华北典型旱地土壤氮素周转与主要微生物过程研究

微生物介导的氮素矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用等，在土壤氮素循环中起着重要作用。微生物群落作为基本功能单位决定着这些微生物过程的进程，因此，土壤微生物多样性研究是土壤氮素循环研究领域中一个至关重要的内容。作为重要的农业管理方式，施肥和灌溉对土壤微生物群落及其功能有着重要影响。本论文以山西运城“中澳粮食主产区水肥优化管理试验区”小麦-玉米轮作农田为试验地点，研究了传统和优化两种水肥管理方式下的土壤总矿化速率、总硝化速率、微生物量碳的变化，以及土壤细菌群落结构变化，并获得以下主要结果： （1）不同水肥管理方式下共计四个处理：传统施氮肥区（A-UN）、传统不施氮肥区（A-NN）、优化施氮肥区（B-UN）和优化不施肥区（B-NN）。传统水肥管理区的灌溉方式为漫灌，冬小麦生长期土壤施氮肥量为85.0kgN/ha，玉米生长期施氮肥量210kgN/ha。优化水肥管理区的灌溉方式为喷灌，冬小麦生长期土壤施氮肥量为120kgN/ha，玉米生长期施氮肥量为120kgN/ha。土壤样品采集时间分别为3月份冬小麦土壤施肥前和施肥后、5月份冬小麦孕穗期、6月份冬小麦收获期、7月份玉米抽雄期和9月份玉米收获期。 （2）在冬小麦生长期，无机氮肥的施入明显改变了优化水肥管理区土壤细菌群落结构，但未发现对传统水肥管理区土壤细菌群落结构的明显影响。在玉米生长期，无机氮肥的施入对两种水肥管理区土壤细菌群落结构影响均较小。在所有处理中，细菌群落结构有着明显的季节变化性，不同季节之间细菌群落结构变化较大。 （3）优化施氮肥处理中（B-UN）存在着丰富的氨氧化细菌，该土壤中的氨氧化细菌属于Nitrosospira，且都归于Nitrosospira cluster3。优化施氮肥处理中（B-UN）也存在着氨氧化古菌，但氨氧化古菌的类群比较单一，存在着一个绝对优势类群，测序结果表明此氨氧化古菌属于泉古菌门。在两个不同时期（3月和5月），氨氧化细菌的群落结构发生了较大变化，而氨氧化古菌的群落结构变化则很小。 （4）7月总矿化速率大于9月。氮肥的施入对矿化速率有激发效应，氮肥施入量越大，土壤氮素的总矿化速率越大。7月份土壤总矿化速率的大小顺序为传统施氮肥处理（A-UN）>优化施氮肥处理（B-UN）>优化不施肥处理（B-NN），速率介于2.59mgN/Kg干土.d-1与12.6 mgN/Kg干土. d-1之间。9月份土壤总矿化速率介于1.84 mgN/Kg干土.d-1 与2.28 mgN/Kg.d-1之间。土壤NH4+-N消耗速率与矿化速率极其显著正相关（R=0.914，p<0.001），与总硝化速率显著正相关（R=0.496，p<0.05），与NH4+-N浓度极其显著负相关（R=-0.803，p<0.001）。 （5）玉米田土壤总硝化速率一直处于非常低的水平，总硝化速率介于0.016 mgN/Kg干土.d-1-0.22 mgN/Kg干土.d-1之间。以7月优化施肥处理（B-UN）最高，为0.22 mgN/Kg干土.d-1。土壤NO3- N消耗速率与土壤NO3- N浓度极其显著正相关（R=0.845，p<0.001）。土壤硝化潜势远大于土壤总硝化速率，土壤硝化潜势介于52.47 mgN/Kg干土.d-1-80.87 mgN/Kg干土.d-1之间。 （6）土壤微生物量碳有着季节变化性，7月份土壤微生物量碳大于9月份土壤微生物量碳。施无机氮肥使传统水肥区土壤微生物量碳迅速降低，降低幅度为28.7%，但对优化水肥区微生物量碳没有影响。无机氮肥的施入使土壤微生物量碳趋向降低，降低幅度为26%左右，至9月份，施肥区土壤微生物量碳（A-UN和B-UN）小于不施肥区(A-UN和B-NN)，且优化水肥管理微生物量碳大于传统水肥管理微生物量碳，这表明传统水肥管理不利于土壤微生物量碳的积累。

