenen respecte al seu aprenentatge, consta de tres components: unes variables, les seves relacions i la funció que exerceixen en relació al risc de fracàs escolar. La conclusió a la qual s'arriba es que, des d'un punt de vista teòric, una variable serà rellevant per a articular intervencions educatives preventives des de l'escola si constitueix o bé un factor de risc, o be un factor protector o compensador del risc. La delimitació empírica de variables rellevants per a la prevenció del fracàs escolar -que constitueix l'objectiu de la segona part de la tesi- es duu a terme mitjançant un estudi de casos que es deriva del plantejament teòric elaborat. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi es identificar variables que han pogut constituir factors protectors en joves que es troben en situació de risc per circumstàncies sociofamiliars. Se seleccionen tres noies i dos nois que, malgrat trobar-se en situació de risc, han assolit un cert nivell d'èxit escolar. Basant-nos en el model s'ha recollit informació sobre característiques actitudinals dels estudiants, del seu procés d'autoaprenentatge i de l'ambient d'aprenentatge. S'utilitza un disseny qualitatiu d'estudi de casos, utilitzant entrevistes amb profunditat per a recollir informació, la qual s'analitza mitjançant tècniques d'anàlisi de continguts. L'estudi de cada un dels cinc casos i la seva posterior comparació ha permès identificar algunes variables que poden haver constituït factors protectors del risc de fracàs escolar. Entre elles podem citar 1. La consciència de la pròpia situació complexa i desfavorable que han viscut o estan vivint. 2. Tenir un projecte vital a mig o llarg termini, en el qual els estudis són concebuts com a una via per assolir-lo. 3. Ser autoresponsables dels aprenentatges. 4. Haver identificat models a seguir en altres persones. Del treball realitzat tant des d'una perspectiva teòrica com empírica i les conclusions a les quals s'ha arribat se'n desprenen implicacions per a la practica educativa, per a la recerca i per a la formació professional dels educadors i educadores socials. Pel que fa a les implicacions per a la practica educativa, es proposa el model com a base per a la identificació de situacions de risc i per al disseny d'intervencions educatives amb l'objectiu de prevenir el fracàs escolar. En aquest sentit, i en funció dels resultats obtinguts a l'estudi de casos, es proposen unes línies d'intervenció preventiva en casos de risc similars als que han estat objecte d'estudi, línies que poden prendre en consideració tant els/les mestres com els educadors/es. Pel que fa a les implicacions per a la investigació educativa, es deriven quatre línies de recerca: investigació sobre factors de risc, investigació sobre factors protectors, investigació sobre el potencial preventiu d'intervencions educatives dissenyades en base a factors de risc i factors protectors, l'investigació sobre com potenciar des de diferents àmbits (escola i vida quotidiana) els fadors protectors. Quant a les implicacions per a la formació professional dels educadors/es socials, els resultats de l'estudi de casos com a possibles aspectes a treballar per part dels educadors/es impliquen un treball en el qual aquests professionals han d'haver rebut formació sobre: 1. La relació educativa com a recurs per a la intervenció educativa professional. 2. La necessitat d'un treball coordinat interdisciplinari com a estratègia de treball professional. 3. EI coneixement de programes coherents i estratègies d'intervenció sobre factors protectors. 4. L'elaboració de programes educatius, de manera que els educadors/es puguin adaptar les intervencions a les necessitats educatives dels subjectes. 5. La intervenció educativa en famílies.

Nature protection in Greece: an appraisal of the factors shaping integrative conservation and policy effectiveness

The proliferation of designated areas following the implementation of Natura 2000 in Greece has initiated changes in the protected area design and conservation policy making aiming at delivering action for biodiversity and integrative planning on a wider landscape. Following the sustainability concept, an integrative approach cannot realistically take place simply by extending the protected area and designations. The paper addresses public involvement and inter-sectoral coordination as major procedural elements of integrative management and evaluates the nature and strength of their negative or positive influences on the fulfillment of an integrative vision of nature conservation. A review of the history of protected areas and administration developments in Greece provide useful input in the research. The analysis has shown that the selected network of Natura 2000 sites has been superimposed upon the existing system and resulted in duplication of administrative effort and related legislation. As a result the overall picture of protected areas in the country appears complex, confusing and fragmented. Major failures to integrated conservation perspective can be traced to structural causes rooted in politico-economic power structures of mainstream policy and in a rather limited political commitment to conservation. It is concluded that greater realisation. of integrated conservation in Greece necessitates policy reforms related mainly to sectoral legal frameworks to promote environmentalism as well as an increased effort by the managing authorities to facilitate a broader framework of public dialogue and give local communities incentives to sustainably benefit from protected areas. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design and analysis of climate model experiments for the efficient estimation of anthropogenic signals

