Befolkningsförändringar : Ett hinder för landsbygdens utveckling

Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa vilken effekt befolkningsförändringarna inom landsbygdsregionerna har på den regionalpolitik som förs idag. Samt vilka de samhälleliga konsekvenserna blir. För att detta syfte ska uppfyllas krävdes det tre stycken frågor. Dessa frågor är: Vilka effekter får befolkningsförändringarna på glesbygdsregioners socioekonomiska förutsättningar? Vad säger forskningen om den landsbygdspolitik som förs idag? Vilka är det stora dragen inom landsbygdspolitiken efter inträdet i EU?The aim of this thesis is to show what effects population changes in rural areas may have on the regional policy which is used today and what are the consequences. In order to fulfil these aim three questions were posed: Which effects population changes have on the socio-economic conditions in sparsely populated areas? What does the research say about today rural politic? What are the main features within rural policy after Sweden joined the EU?

A Call to Arms

This month I’m using my column to issue a call to arms. No, it isn’t a call to arms for war, though it is going to be battle. It is a call to professional librarians who are interested in their jobs lasting more than a few more years. That sounds a bit hysterical but I don’t mean for it to. Yet is it hyperbolic? I don’t think so. We need to rethink, recast, redefine, and refresh our professional métier. I think the last twenty-four months make it imperative that we do so now

Public policies impacts on Latin American labor structures, preparing for integration

One of the Main Subjects to Be Discussed, in Order to Adjust Latin American Economies to a Regional Integration Network, as Imposed By Mercosul or Other Economic Common Markets, is Related to the Employment and Other Labor Markets Public Policies. the Question to Be Posed Is: Having in Mind the Characteristics of Different Labor Markets and Labor Forces, What are the Impacts of Governmental Measures Presented in the Diverse Economic Conditions of Those Countries. Having in Mind These Impacts, This Paper Aims to Examine the Requisites to Adjust the Labor Structure Standards of Latin American Countries and What Would Be the Reforms to Be Performed By These Countries in Order to Prepare These Markets and Labor Forces to Adapt to Regional Integration Networks Represented By Mercosul, Alca or Other Common Markets. There are Evaluated the Impacts of the Globalization Process, Economic Stabilization and Reform Policies Undertaken By Some Selected Latin American Countries Since the Eighties on the Labor Structure Standards, Considering the Specific Adjustment Measures to Cope With the Negative Effects of These Policies. Next, Some Cases of Europe Union (Eu) Countries Measures to Prepare to Integration is Examined, in Order to Provide Some Elements to Better Understand the Possibilities to Handle With the Extensive Changes in External Conditions. in Sequence Some Statistical Indicatives of the Impacts of These Measures on the Occupational Structuring are Analyzed For a Group of Selected Latin American and Eu Countries.

Desempenho profissional do psicólogo escolar: relação entre conhecimento da amplitude de suas funções e limites institucionais

Este estudo foi elaborado em função da necessidade de sistematização das múltiplas questões levantadas em torno da eficácia da Psicologia Escolar que, de certa forma, esvaziam e comprometem sua vital importância no contexto Educacional brasileiro. Para um maior aprofundamento na análise das questões referentes à atuação do Psicólogo Escolar, utilizou-se enfoque epistemológico referente à construção do "real", através dos "possíveis" e dos "necessários" em Educação. Foi realizada uma investigação de campo com trinta e três Psicólogos Escolares de escolas particulares com o objetivo de analisar suas funções, a fim de diagnosticar as limitações das mesmas e suas possíveis causas, bem como a amplitude de suas propostas de atuação. Foram levantadas hipóteses para uma melhor compreensão dos motivos que levariam o Psicólogo Escolar a desempenhar suas funções numa tendência mais institucional dentro do contexto educativo ou mais clínica. Os resultados revelam que 67% dos Psicólogos Escolares conhecem a amplitude de suas funções e procuram assumí-las plenamente apesar dos limites que a Instituição oferece, estando sua atuação, mais ligada aos aspectos institucionais. Foi, igualmente, feita uma análise dos motivos que levam os Diretores de escolas a contratar um Psicólogo Escolar, sendo utilizada uma amostra de trinta e quatro escolas, que possuem ou não Psicólogos Escolares. A partir desses resultados pode-se afirmar que quanto mais o Psicólogo Escolar conhecer e assumir a amplitude de suas funções, mais facilmente poderá romper com os limites e dificuldades da própria Instituição, uma vez que, através da análise das possibilidades e necessidades do contexto institucional, terá condições para viabilizar a construção de um "real" educativo. Na medida em que o Psicólogo Escolar assumir sua identidade profissional, abrirá novas perspectivas de trabalho e espaços dentro da própria instituição escolar.