吗啡给药及戒断期间大鼠眶额叶脑区功能活动特征户外环境下自由活动猕猴顶叶及海马神经元单位放电的胞外记录方法

已有的研究表明，眶额叶在解剖上与现在已知的药物滥用相关的脑区是紧密联系在一起的。例如，眶额叶在药物滥用和强迫性重复行为中起作用，且随着脑成像技术的应用，越来越多的证据表明眶额叶参与了药物滥用。但是我们并不了解在阿片给药和戒断期间眶额叶脑区活动是如何变化的。因此，我们在实验中采用了Mn2+增强的核磁共振成像（Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance　imaging，MEMRI，4.7T）技术和脑电（EEG）记录的方法，以研究大鼠眶额叶在给与阿片类药物（盐酸吗啡）以及戒断过程中的动态变化。 MEMRI是一种近年才发展起来的新型技术。研究表明，Mn2+是Ca2+的类似物，可以通过Ca2+通道进入兴奋性的神经元里面并结合到胞内的蛋白质和核酸上的Ca2+和Mg2+结合位点上 (MILDVAN and COHN, 1963; EISINGER et al., 1965)。另外，Mn2+的顺磁性也为它成为核磁共振成像的造影剂提供了前提条件。可是成功应用MEMRI的前提就是要在适当的时间把合适剂量的Mn2+传递到靶点上。因此，Mn2+在注射到靶点后，是否能够在有效的时间内反映大脑活动的变化就成为一个非常重要并且在技术上较为棘手的问题。在给实验大鼠脑区微量注射Mn2+（80mMol/L，200nl）的同时，通过微量注射兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸（Glu 0.5mM/L）或抑制性递质γ-aminobutyric acid（GABA 0.5M/L）以改变靶点神经元兴奋性的方法，检测Mn2+能否反映脑区的活动变化。另外，我们随机选取实验动物，分别在注射Mn2+ 3小时、5小时和8小时后对三组大鼠（n=5）进行10％福尔马林灌流，并且通过观察大鼠眶额叶脑区Mn2+强度的变化来研究最佳的灌流时间。我们的实验结果表明，Mn2++Glu组的右侧脑区/左侧脑区的Mn2+亮度比Mn2+空白对照组增加了20％（p=0.016, student t-test, *p <0.05），也远大于Mn2++GABA组（p=0.047, *p<0.05）。结果表明，当神经元被兴奋的时候，较多的Mn2+可以通过Ca2+通道进入兴奋的神经元内，使得Mn2+的成像亮度增加。由于Mn2+成像亮度的增加可以反映神经元的兴奋活动，因此可以显示出靶点区的脑活动。另外，在研究灌流时间对Mn2+亮度影响的实验中发现，注射Mn2+ 5小时后灌流得到的信噪比分别比注射Mn2+3小时（p＝0.055）和8小时（p=0.004，*p<0.05）高出24％和32％。总之，我们采用微量注射Mn2+（80mM/L,200nl）后5小时用10%福尔马林心脏灌流的方法获得了较好的结果。另外在试验中我们首先观测了大鼠吗啡戒断后的行为学指标和检测大鼠戒断后条件化位置偏好的程度。实验结果表明大鼠可以建立非常明显的条件化位置偏好，但在湿狗抖等行为学指标上无明显症状。这说明大鼠对于吗啡(10mg/kg, 一天两次，持续12天)形成了明显的心理依赖而无明显的生理依赖。此外，MEMRI的结果表明，在吗啡给药的第1天和第6天，大鼠眶额叶的Mn2+强度与空白对照组相比有显著的降低( one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc Dunnett’s C Tests), F (6,28)=7.242, P<0.001)；而在戒断第3天又恢复到正常水平，在戒断第5天和第7天Mn2+强度跟空白对照组相比没有显著性差别(one-way ANOVA, *p<0.05)。脑电（EEG）的结果表明，急性吗啡诱导的gamma波段的EEG显著降低(Two-way ANOVA, F(1,10)=13.626,p=0.006)。然而在戒断第1天gamma波段的EEG与空白对照组相比是增加的。在戒断第3天和戒断第5天，gamma波段的EEG与空白对照组相比也有显著性增强。以上研究结果表明：大鼠眶额叶脑区的动态变化与整个吗啡给药和戒断过程是密切相关的；此外，MEMRI在探讨药物滥用以及成瘾等机制上有很大的应用前景。