Presented herein is an experimental design that allows the effects of several radiative forcing factors on climate to be estimated as precisely as possible from a limited suite of atmosphere-only general circulation model (GCM) integrations. The forcings include the combined effect of observed changes in sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, stratospheric (volcanic) aerosols, and solar output, plus the individual effects of several anthropogenic forcings. A single linear statistical model is used to estimate the forcing effects, each of which is represented by its global mean radiative forcing. The strong colinearity in time between the various anthropogenic forcings provides a technical problem that is overcome through the design of the experiment. This design uses every combination of anthropogenic forcing rather than having a few highly replicated ensembles, which is more commonly used in climate studies. Not only is this design highly efficient for a given number of integrations, but it also allows the estimation of (nonadditive) interactions between pairs of anthropogenic forcings. The simulated land surface air temperature changes since 1871 have been analyzed. The changes in natural and oceanic forcing, which itself contains some forcing from anthropogenic and natural influences, have the most influence. For the global mean, increasing greenhouse gases and the indirect aerosol effect had the largest anthropogenic effects. It was also found that an interaction between these two anthropogenic effects in the atmosphere-only GCM exists. This interaction is similar in magnitude to the individual effects of changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations or to the direct (sulfate) aerosol effect. Various diagnostics are used to evaluate the fit of the statistical model. For the global mean, this shows that the land temperature response is proportional to the global mean radiative forcing, reinforcing the use of radiative forcing as a measure of climate change. The diagnostic tests also show that the linear model was suitable for analyses of land surface air temperature at each GCM grid point. Therefore, the linear model provides precise estimates of the space time signals for all forcing factors under consideration. For simulated 50-hPa temperatures, results show that tropospheric ozone increases have contributed to stratospheric cooling over the twentieth century almost as much as changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases.

Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients

Background: Animal studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics exert protective effects against tumor development in the colon, but human data supporting this suggestion are weak. Objective: The objective was to verify whether the prebiotic concept (selective interaction with colonic flora of nondigested carbohydrates) as induced by a synbiotic preparation-oligofructose-enriched inulin (SYN1) + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (BB12)-is able to reduce the risk of colon cancer in humans. Design: The 12-wk randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a synbiotic food composed of the prebiotic SYN1 and probiotics LGG and BB12 was conducted in 37 colon cancer patients and 43 polypectomized patients. Fecal and blood samples were obtained before, during, and after the intervention, and colorectal biopsy samples were obtained before and after the intervention. The effect of synbiotic consumption on a battery of intermediate biomarkers for colon cancer was examined. Results: Synbiotic intervention resulted in significant changes in fecal flora: Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus increased and Clostridium perfringens decreased. The intervention significantly reduced colorectal proliferation and the capacity of fecal water to induce necrosis in colonic cells and improve epithelial barrier function in polypectomized patients. Genotoxicity assays of colonic biopsy samples indicated a decreased exposure to genotoxins in polypectomized patients at the end of the intervention period. Synbiotic consumption prevented an increased secretion of interleukin 2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the polypectomized patients and increased the production of interferon gamma in the cancer patients. Conclusions: Several colorectal cancer biomarkers can be altered favorably by synbiotic intervention.

Effects of dietary fat modification on insulin sensitivity and on other risk factors of the metabolic syndrome—LIPGENE: a European randomized dietary intervention study

Background:Excessive energy intake and obesity lead to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) may be particularly detrimental on insulin sensitivity (SI) and on other components of the MetS. Objective:This study determined the relative efficacy of reducing dietary SFA, by isoenergetic alteration of the quality and quantity of dietary fat, on risk factors associated with MetS. Design:A free-living, single-blinded dietary intervention study. Subjects and Methods:MetS subjects (n=417) from eight European countries completed the randomized dietary intervention study with four isoenergetic diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high-SFA; high-monounsaturated fatty acids and two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate (LFHCC) diets, supplemented with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) (1.2 g per day) or placebo for 12 weeks. SI estimated from an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was the primary outcome measure. Lipid and inflammatory markers associated with MetS were also determined. Results:In weight-stable subjects, reducing dietary SFA intake had no effect on SI, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, inflammation or blood pressure in the entire cohort. The LFHCC n-3 PUFA diet reduced plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (P<0.01), particularly in men. Conclusion:There was no effect of reducing SFA on SI in weight-stable obese MetS subjects. LC n-3 PUFA supplementation, in association with a low-fat diet, improved TAG-related MetS risk profiles.

