The link between temporal attention and emotion: a playground for psychology, neuroscience, and plausible artificial neural networks

In this paper, we will address the endeavors of three disciplines, Psychology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling, in explaining how the mind perceives and attends information. More precisely, we will shed some light on the efforts to understand the allocation of attentional resources to the processing of emotional stimuli. This review aims at informing the three disciplines about converging points of their research and to provide a starting point for discussion.

Complex-valued B-spline neural networks for modeling and inverting Hammerstein systems

Many communication signal processing applications involve modelling and inverting complex-valued (CV) Hammerstein systems. We develops a new CV B-spline neural network approach for efficient identification of the CV Hammerstein system and effective inversion of the estimated CV Hammerstein model. Specifically, the CV nonlinear static function in the Hammerstein system is represented using the tensor product from two univariate B-spline neural networks. An efficient alternating least squares estimation method is adopted for identifying the CV linear dynamic model’s coefficients and the CV B-spline neural network’s weights, which yields the closed-form solutions for both the linear dynamic model’s coefficients and the B-spline neural network’s weights, and this estimation process is guaranteed to converge very fast to a unique minimum solution. Furthermore, an accurate inversion of the CV Hammerstein system can readily be obtained using the estimated model. In particular, the inversion of the CV nonlinear static function in the Hammerstein system can be calculated effectively using a Gaussian-Newton algorithm, which naturally incorporates the efficient De Boor algorithm with both the B-spline curve and first order derivative recursions. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated using the application to equalisation of Hammerstein channels.

Towards optimizing the selection of neurons in affordable neural networks

This paper considers variations of a neuron pool selection method known as Affordable Neural Network (AfNN). A saliency measure, based on the second derivative of the objective function is proposed to assess the ability of a trained AfNN to provide neuronal redundancy. The discrepancies between the various affordability variants are explained by correlating unique sub group selections with relevant saliency variations. Overall this study shows that the method in which neurons are selected from a pool is more relevant to how salient individual neurons are, than how often a particular neuron is used during training. The findings herein are relevant to not only providing an analogy to brain function but, also, in optimizing the way a neural network using the affordability method is trained.

Single-carrier frequency domain equalisation for hammerstein communication systems using complex-valued neural networks

Single-carrier (SC) block transmission with frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) offers a viable transmission technology for combating the adverse effects of long dispersive channels encountered in high-rate broadband wireless communication systems. However, for high bandwidthefficiency and high power-efficiency systems, the channel can generally be modelled by the Hammerstein system that includes the nonlinear distortion effects of the high power amplifier (HPA) at transmitter. For such nonlinear Hammerstein channels, the standard SC-FDE scheme no longer works. This paper advocates a complex-valued (CV) B-spline neural network based nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels. Specifically, We model the nonlinear HPA, which represents the CV static nonlinearity of the Hammerstein channel, by a CV B-spline neural network, and we develop two efficient alternating least squares schemes for estimating the parameters of the Hammerstein channel, including both the channel impulse response coefficients and the parameters of the CV B-spline model. We also use another CV B-spline neural network to model the inversion of the nonlinear HPA, and the parameters of this inverting B-spline model can easily be estimated using the standard least squares algorithm based on the pseudo training data obtained as a natural byproduct of the Hammerstein channel identification. Equalisation of the SC Hammerstein channel can then be accomplished by the usual one-tap linear equalisation in frequency domain as well as the inverse B-spline neural network model obtained in time domain. Extensive simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of our nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels.

A fast adaptive tunable RBF network for nonstationary systems

This paper describes a novel on-line learning approach for radial basis function (RBF) neural network. Based on an RBF network with individually tunable nodes and a fixed small model size, the weight vector is adjusted using the multi-innovation recursive least square algorithm on-line. When the residual error of the RBF network becomes large despite of the weight adaptation, an insignificant node with little contribution to the overall system is replaced by a new node. Structural parameters of the new node are optimized by proposed fast algorithms in order to significantly improve the modeling performance. The proposed scheme describes a novel, flexible, and fast way for on-line system identification problems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can significantly outperform existing ones for nonstationary systems in particular.

A Road Following Approach Using Artificial Neural Networks Combinations

Navigation is a broad topic that has been receiving considerable attention from the mobile robotic community over the years. In order to execute autonomous driving in outdoor urban environments it is necessary to identify parts of the terrain that can be traversed and parts that should be avoided. This paper describes an analyses of terrain identification based on different visual information using a MLP artificial neural network and combining responses of many classifiers. Experimental tests using a vehicle and a video camera have been conducted in real scenarios to evaluate the proposed approach.

