999 resultados para Agregação de Receptores


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Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

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Resumo: O corpo carotídeo gera o quimiorreflexo à hipoxia, tendo por objectivo principal a homeostase dos gases do sangue. Esta tese testou a hipótese da função destes quimiossensores não se deteriorar ao longo da idade. In vivo, em ratos anestesiados, foram estudados os efeitos da idade nas respostas cardiorespiratórias a dois tipos de estímulos diferentes: a isquemia carotídea e a manipulação farmacológica de dois neurotransmissores com efeitos opostos nos quimiorreceptores, a adenosina e a dopamina. O modelo de isquemia carotídea corresponde à oclusão bilateral da artéria carótida comum, durante períodos de 5 a 15 s, o que determina um efeito excitatório na ventilação que é abolido pela secção bilateral dos nervos do seio carotídeo. No estudo farmacológico foram analisadas as respostas cardio-respiratórias à adenosina e à dopamina exógenas na presença e na ausência de antagonistas selectivos para os receptores A2A e D2, respectivamente. In vitro, no corpo carotídeo, foi quantificado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de oxigénio no conteúdo do segundo mensageiro comum à activação dos receptores A2A e D2, o cAMP. Em conjunto, estes resultados demonstraram que no rato o controlo da ventilação pelo corpo carotídeo se mantém inalterado ao longo da idade.--------------------- ABSTRACT: The carotid body initiates reflexes aimed principally at the homeostatic maintenance of blood gas tensions. This thesis tested the hypothesis of the function of these quimiossensores not deteriorate through age. In vivo, in anesthetized rats, we studied the effects of age on cardiorespiratory responses to two different types of stimuli: carotid ischemia and pharmacological manipulation of neurotransmitters with two opposite effects on chemoreceptors, adenosine and dopamine. The model of carotid ischemia corresponded to bilateral occlusion of common carotid artery, during periods of 5 to 15 s, which determines an excitatory effect on ventilation that is abolished by bilateral section of carotid sinus nerve. The pharmacological study analyzed the cardiorespiratory responses to exogenous adenosine and dopamine in the presence and absence of selective antagonists for the A2A and D2 receptors, respectively. In vitro, at the carotid body, it was quantified the effect of different concentrations of oxygen in the content of the common second messenger for the activation of A2A and D2 receptors, the cAMP. Together, these results showed that in rats the control of ventilation by carotid body remains unchanged through age.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

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pp. 257-262

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All over the world, the liberalization of electricity markets, which follows different paradigms, has created new challenges for those involved in this sector. In order to respond to these challenges, electric power systems suffered a significant restructuring in its mode of operation and planning. This restructuring resulted in a considerable increase of the electric sector competitiveness. Particularly, the Ancillary Services (AS) market has been target of constant renovations in its operation mode as it is a targeted market for the trading of services, which have as main objective to ensure the operation of electric power systems with appropriate levels of stability, safety, quality, equity and competitiveness. In this way, with the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources including distributed generation, demand response, storage units and electric vehicles, it is essential to develop new smarter and hierarchical methods of operation of electric power systems. As these resources are mostly connected to the distribution network, it is important to consider the introduction of this kind of resources in AS delivery in order to achieve greater reliability and cost efficiency of electrical power systems operation. The main contribution of this work is the design and development of mechanisms and methodologies of AS market and for energy and AS joint market, considering different management entities of transmission and distribution networks. Several models developed in this work consider the most common AS in the liberalized market environment: Regulation Down; Regulation Up; Spinning Reserve and Non-Spinning Reserve. The presented models consider different rules and ways of operation, such as the division of market by network areas, which allows the congestion management of interconnections between areas; or the ancillary service cascading process, which allows the replacement of AS of superior quality by lower quality of AS, ensuring a better economic performance of the market. A major contribution of this work is the development an innovative methodology of market clearing process to be used in the energy and AS joint market, able to ensure viable and feasible solutions in markets, where there are technical constraints in the transmission network involving its division into areas or regions. The proposed method is based on the determination of Bialek topological factors and considers the contribution of the dispatch for all services of increase of generation (energy, Regulation Up, Spinning and Non-Spinning reserves) in network congestion. The use of Bialek factors in each iteration of the proposed methodology allows limiting the bids in the market while ensuring that the solution is feasible in any context of system operation. Another important contribution of this work is the model of the contribution of distributed energy resources in the ancillary services. In this way, a Virtual Power Player (VPP) is considered in order to aggregate, manage and interact with distributed energy resources. The VPP manages all the agents aggregated, being able to supply AS to the system operator, with the main purpose of participation in electricity market. In order to ensure their participation in the AS, the VPP should have a set of contracts with the agents that include a set of diversified and adapted rules to each kind of distributed resource. All methodologies developed and implemented in this work have been integrated into the MASCEM simulator, which is a simulator based on a multi-agent system that allows to study complex operation of electricity markets. In this way, the developed methodologies allow the simulator to cover more operation contexts of the present and future of the electricity market. In this way, this dissertation offers a huge contribution to the AS market simulation, based on models and mechanisms currently used in several real markets, as well as the introduction of innovative methodologies of market clearing process on the energy and AS joint market. This dissertation presents five case studies; each one consists of multiple scenarios. The first case study illustrates the application of AS market simulation considering several bids of market players. The energy and ancillary services joint market simulation is exposed in the second case study. In the third case study it is developed a comparison between the simulation of the joint market methodology, in which the player bids to the ancillary services is considered by network areas and a reference methodology. The fourth case study presents the simulation of joint market methodology based on Bialek topological distribution factors applied to transmission network with 7 buses managed by a TSO. The last case study presents a joint market model simulation which considers the aggregation of small players to a VPP, as well as complex contracts related to these entities. The case study comprises a distribution network with 33 buses managed by VPP, which comprises several kinds of distributed resources, such as photovoltaic, CHP, fuel cells, wind turbines, biomass, small hydro, municipal solid waste, demand response, and storage units.