Improved amplified spontaneous emission by doping of green fluorescent dye C545T in red fluorescent dye DCJTB : PS polymer films

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) characteristics of a red fluorescent dye, 4-(dicy-anomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB), and a green fluorescent dye, (10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-[1] benzopyrano [6,7,8-ij]quinohzin-11-one) (C545T) codoped polystyrene (PS) as the active medium were studied. It was found that the performance of ASE is greatly improved due to the introduction of C545T. By optimizing the concentrations of C545T and DCJTB in PS, an ASE threshold of 0.016 mJ pulse(-1), net gain of 52.71 cm(-1), and loss of 11.7 cm(-1) were obtained. The efficient Forster energy transfer from C545T to DCJTB was used to explain the improvement of the ASE performance in the coguest system.

SYNTHESES OF METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL DERIVATIVES OF LANTHANIDES (LN = LA-ND) AND CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES OF [(THF)2LI(MU-CL)2]2[MECPND(THF)] AND [LI(DME)3][MECPLA(NPH2)3]

The reaction of LnCl3.2LiCl with 1 equiv of MeCpNa in THF gives the complexes [(THF)2Li(mu-Cl)2]2[MeCpLn(THF)] (Ln = Nd (1), La (2)) in good yield. These precursors react further with 2 equiv of LiNPh2 to produce the new complexes [Li(DME)3][MeCpLn(NPh2)3] (Ln = La (3), Pr (4), Nd (5)). They have been characterized by elemental analyses and IR and NMR spectra, as well as by structural analyses of 1 and 3. The chloride 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with a = 12.130 (5) angstrom, b = 17.343 (5) angstrom, c = 17.016 (5) angstrom, beta = 108.54 (3)-degrees, V = 3393.87 angstrom3, Z = 4, and D(c) = 1.45 g/cm3. Least-squares refinement led to a final R value of 0.051 (I greater-than-or-equal-to 3-sigma(I(o))) for 2004 independent reflections. Complex 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c (No. 14) with a = 18.335 (6) angstrom, b = 16.576 (5) angstrom, c = 17.461 (6) angstrom, beta = 96.04 (3)-degrees, V = 5277.17 angstrom3, D(c) = 1.26 g/cm3, Z = 4, and R = 0.057 (I greater-than-or-equal-to 2.5-sigma(I(o))) for 3378 reflections. The structure of 3 consists of discrete ion pairs [Li(DME)3]+ and [MeCpLa(NPh2)3]- with average La-N and La-C(ring) distances of 2.459 (8) and 2.84 (1) angstrom, respectively.