Knowledge transfer processes in PFI/PPP: critical success factors

Successful knowledge transfer is an important process which requires continuous improvement in today’s knowledge-intensive economy. However, improving knowledge transfer processes represents a challenge for construction practitioners due to the complexity of knowledge acquisition, codification and sharing. Although knowledge transfer is context based, understanding the critical success factors can lead to improvements in the transfer process. This paper seeks to identify and evaluate the most significant critical factors for improving knowledge transfer processes in Public Private Partnerships/Private Finance Initiatives (PPP/PFI) projects. Drawing upon a questionnaire survey of 52 construction firms located in the UK, data is analysed using Severity Index (SI) and Coefficient of Variation (COV), to examine and identify these factors in PPP/PFI schemes. The findings suggest that a supportive leadership, participation/commitment from the relevant parties, and good communication between the relevant parties are crucial to improving knowledge transfer processes in PFI schemes. Practitioners, managers and researchers can use the findings to efficiently design performance measures for analysing and improving knowledge transfer processes.

The design of probiotic studies to substantiate health claims

The EC Regulation No. 1924/2006 on Nutrition and Health claims made on foods has generated considerable debate and concern among scientists and industry. At the time of writing, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has not approved any probiotic claims despite numerous human trials and meta-analyses showing evidence of beneficial effects. On 29th and 30th September 2010, ten independent, academic scientists with a documented record in probiotic research, met to discuss designs for future probiotic studies to demonstrate health benefits for gut and immune function. The expert panel recommended the following: (i) always formulate a precise and concrete hypothesis, and appropriate goals and parameters before starting a trial; (ii) ensure trials have sufficient sample size, such that they are adequately powered to reach statistically significant conclusions, either supporting or rejecting the a priori hypothesis, taking into account adjustment for multiple testing (this might necessitate more than one recruitment site); (iii) ensure trials are of appropriate duration; (iv) focus on a single, primary objective and only evaluate multiple parameters when they are hypothesis-driven. The panel agreed that there was an urgent need to better define which biomarkers are considered valuable for substantiation of a health claim. As a first step, the panel welcomed the publication on the day of the meeting of EFSA's draft guidance document on immune and gut health, although it came too late for study designs and dossiers to be adjusted accordingly. New validated biomarkers need to be identified in order to properly determine the range of physiological functions influenced by probiotics. In addition, validated biomarkers reflecting risk factors for disease, are required for article 14 claims (EC Regulation No. 1924/2006). Finally, the panel concluded that consensus among scientists is needed to decide appropriate clinical endpoints for trials.

Describing the design of children’s books: an analytical approach

Descriptions of graphic language are relatively rare compared to descriptions of spoken language. This paper presents an analytical approach to studying the visual attributes and conventions in children’s reading and information books. The approach comprises development of a checklist to record ‘features’ of visual organization, such as those relevant to typography and layout, illustration and the material qualities of the books, and consideration of the contextual factors that influence the ways that features have been organized or treated. The contextual factors particularly relevant to children’s reading include educational policy, legibility and vision research and typeface development and availability. The approach to analysis and description is illustrated with examples of children’s reading and information books from the Typographic Design for Children database, which also demonstrates an application of the checklist approach.