Renda e gastos com educação de nível superior

O estudo em questão pretende verificar, o quão é inelástico o gasto com a educação de nível superior em relação à renda. Verificamos que os domicílios com maior renda há um gasto maior dos que os de menor renda. O que também foi verificado no Brasil é que, quanto maior a renda, maior é o gasto com educação de nível superior, porém esta correlação é inelástica, ou seja, com um aumento de 1,0% na renda mensal, acarreta 0,31% de aumento na despesa mensal com educação de nível superior. Quanto à proporção de gastos com educação na renda domiciliar, há evidências que com o aumento da renda em domicílios de certas Regiões Geográficas, há uma destinação de um percentual menor de sua renda para com os gastos em educação superior do que em outras regiões, conforme foi verificado. Isto leva a crer que em domicílios com um nível de renda maior, esta alteração de renda não influenciará tanto em sua decisão de investir mais em educação para ter um curso universitário de melhor qualidade de ensino. Pode-se observar que entre as regiões brasileiras, há diferenças que muitas vezes são oriundas da quantidade de moradores e diferenças educacionais, muitas vezes no próprio domicílio. Nos domicílios de maior renda, em um grande número de vezes, parte deste incremento de renda é alocada para outras atividades, pois isto não alterará em muito sua decisão relativa ao investimento no ensino superior. Foi verificado que isto ocorre nas Regiões Sudeste e Sul, pois nesses locais a renda é superior à média nacional e a quantidade de moradores por domicílio é relativamente menor. Observamos também que nestas regiões a relação de vagas por estudante é maior, corroborando que como são as regiões mais ricas, elas têm maior condição de investir na educação de nível superior.

O consumidor brasileiro de marcas de luxo : uma descrição e segmentação psicográfica por valores

O campo desta dissertação é o Marketing aplicado às marcas de luxo, descrevendo e segmentando os consumidores das marcas de luxo de vestuário e acessórios em seus traços psicográficos. A psicografia é utilizada para entender os mercados e avaliar em profundidade os segmentos (Blackwell, Miniard, Engel, 2005), indo além das usuais variáveis demográficas. A psicografia utiliza características subjetivas dos consumidores, tais como estilo de vida, personalidade, atitude, atividades, interesses, valores (Tomanari, 2003). Aqui se utilizou, como traços psicográficos, os valores do consumidor. Valores são propriedades humanas que dificilmente mudam, sendo influenciadores do comportamento. Ademais, são em algum grau compartilhados pelos indivíduos que pertencem a uma mesma cultura e variam de acordo com as especificidades culturais (Hemzo, Silva, 2009). Dessa forma, os traços psicográficos baseados em valores são menos universais e mais necessários estudá-los dentro de uma cultura em particular (a brasileira, nessa dissertação). No Brasil, o consumo das marcas de luxo, a partir da década de 2000, teve diversas causas. As condições econômicas e a inserção no mercado global facilitaram a compra de produtos importados. Todavia, o fenômeno do luxo difere nos seus mercados tradicionais (França e Itália). Isso leva a considerar que, nos mercados emergentes, o luxo passa por outras definições e simbologias, por vezes divergentes daquelas dos países de origem das marcas. Logo, uma segmentação baseada nos traços psicográficos dos consumidores pode auxiliar a gestão dessas marcas no Brasil, o que essa dissertação aborda.

Formação de agenda e formulação de uma política pública no Brasil: o caso do Fundo Social do Pré-Sal

Entender o processo que engendra o Fundo Social do Pré-Sal demanda compreender a nova regulação do petróleo, aprovada em 2010. Esta tese empreende análise da trajetória da regulação do petróleo no Brasil, partindo da aprovação da Lei do Petróleo (1997), e avalia como ideias e interesses interagem com instituições vigentes, ação política e condições econômicas, para gerar nova configuração setorial. Combinando visão abrangente do institucionalismo histórico aos métodos robustos do institucionalismo da escolha racional para determinação das preferências dos atores, este trabalho aponta para a determinação histórica das escolhas dos agentes. Em termos empíricos, mostra como as condições econômicas foram determinantes na permeabilidade da política econômica brasileira aos interesses representados pelas instituições multilaterais, esclarece a importância do volume de reservas de petróleo na determinação do novo marco regulatório; e aponta razão para a escalada de valor da Petrobras após 1997.