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There is a body of evidence that supports the important role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in atherosclerotic disease and in the cardiovascular disease continuum: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular occlusion. In the earlier stages of vascular disease, the RAS promotes functional changes, of which endothelial dysfunction is the best example. The deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima, their oxidative modification and the onset and amplification of the inflammatory response strengthens the atherogenic role of the RAS. Inflammatory cells are one of the main sources of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the vascular wall, in a process that leads to structural changes in the artery and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Ang II promotes the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and their phenotypic differentiation in synthesis that accelerates vascular disease. By modulating the inflammatory response and, in general, all the elements of the plaque, Ang II plays a part in its instability, in the onset of acute events and in the promotion of the local prothrombotic state that leads to infarction.

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Filosofia-Estética

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Os autores descrevem o caso clínico de uma doente que se encontrava sob dupla antiagregação plaquetária com hemotórax traumático maciço e choque hemorrágico, no Serviço de Urgência do nosso hospital. Foi submetida a uma toracotomia de emergência, durante a qual se verificou instabilidade hemodinâmica grave. No pós-operatório, observou-se boa evolução clínica com alta para o domicílio.

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A Nocardia é responsável por diversos tipos de infecção quer em receptores imunocompetentes, quer imunocomprometidos e pode afectar qualquer órgão. A endocardite a Nocardia spp é muito rara e tem mau prognóstico. Segundo o nosso conhecimento e após revisão da literatura, foram reportados apenas 12 casos de endocardite a Nocardia, a maioria tratada com substituição valvular. Reportamos o primeiro caso descrito em Portugal de endocardite protésica a Nocardia, tratado com sucesso apenas com terapêutica antimicrobiana (trimetoprimsulfametoxazol), sem necessidade de substituição valvular.

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Introdução: O tratamento das Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (SCA) sofreu várias alterações muito rápidas nos últimos anos, traduzido nas múltiplas propostas de recomendações pelo ACC/AHA/ESC, baseados na evidência clínica. Avaliamos a implementação destas recomendações, comparando uma população de doentes de 2002, com uma população de 2005. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 368 doentes admitidos em 2002 e 420 doentes admitidos em 2005 por SCA (com e sem elevação do segmento ST). Analisaram-se características clínicas e estratégias de tratamento. Resultados: Não se verificaram diferenças em termos de idade, sexo masculino, factores de risco para doença coronária ou história prévia de revascularização miocárdica. Verificou-se uma redução de doentes com antecedentes de enfarte do miocárdico e insuficiência renal e aumento da apresentação como enfarte com elevação do segmento ST. O tratamento com clopidogrel (6% versus 87%), bloqueador-beta(54% versus 79%), inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (72% versus 84%) e estatinas (78% versus 91%) aumentou (para todos p<0,001). Por outro lado, verificou-se um pequeno decréscimo na utilização de ácido acetilsalicílico (98% versus 95%, p=0,039) (com maior utilização de clopidogrel) e a ticlopidina deixou de ser utilizada (46% versus 0%, p<0,001). Os antagonistas dos receptores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa não se alteraram significativamente (66% versus 67%, p=NS). Aumentaram as intervenções coronárias percutâneas (53% versus 67%, p<0,001). Não se verificou diferença em termos de mortalidade hospitalar (8,2% versus 6,4%) e aos 30 dias (9,0% versus. 8,6%), com redução ao 1ºano de seguimento (17,1% versus 11,7%, p=0,039). As estatinas e os bloqueadores beta são preditores independentes de mortalidade, com efeito de protecção. Conclusões: Entre 2002 e 2005, o tratamento das SCA melhorou significativamente de acordo com as recomendações existentes, traduzindo-se numa melhoria da mortalidade ao 1º ano de seguimento.

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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent placement is widely used to achieve myocardial revascularization in patients with symptomatic ischemic heart disease and significant coronary artery stenosis. Drug-eluting stents are used in most patients undergoing percutaneous angioplasty. Stent thrombosis is an uncommon but serious complication, manifested mostly by sudden death or acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The authors report the case of a 68-year-old patient with acute anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Five years previously, she had had a similar presentation and underwent primary angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery with implantation of a drug-eluting stent. The patient was discharged under antithrombotic therapy. She discontinued antiplatelet therapy and two days later suffered an acute anterior myocardial infarction. Primary angioplasty revealed stent thrombosis.

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos

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A canábis tem sido utilizada como droga de abuso. As suas consequências são parcialmente compreendidas (ex. dependência, esquizofrenia, patologia das vias aéreas e infertilidade masculina). Na década de 90, foi iniciada a investigação sobre o seu potencial terapêutico. O sistema endocanabinóide foi descoberto e foram identificados recetores específicos: CB1, CB2, TRP e recetores atípicos. A investigação em animais e em humanos, mostra que os canabinóides sintéticos poderão ser muito úteis na terapêutica da dor aguda e da dor crónica.