Investigation of the factors influencing the survival of Bifidobacterium longum in model acidic solutions and fruit juices

The survival of Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809 was studied during refrigerated storage for 6 weeks in model solutions, based on which a mathematical model was constructed describing cell survival as a function of pH, citric acid, protein and dietary fibre. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was developed studying the influence of four factors at three levels, i.e., pH (3.2–4), citric acid (2–15 g/l), protein (0–10 g/l), and dietary fibre (0–8 g/l). In total, 31 experimental runs were carried out. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the regression model demonstrated that the model fitted well the data. From the regression coefficients it was deduced that all four factors had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) negative effect on the log decrease [log10N0 week−log10N6 week], with the pH and citric acid being the most influential ones. Cell survival during storage was also investigated in various types of juices, including orange, grapefruit, blackcurrant, pineapple, pomegranate and strawberry. The highest cell survival (less than 0.4 log decrease) after 6 weeks of storage was observed in orange and pineapple, both of which had a pH of about 3.8. Although the pH of grapefruit and blackcurrant was similar (pH ∼3.2), the log decrease of the former was ∼0.5 log, whereas of the latter was ∼0.7 log. One reason for this could be the fact that grapefruit contained a high amount of citric acid (15.3 g/l). The log decrease in pomegranate and strawberry juices was extremely high (∼8 logs). The mathematical model was able to predict adequately the cell survival in orange, grapefruit, blackcurrant, and pineapple juices. However, the model failed to predict the cell survival in pomegranate and strawberry, most likely due to the very high levels of phenolic compounds in these two juices.

Influencing energy efficient occupant behavior through improved building and control design

There is growing pressure on the construction industry to deliver energy efficient, sustainable buildings but there is evidence to suggest that, in practice, designs regularly fail to achieve the anticipated levels of in-use energy consumption. One of the key factors behind this discrepancy is the behavior of the building occupants. This paper explores how insights from experimental psychology could potentially be used to reduce the gap between the predicted and actual energy performance of buildings. It demonstrates why traditional methods to engage with the occupants are not always successful and proposes a model for a more holistic approach to this issue. The paper concludes that achieving energy efficiency in buildings is not solely a technological issue and that the construction industry needs to adopt a more user-centred approach.

Methodologies for the generation of design summer years for building energy simulation using UKCP09 probabilitic climate projections

Design summer years representing near-extreme hot summers have been used in the United Kingdom for the evaluation of thermal comfort and overheating risk. The years have been selected from measured weather data basically representative of an assumed stationary climate. Recent developments have made available ‘morphed’ equivalents of these years by shifting and stretching the measured variables using change factors produced by the UKCIP02 climate projections. The release of the latest, probabilistic, climate projections of UKCP09 together with the availability of a weather generator that can produce plausible daily or hourly sequences of weather variables has opened up the opportunity for generating new design summer years which can be used in risk-based decision-making. There are many possible methods for the production of design summer years from UKCP09 output: in this article, the original concept of the design summer year is largely retained, but a number of alternative methodologies for generating the years are explored. An alternative, more robust measure of warmth (weighted cooling degree hours) is also employed. It is demonstrated that the UKCP09 weather generator is capable of producing years for the baseline period, which are comparable with those in current use. Four methodologies for the generation of future years are described, and their output related to the future (deterministic) years that are currently available. It is concluded that, in general, years produced from the UKCP09 projections are warmer than those generated previously. Practical applications: The methodologies described in this article will facilitate designers who have access to the output of the UKCP09 weather generator (WG) to generate Design Summer Year hourly files tailored to their needs. The files produced will differ according to the methodology selected, in addition to location, emissions scenario and timeslice.

Factors influencing adoption of improved grassland management by small-scale dairy farmers in central Mexico and the implications for future research on smallholder adoption in developing countries

There have been limited recent advances in understanding of what influences uptake of innovations despite the current international focus on smallholder agriculture as a means of achieving food security and rural development. This paper provides a rigorous study of factors influencing adoption by smallholders in central Mexico and builds on findings to identify a broad approach to significantly improve research on and understanding of factors influencing adoption by smallholders in developing countries. Small-scale dairy systems play an important role in providing income, employment and nutrition in the highlands of central Mexico. A wide variety of practices and technologies have been promoted by the government public services to increase milk production and economic efficiency, but there have been very low levels of uptake of most innovations, with the exception of improving grassland through introduction of grass varieties together with management practices. A detailed study was conducted with 80 farmers who are already engaged with the use of this innovation to better understand the process of adoption and identify socioeconomic and farm variables, cognitive (beliefs), and social–psychological (social norms) factors associated with farmers' use of improved grassland. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was used as a theoretical framework and Spearman Rank Order correlation was conducted to analyse the data. Most farmers (92.5%) revealed strong intention to continue to use improved grassland (which requires active management and investment of resources) for the next 12 months; whereas 7.5% of farmers were undecided and showed weak intention, which was associated with farmers whose main income was from non-farm activities as well as with farmers who had only recently started using improved grassland. Despite farmers' experience of using improved grassland (mean of 18 years) farmers' intentions to continue to adopt it was influenced almost as much by salient referents (mainly male relatives) as by their own attitudes. The hitherto unnoticed longevity of the role social referents play in adoption decisions is an important finding and has implications for further research and for the design of extension approaches. The study demonstrates the value and importance of using TRA or TPB approaches to understand social cognitive (beliefs) and social–psychological (social norms) factors in the study of adoption. However, other factors influencing adoption processes need to be included to provide fuller understanding. An approach that would enable this, and the development of more generalisable findings than from location specific case studies, and contribute to broader conceptualisation, is proposed.