Biogás no estado de São Paulo: novo potencial em um mercado restringido

O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o aproveitamento de biogás de aterros como uma alternativa potencial à utilização de gás natural no Estado de São Paulo. O trabalho descreve a produção de biogás e os principais desafios para levar o produto final ao mercado. São descritos os benefícios, tanto econômicos e energéticos quanto ambientais, do aproveitamento de um recurso que é geralmente esquecido. O trabalho analisará o perfil da produção de biogás de aterros no Brasil e como a regulação interage com uma indústria que em grande parte é nova. O trabalho propõe umas ideias a respeito de fontes de verbas para novos projetos, além de analisar algumas experiências internacionais. Utilizando teoria econômica, o trabalho tentará mostrar como esta fonte de energia poderia ser introduzida no mercado, mesmo sob condições econômicas desafiadoras.

The challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil: an exploratory study

The auditing role in the contemporaneous business environment, and increasing interest in and demand for governance and transparency, has become an element even more important to the society, as a whole, in order to build solid basis to the development of businesses and generation of wealth through technical knowledge, independence, transparency, credibility, and ethics. Nevertheless, the external financial audit industry in the world and also particularly in Brazil has faced several challenges which threaten its success and evolution. In this sense, since the external audit industry in Brazil has been immersed in a deep crisis with features that are explored through this study, allow me to create an analogy over this study saying that the external financial audit industry is like a sick person with a chronic disease, but the disease has not yet been diagnosed and the person has been dealing with the isolated symptoms. This person, the external audit industry, has struggled with this disease for many years and it is getting worse. It is fundamental to highlight that the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil, ultimately, have not harmed the industry only, but they also materialize themselves as chronic issues for the corporate governance and the capital markets since they harm every interested party. In my point of view, the hardest affected are the investors or shareholders whose interest the independent auditor’s work seeks to preserve. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to have a picture of the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil and understand those challenges as a requirement to analyze the potential alternatives to solve them or, analogically, to diagnose this disease. The research purpose is to map and identify the challenges faced by the external audit industry in Brazil based on the understanding of professionals seasoned in the area. Those challenges are mapped and understood through a methodological approach, a questionnaire answered by auditors with experience in the Brazilian auditing market. The challenges were preliminarily listed based on over 16 years of experience of the author in the area of auditing and financial and accounting services, discussions and interviews about the topic with seasoned professionals, and analyses of pieces of news, publications and academic studies. The questionnaire was used in order to validate the challenges, observations, perspectives, and perceptions gathered through those resources. Despite of the fact that the study is highly relevant, it was not found, through my research, other analyses on this topic with a similar approach which is intended by this study. It looks like the external audit industry in Brazil has walked through these new age dealing with problems on a daily basis and the real challenges of the industry may be concealed by the economic conditions in Brazil and other explanations. As in any problematic scenario, in which a critical analysis is needed, having an accurate picture and understanding of the challenges is a crucial step to start exploring alternatives to address them.

Why has productivity growth stagnated in most Latin American countries since the neo-liberal reforms?

Latin America’s economic performance since the beginning of neo-liberal reforms has been poor; this not only contrasts with its own performance pre-1980, but also with what has happened in Asia since 1980. I shall argue that the weakness of the region’s new paradigm is rooted as much in its intrinsic flaws as in the particular way it has been implemented. Latin America’s economic reforms were undertaken primarily as a result of the perceived economic weaknesses of the region — i.e., there was an attitude of ‘throwing in the towel’ vis-à-vis the previous state-led import substituting industrialisation strategy, because most politicians and economists interpreted the 1982 debt crisis as conclusive evidence that it had led the region into a cul-de-sac. As Hirschman has argued, policymaking has a strong component of ‘path-dependency’; as a result, people often stick with policies after they have achieved their aims, and those policies have become counterproductive. This leads to such frustration and disappointment with existing policies and institutions that is not uncommon to experience a ‘rebound effect’. An extreme example of this phenomenon is post-1982 Latin America, where the core of the discourse of the economic reforms that followed ended up simply emphasising the need to reverse as many aspects of the previous development (and political) strategies as possible. This helps to explain the peculiar set of priorities, the rigidity and the messianic attitude with which the reforms were implemented in Latin America, as well as their poor outcome. Something very different happened in Asia, where economic reforms were often intended (rightly or wrongly) as a more targeted and pragmatic mechanism to overcome specific economic and financial constraints. Instead of implementing reforms as a mechanism to reverse existing industrialisation strategies, in Asia they were put into practice in order to continue and strengthen ambitious processes of industrialisation.