从胶州湾海洋放线菌中发现的新型星形孢菌素等7种新结构化合物

本课题组自1999年以来，将培养条件优化、生物活性跟踪及化学跟踪技术应用到胶州湾海洋放线菌的次级代谢产物研究中，发现了一批具有生物活性的新结构化合物。 本研究从青岛胶州湾分离出各类海洋微生物423株，包括海洋放线菌287株，海洋细菌116株，海洋真菌20株，对胶州湾海洋微生物的资源和分布规律有了基本的认识。对其中海洋放线菌的次级代谢产物进行了活性和化学筛选，获得了它们对八种病原微生物的抑制活性数据。发现胶州湾海洋放线菌对至少一种受试微生物具有中等以上拮抗能力的比例为50%。 从三株海洋放线菌的发酵粗提物中鉴定出7个新结构化合物和31个已知化合物。具体是：①从菌株M518中鉴定出21个化合物，包括3个新结构天然化合物：N-Foramidostaurosporine，5,7-Dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-azocin-2-one，Selina-4(14),7(11)-diene-8,9-diol和1个新结构衍生物Trimer 3。其中化合物5,7-Dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-azocin-2-one为新骨架类型的天然化合物。② 从菌株M491 中鉴定出10个化合物，包括3个新结构化合物10α-14-Dihydroxyamorph-4-en-3-one，10α,11-Dihydroxyamorph-4-ene，5α,10α,11-Triydroxyamorphan-3-one； 并首次从微生物中分离得到已知化合物10α-Hydroxyamorph-4-en-3-one；③从菌株M311中鉴定出7个已知化合物。 发现天然化合物5,7-Dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-azocin-2-one很容易发生重排反应，分离出了两个重排反应产物，并得出该化合物可能的重排反应过程及三聚体形成的方式。 生物活性实验结果表明新型星形孢菌素N-Formamidostaurosporine具有很强的抗肿瘤活性：对于37株人类肿瘤细胞的平均IC50，IC70和IC90分别为0.016µg/ml，0.171µg/ml和2.352µg/ml。对37株肿瘤细胞株的抗肿瘤选择性为27%。还首次发现Staurosporine类化合物具有抑制微藻生长的活性。 对产生新化合物的菌株M518 和M491 进行了形态、生理生化及分子鉴定，提交两株菌的16S rDNA 序列到GenBank（DQ184649 和DQ184648）。结合形态、生理生化特征及系统 发育树分析表明：菌株M518 属于链霉菌属，并可能属于该属中的粉红孢类群；菌株M491属于链霉菌属，并可能属于该属中的青色类群。

青藏高原矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸CO2通量变化与环境因子的关系

利用涡度相关技术观测了青藏高原两个典型的生态系统即矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）草甸和金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）灌丛草甸的CO2通量，并就2003年8月份的数据，分析了生态系统通量变化与环境因子的关系。8月份是这两个生态系统的叶面积指数达到最高也是相对稳定的时期，在此期间矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸净碳吸收量分别达56．2和32．6g C•m^-2，日CO2吸收量最大值分别为12．7μmol•m^-2•s^-1和9．3μmol•m^-2•s^-1，排放量最大值分别为5．1μmol•m^-2•s^-1和5．7μmol•m^-2•s^-1。在相同光合有效光量子通量密度（PPFD）条件下，矮嵩草草甸CO2吸收速度大于金露梅灌丛草甸；在PPFD高于1200μmol•m^-2•s^-1。的条件下，随气温增加，两生态系统的CO2吸收速度都下降，但矮嵩草草甸的下降速度（-0．086）比金露梅灌丛草甸（-0．016）快。土壤水分影响土壤呼吸，并且影响差异因植被类型不同而不同。生态系统日CO2吸收量随昼夜温差增加而增大；较大的昼夜温差导致较高的净CO2交换量；植物反射率与CO2通量之间存在负相关关系。

北太平洋西部和印度洋东部及其邻近海域表层水体中^137Cs的分布

对北太平洋西部海域、苏禄海及印尼海、中国南海、印度洋东部海域、孟加拉湾及安达曼海等表层水体中放射性核素 137Cs 的活度进行了测定。结果表明，上述海域表层水体中 137Cs 活度显示了较大的变化范围，最低值出现在南极附近的南大洋 ( 1.1 Bq m-3)，较高的活度值则出现在北太平洋西部海域及中国南海 ( 3 Bq m-3)。在所研究水域范围内，137Cs 活度的纬度分布特征并没有完全有效地反映出 137Cs 的全球理论大气沉降趋势及其纬度效应。综合本研究及 Miyake 等人 ( 1988 ) 的测定结果，我们计算出 137Cs 自表层海水中的析出速率在苏禄海及印尼海约为 0.016 /a，在孟加拉湾及安达曼海约为 0.033 /a，在国南海约为0.029 /a，这一结果明显低于西北太平洋日本沿海表层水体中 137Cs 的析出速率。这可能是因为在这些海域，横向及纵向的水体混合过程相对都较慢，而且颗粒物对 137Cs 的吸附析出过程也比较弱所致。