Lessons from real estate partnerships in the UK: Drivers, barriers and critical success factors

Purpose – This paper seeks to summarise the main research findings from a detailed, qualitative set of structured interviews and case studies of Real Estate Partnership (REP) schemes in the UK, which involve the construction of built facilities. The research, which was funded by the Foundation for the Built Environment, examines the evolution of REPs in the UK and in Europe. The paper also aims to analyse best practice, critical factors for success, and lessons for the future. Design/methodology/approach – The research in this paper is based around ten semi-structured interviews conducted with senior representatives from corporate occupiers, property consultants, legal practices and REP service providers. Findings – The research in the paper demonstrates that REPs are particularly suited to the UK, where lease lengths are relatively long, and the level of corporate real estate owner-occupation is often higher than elsewhere. It also shows that further research is needed to examine the future shape and form of the UK REP market. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a limited number of in-depth case study interviews. The paper shows that further research is needed to find better ways to examine REPs empirically. Practical implications – The paper is important in highlighting a number of main issues in developing REPs: identifying with occupier's objectives; risk transfer and size of contract; and developing appropriate innovation and skills. Originality/value – The paper examines the drivers, barriers and critical success factors (at strategic and operational levels) for REPs in the UK in detail and will be of value to property managers, facilities managers, investors, financiers, and others involved in the REP process.

Lessons from the private finance initiative in the UK: benefits, problems and critical success factors

Purpose – This paper summarises the main research findings from a detailed, qualitative set of structured interviews and case studies of private finance initiative (PFI) schemes in the UK, which involve the construction of built facilities. The research, which was funded by the Foundation for the Built Environment, examines the emergence of PFI in the UK. Benefits and problems in the PFI process are investigated. Best practice, the key critical factors for success, and lessons for the future are also analysed. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based around 11 semi-structured interviews conducted with stakeholders in key PFI projects in the UK. Findings – The research demonstrates that value for money and risk transfer are key success criteria. High procurement and transaction costs are a feature of PFI projects, and the large-scale nature of PFI projects frequently acts as barrier to entry. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on a limited number of in-depth case study interviews. The paper also shows that further research is needed to find better ways to measure these concepts empirically. Practical implications – The paper is important in highlighting four main areas of practical improvement in the PFI process: value for money assessment; establishing end-user needs; developing competitive markets and developing appropriate skills in the public sector. Originality/value – The paper examines the drivers, barriers and critical success factors for PFI in the UK for the first time in detail and will be of value to property investors, financiers, and others involved in the PFI process.

Environmental factors driving the effectiveness of European agri-environmental measures in mitigating pollinator loss – a meta-analysis

In Europe, agri-environmental schemes (AES) have been introduced in response to concerns about farmland biodiversity declines. Yet, as AES have delivered variable results, a better understanding of what determines their success or failure is urgently needed. Focusing on pollinating insects, we quantitatively reviewed how environmental factors affect the effectiveness of AES. Our results suggest that the ecological contrast in floral resources created by schemes drives the response of pollinators to AES but that this response is moderated by landscape context and farmland type, with more positive responses in croplands (vs. grasslands) located in simple (vs. cleared or complex) landscapes. These findings inform us how to promote pollinators and associated pollination services in species-poor landscapes. They do not, however, present viable strategies to mitigate loss of threatened or endangered species. This indicates that the objectives and design of AES should distinguish more clearly between biodiversity conservation and delivery of ecosystem services.