Estudo epidemiológico das parasitoses oculares na população de escolares da cidade de Natal-RN, Brasil

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Ocular Toxocariasis, Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN), Toxoplasma gondii infection and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in a student population in Natal-RN/Brazil and relate it to demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. The incidence of DUSN was observed in patients at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Ophthalmology Service and the Prontoclinica de Olhos Ophthalmology clinic in Natal. In cases where a worm was found in the subretinal space, the result of treatment with photocoagulation using Green Laser (Eye Light ALCON) was evaluated in relation to final visual result. The sample was randomly selected among the schools of the four districts of Natal, according to the type of institution (public or private), its level (elementary or secondary), and study period (morning, afternoon or evening). The school population was studied from March to May, 2001. Initially, the students answered a questionnaire to evaluate demographic, epidemiologic and socio-economic risk factors. Afterwards, the following procedures were carried out: blood samples were taken for Toxoplasmosis (IgG, IgM) serology, hemogram, ophthalmological examination, consisting of clinical history, measurement of visual acuity, refraction under cycloplegia, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and annexa, funduscopy and examination of extrinsic motility. The prevalence of Toxocariasis was 0.2% or 2 per one thousand students. The sample was insufficient to estimate the prevalence of DUSN. Seventy patients with DUSN diagnosis were examined from January, 2001 to January, 2003. A live worm was found in the subretinal space of all four patients in the acute phase, and these were treated with laser photocoagulation. After follow-up (average = 11.5 months), visual acuity improved in three eyes and remained unaltered in one eye. Worms were found in 22 of the 66 patients in the chronic phase, and these also were treated with laser photocoagulation. After a follow-up period of 13.1 months, on average, visual acuity improved in two of the patients, remained unchanged in 19 and worsened in one. The comparison of visual result before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p = 0.302). The diagnosis of DUSN in the acute phase, followed by prompt localization and destruction of the worm by photocoagulation, can improve the patient s vision. However, destruction of the worm by laser photocoagulation in eyes with DUSN in the chronic phase does not improve visual acuity. Seroprevalence for IgG was 46% (Confidence Interval CI 95%-42.9-49.2%) and for IgM it was 1.4% (CI 95% = 0.8-2.4%). The prevalence of ocular lesion was 1.15% (CI 95% = 0.6 - 2.0%). Socio-economic conditions were determinants in the prevalence of Systemic and Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the bivaried analysis and confirmed in the multivaried analysis (mother s scholarity illiterate/ OR = 2.9 and p < 0.001). The T. gondii infection prevalence, although high, was less than that found in studies performed in the South and Southeast of Brazil and that of Ocular Toxoplasmosis was completely discrepant, varying from 5 to 17 times less. Although important epidemiological variables such as owning a cat, drinking unfiltered water, and coming into contact with rivers or lakes showed an association in the preliminary analysis, they lost their influence when included in the logistic model. Future studies are scheduled to begin in March, 2004, in collaboration with other Brazilian and American universities in an attempt to discover the reason for these findings, as well as identifying the different strains of Toxoplasma gondii, and studying the sources of water utilized by the population of Natal Brazil

Cartografia da percepção de mês e profissionais sobre a atenção a saúde de crianças/adolescentes soropositivos no município de Natal

This study had as objective to identify to the perception of mothers and professionals of health on the attention to the health of HIV-Positive children/adolescents in the city of Natal-RN. It is a descriptive-exploratory study with quantitative and qualitative approach, carried through in the Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and in the State and Municipal Health Councils in Natal - RN, from march to december of 2005. The sample was composed by 56 participants, 33 mothers of children who use specialized assistance and 23 professionals. Data collection occurred with the application of a half-structuralized interview. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative data were submitted to content analysis. Prevailing categories in relation to the cartography of the attention to seropositive children and adolescents in Natal were: Organization and dynamics of the attention; Institutional management and human development; Control and prevention; other contexts of attention; relationship/communication team-patient and organization and functioning of the services. The profile epidemiologist of the children, adolescents and of the people/mothers, who take care of them with HIV/Aids, followed the evolution of the epidemic in the country and the world. It was verified that mothers need care and information; however they make a positive evaluation of the attendance they receive. It was also observed many gaps in the services of assistance, in which the researched group was attended, beyond imperfections in the communication between health professionals and users. The professionals recognize the advances that the politics represent for the assistance of people with Aids; however feel themselves limited by the precariousness of the system and the partner-economic conditions of the people. According to these data, it can be verified great challenges to go through in the context of integrality of the assistance to HIV positive children and adolescents in the city of Natal and in the improvement of the communication in the institution of reference

Aleitamento e infecções por parasitas intestinais em gestantes adolescentes e seus filhos

The exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life practice is essential for the health and development of children. Studies show there is in human milk protective antibodies against intestinal parasites and a relationship between the absence of breastfeeding or weaning and parasitic infections. This work was a prospective cohort study involving 34 pregnant adolescents attended school in Maternity Januario Cicco / RN and their children, to assess the influence of breastfeeding on intestinal parasites in them. Thus, the parasitic infection was investigated by examination of feces parasitological and environmental factors by use of questionnaires. The average age of the mothers studied was 16.2 years. Of these 76.4% were infected and the most prevalent species of parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (76.9%), Giardia lamblia (19.2%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (11.5%). The infected children had an average age of 5.1 months and the frequency of parasites was 61.7%. The infection was earlier detecctada with 45 days of life. The most common parasites were Giardia lamblia (40%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (35%), Ascaris lumbricoides (5%) and Ancylostoma (5%). The average length of exclusive breastfeeding was 2.2 months. There was an association between increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding and increased time to detection of parasites in the feces of children. There was no statistically significant correlation between the socio-economic conditions and cultural and breastfeeding. The data reinforce the importance of breastfeeding to protect the children in its first year of life

Habitus e territorialidade na composição da dinâmica imobiliária em Natal/RN

Many have sought to understand the spatial processes, which originate from land development and real estate dynamics, seeking also to build new categories of analysis to put some light on the less evident aspects of this process. The discussion about production of space has been adopted in this study, but has proved insufficient to explain this complex urban reality. Here, it is analysed the ways that, in Natal, the market fosters the material basis for capital accumulation. The research had as methodological basis, the analysis of discourse, having full interviews with institutional agents as background. It aimed at understanding the complex, material configuration in urban space. It thus investigates the theory of practices of existing (private and public) agents towards the real estate market, using several concepts, like production of space (Lefèbvre and Harvey); habitus (Bourdieu); spatial fix (Harvey); and territoriality (Haesbaert). Evidence shows that there has been a process of ‗naturalization of certain practices in the market that has had implications for the production of an urban space that is both segmented and segregated, giving rise also to complex material configurations, including different forms of heterotopies (Foucault). These spaces result from capital s own creative dynamics and of the reach for social realization for different groups of people making a living under different economic conditions of income.

Estudo de técnicas para o tratamento alternativo de efluentes oleosos oriundos da industrialização da castanha de caju

An evaluation project was conducted on the technique of treatment for effluent oil which is the deriving process to improve cashews. During the evaluation the following techniques were developed: advanced processes of humid oxidation, oxidative processes, processes of biological treatment and processes of adsorption. The assays had been carried through in kinetic models, with an evaluation of the quality of the process by means of determining the chemical demand of oxygen (defined as a technique of control by means of comparative study between the available techniques). The results demonstrated that the natural biodegradation of the effluent ones is limited, as result using the present natural flora in the effluent one revealed impracticable for an application in the industrial systems, independent of the evaluation environment (with or without the oxygen presence). The job of specific microorganisms for the oily composite degradation developed the viability technique of this route, the acceptable levels of inclusion in effluent system of treatment of the improvement of the cashew being highly good with reasonable levels of removal of CDO. However, the use combined with other techniques of daily pay-treatment for these effluent ones revealed to still be more efficient for the context of the treatment of effluent and discarding in receiving bodies in acceptable standards for resolution CONAMA 357/2005. While the significant generation of solid residues the process of adsorption with agroindustrial residues (in special the chitosan) is a technical viable alternative, however, when applied only for the treatment of the effluent ones for discarding in bodies of water, the economic viability is harmed and minimized ambient profits. Though, it was proven that if used for ends of I reuse, the viability is equalized and justifies the investments. There was a study of the photochemistry process which have are applicable to the treatment of the effluent ones, having resulted more satisfactory than those gotten for the UV-Peroxide techniques. There was different result on the one waited for the use of catalyses used in the process of Photo. The catalyses contained the mixing oxide base of Cerium and Manganese, incorporated of Potassium promoters this had presented the best results in the decomposition of the involved pollutants. Having itself an agreed form the gotten photochemistry daily paytreatment resulted, then after disinfection with chlorine the characteristics next the portability to the water were guarantee. The job of the humid oxidation presented significant results in the removal of pollutants; however, its high cost alone is made possible for job in projects of reuses, areas of low scarcity and of raised costs with the capitation/acquisition of the water, in special, for use for industrial and potable use. The route with better economic conditions and techniques for the job in the treatment of the effluent ones of the improvement of the cashew possesses the sequence to follow: conventional process of separation water-oil, photochemistry process and finally, the complementary biological treatment