Chaotic phase synchronization and desynchronization in an oscillator network for object selection

Object selection refers to the mechanism of extracting objects of interest while ignoring other objects and background in a given visual scene. It is a fundamental issue for many computer vision and image analysis techniques and it is still a challenging task to artificial Visual systems. Chaotic phase synchronization takes place in cases involving almost identical dynamical systems and it means that the phase difference between the systems is kept bounded over the time, while their amplitudes remain chaotic and may be uncorrelated. Instead of complete synchronization, phase synchronization is believed to be a mechanism for neural integration in brain. In this paper, an object selection model is proposed. Oscillators in the network representing the salient object in a given scene are phase synchronized, while no phase synchronization occurs for background objects. In this way, the salient object can be extracted. In this model, a shift mechanism is also introduced to change attention from one object to another. Computer simulations show that the model produces some results similar to those observed in natural vision systems.

A network of integrate and fire neurons for visual selection

Biological systems have facility to capture salient object(s) in a given scene, but it is still a difficult task to be accomplished by artificial vision systems. In this paper a visual selection mechanism based on the integrate and fire neural network is proposed. The model not only can discriminate objects in a given visual scene, but also can deliver focus of attention to the salient object. Moreover, it processes a combination of relevant features of an input scene, such as intensity, color, orientation, and the contrast of them. In comparison to other visual selection approaches, this model presents several interesting features. It is able to capture attention of objects in complex forms, including those linearly nonseparable. Moreover, computer simulations show that the model produces results similar to those observed in natural vision systems.

A neural networks study of quinone compounds with trypanocidal activity

This work investigates neural network models for predicting the trypanocidal activity of 28 quinone compounds. Artificial neural networks (ANN), such as multilayer perceptrons (MLP) and Kohonen models, were employed with the aim of modeling the nonlinear relationship between quantum and molecular descriptors and trypanocidal activity. The calculated descriptors and the principal components were used as input to train neural network models to verify the behavior of the nets. The best model for both network models (MLP and Kohonen) was obtained with four descriptors as input. The descriptors were T(5) (torsion angle), QTS1 (sum of absolute values of the atomic charges), VOLS2 (volume of the substituent at region B) and HOMO-1 (energy of the molecular orbital below HOMO). These descriptors provide information on the kind of interaction that occurs between the compounds and the biological receptor. Both neural network models used here can predict the trypanocidal activity of the quinone compounds with good agreement, with low errors in the testing set and a high correctness rate. Thanks to the nonlinear model obtained from the neural network models, we can conclude that electronic and structural properties are important factors in the interaction between quinone compounds that exhibit trypanocidal activity and their biological receptors. The final ANN models should be useful in the design of novel trypanocidal quinones having improved potency.

Artificial Neural Networks and the Study of the Psychoactivity of Cannabinoid Compounds

Cannabinoid compounds have widely been employed because of its medicinal and psychotropic properties. These compounds are isolated from Cannabis sativa (or marijuana) and are used in several medical treatments, such as glaucoma, nausea associated to chemotherapy, pain and many other situations. More recently, its use as appetite stimulant has been indicated in patients with cachexia or AIDS. In this work, the influence of several molecular descriptors on the psychoactivity of 50 cannabinoid compounds is analyzed aiming one obtain a model able to predict the psychoactivity of new cannabinoids. For this purpose, initially, the selection of descriptors was carried out using the Fisher`s weight, the correlation matrix among the calculated variables and principal component analysis. From these analyses, the following descriptors have been considered more relevant: E(LUMO) (energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), Log P (logarithm of the partition coefficient), VC4 (volume of the substituent at the C4 position) and LP1 (Lovasz-Pelikan index, a molecular branching index). To follow, two neural network models were used to construct a more adequate model for classifying new cannabinoid compounds. The first model employed was multi-layer perceptrons, with algorithm back-propagation, and the second model used was the Kohonen network. The results obtained from both networks were compared and showed that both techniques presented a high percentage of correctness to discriminate psychoactive and psychoinactive compounds. However, the Kohonen network was superior to multi-layer perceptrons.

Aprendizado relacional por um modelo neural

As técnicas que formam o campo da Descoberta de Conhecimento em Bases de Dados (DCBD) surgiram devido à necessidade de se tratar grandes volumes de dados. O processo completo de DCBD envolve um elevado grau de subjetividade e de trabalho não totalmente automatizado. Podemos dizer que a fase mais automatizada é a de Mineração de Dados (MD). Uma importante técnica para extração de conhecimentosa partir de dados é a Programação Lógica Indutiva (PLI), que se aplica a tarefas de classificação, induzindo conhecimento na forma da lógica de primeira ordem. A PLI tem demonstrado as vantagens de seu aparato de aprendizado em relação a outras abordagens, como por exemplo, aquelas baseadas em aprendizado proposicional Os seus algorítmos de aprendizado apresentam alta expressividade, porém sofrem com a grande complexidade de seus processos, principalmente o teste de corbertura das variáveis. Por outro lado, as Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNs) introduzem um ótimo desempenho devido à sua natureza paralela. às RNs é que geralmente são "caixas pretas", o que torna difícil a obtenção de um interpretação razoável da estrutura geral da rede na forma de construções lógicas de fácil compreensão Várias abordagens híbridas simbólico-conexionistas (por exemplo, o MNC MAC 890 , KBANN SHA 94 , TOW 94 e o sistema INSS OSO 98 têm sido apresentadas para lidar com este problema, permitindo o aprendizado de conhecimento simbólico através d euma RN. Entretanto, estas abordagens ainda lidam com representações atributo-valor. Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo que combina a expressividade obtida pela PLI com o desempenho de uma rede neural: A FOLONET (First Order Neural Network).

ONNIS-GI: uma rede neural oscilatória para segmentação de imagens implementada em arquitetura maciçamente paralela

A presente tese apresenta a concepção de uma rede neural oscilatória e sua realização em arquitetura maciçamente paralela, a qual é adequada à implementação de chips de visão digitais para segmentação de imagens. A rede proposta, em sua versão final, foi denominada ONNIS-GI (Oscillatory Neural Network for Image Segmentation with Global Inhibition) e foi inspirada em uma rede denominada LEGION (Locally Excitatory Globally Inhibitory Oscillator Network), também de concepção recente. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma introdução aos procedimentos de segmentação de imagens, cujo objetivo é o de situar e enfatizar a importância do tema abordado dentro de um contexto abrangente, o qual inclui aplicações de visão artificial em geral. Outro aspecto abordado diz respeito à utilização de redes neurais artificiais em segmentação de imagens, enfatizando as denominadas redes neurais oscilatórias, as quais têm apresentado resultados estimulantes nesta área. A implementação de chips de visão, integrando sensores de imagens e redes maciçamente paralelas de processadores, é também abordada no texto, ressaltando o objetivo prático da nova rede neural proposta. No estudo da rede LEGION, são apresentados resultados de aplicações originais desenvolvidas em segmentação de imagens, nos quais é verificada sua propriedade de separação temporal dos segmentos. A versão contínua da rede, um arranjo paralelo de neurônios baseados em equações diferenciais, apresenta elevada complexidade computacional para implementação em hardware digital e muitos parâmetros, com procedimento de ajuste pouco prático. Por outro lado, sua arquitetura maciçamente paralela apresenta-se particularmente adequada à implementação de chips de visão analógicos com capacidade de segmentação de imagens. Com base nos bons resultados obtidos nas aplicações desenvolvidas, é proposta uma nova rede neural, em duas versões, ONNIS e ONNIS-GI, as quais suplantam a rede LEGION em diversos aspectos relativos à implementação prática. A estrutura dos elementos de processamento das duas versões da rede, sua implementação em arquitetura maciçamente paralela e resultados de simulações e implementações em FPGA são apresentados, demonstrando a viabilidade da proposta. Como resultado final, conclui-se que a rede ONNIS-GI apresenta maior apelo de ordem prática, sendo uma abordagem inovadora e promissora na solução de problemas de segmentação de imagens, possuindo capacidade para separar temporalmente os segmentos encontrados e facilitando a posterior identificação dos mesmos. Sob o ponto de vista prático, a nova rede pode ser utilizada para implementar chips de visão digitais com arquitetura maciçamente paralela, explorando a velocidade de tais topologias e apresentando também flexibilidade para implementação de procedimentos de segmentação de imagens mais sofisticados.

Application of multivariable control using artificial neural networks in a debutanizer distillation column

LOPES, Jose Soares Batista et al. Application of multivariable control using artificial neural networks in a debutanizer distillation column.In: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - COBEM, 19, 5-9 nov. 2007, Brasilia. Anais... Brasilia, 2007

Controle preditivo neural aplicado à processos petroquímicos

A pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver uma estrutura de controle preditivo neural, com o intuito de controlar um processo de pH, caracterizado por ser um sistema SISO (Single Input - Single Output). O controle de pH é um processo de grande importância na indústria petroquímica, onde se deseja manter constante o nível de acidez de um produto ou neutralizar o afluente de uma planta de tratamento de fluidos. O processo de controle de pH exige robustez do sistema de controle, pois este processo pode ter ganho estático e dinâmica nãolineares. O controlador preditivo neural envolve duas outras teorias para o seu desenvolvimento, a primeira referente ao controle preditivo e a outra a redes neurais artificiais (RNA s). Este controlador pode ser dividido em dois blocos, um responsável pela identificação e outro pelo o cálculo do sinal de controle. Para realizar a identificação neural é utilizada uma RNA com arquitetura feedforward multicamadas com aprendizagem baseada na metodologia da Propagação Retroativa do Erro (Error Back Propagation). A partir de dados de entrada e saída da planta é iniciado o treinamento offline da rede. Dessa forma, os pesos sinápticos são ajustados e a rede está apta para representar o sistema com a máxima precisão possível. O modelo neural gerado é usado para predizer as saídas futuras do sistema, com isso o otimizador calcula uma série de ações de controle, através da minimização de uma função objetivo quadrática, fazendo com que a saída do processo siga um sinal de referência desejado. Foram desenvolvidos dois aplicativos, ambos na plataforma Builder C++, o primeiro realiza a identificação, via redes neurais e o segundo é responsável pelo controle do processo. As ferramentas aqui implementadas e aplicadas são genéricas, ambas permitem a aplicação da estrutura de controle a qualquer novo processo