Shape Recipes: Scene Representations that Refer to the Image

The goal of low-level vision is to estimate an underlying scene, given an observed image. Real-world scenes (e.g., albedos or shapes) can be very complex, conventionally requiring high dimensional representations which are hard to estimate and store. We propose a low-dimensional representation, called a scene recipe, that relies on the image itself to describe the complex scene configurations. Shape recipes are an example: these are the regression coefficients that predict the bandpassed shape from bandpassed image data. We describe the benefits of this representation, and show two uses illustrating their properties: (1) we improve stereo shape estimates by learning shape recipes at low resolution and applying them at full resolution; (2) Shape recipes implicitly contain information about lighting and materials and we use them for material segmentation.

Delegation, Arbitration and High-Level Service Discovery as Key Elements of a Software Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing

The dream of pervasive computing is slowly becoming a reality. A number of projects around the world are constantly contributing ideas and solutions that are bound to change the way we interact with our environments and with one another. An essential component of the future is a software infrastructure that is capable of supporting interactions on scales ranging from a single physical space to intercontinental collaborations. Such infrastructure must help applications adapt to very diverse environments and must protect people's privacy and respect their personal preferences. In this paper we indicate a number of limitations present in the software infrastructures proposed so far (including our previous work). We then describe the framework for building an infrastructure that satisfies the abovementioned criteria. This framework hinges on the concepts of delegation, arbitration and high-level service discovery. Components of our own implementation of such an infrastructure are presented.

Aqueous solutions of HEC and hmHEC: effects of molecular mass versus hydrophobic associations on hydrodynamic and thermodynamic parameters.

Aqueous solutions of amphiphilic polymers usually comprise of inter- and intramolecular associations of hydrophobic groups often leading to a formation of a rheologically significant reversible network at low concentrations that can be identified using techniques such as static light scattering and rheometry. However, in most studies published till date comparing water soluble polymers with their respective amphiphilic derivatives, it has been very difficult to distinguish between the effects of molecular mass versus hydrophobic associations on hydrodynamic (intrinsic viscosity [g]) and thermodynamic parameters (second virial coefficient A2), owing to the differences between their degrees of polymerization. This study focuses on the dilute and semi-dilute solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and its amphiphilic derivatives (hmHEC) of the same molecular mass, along with other samples having a different molecular mass using capillary viscometry, rheometry and static light scattering. The weight average molecular masses (MW) and their distributions for the nonassociative HEC were determined using size exclusion chromatography. Various empirical approaches developed by past authors to determine [g] from dilute solution viscometry data have been discussed. hmHEC with a sufficiently high degree of hydrophobic modification was found to be forming a rheologically significant network in dilute solutions at very low concentrations as opposed to the hmHEC with a much lower degree of hydrophobic modification which also enveloped the hydrophobic groups inside the supramolecular cluster as shown by their [g] and A2. The ratio A2MW/[g], which takes into account hydrodynamic as well as thermodynamic parameters, was observed to be less for associative polymers compared to that of the non-associative polymers.

Exploring the relationship between impulsivity and decision-making on mobile devices.

Mobile devices offer a common platform for both leisure and work-related tasks but this has resulted in a blurred boundary between home and work. In this paper we explore the security implications of this blurred boundary, both for the worker and the employer. Mobile workers may not always make optimum security-related choices when ‘on the go’ and more impulsive individuals may be particularly affected as they are considered more vulnerable to distraction. In this study we used a task scenario, in which 104 users were asked to choose a wireless network when responding to work demands while out of the office. Eye-tracking data was obtained from a subsample of 40 of these participants in order to explore the effects of impulsivity on attention. Our results suggest that impulsive people are more frequent users of public devices and networks in their day-to-day interactions and are more likely to access their social networks on a regular basis. However they are also likely to make risky decisions when working on-the-go, processing fewer features before making those decisions. These results suggest that those with high impulsivity may make more use of the mobile Internet options for both work and private purposes but they also show attentional behavior patterns that suggest they make less considered security-sensitive decisions. The findings are discussed in terms of designs that might support enhanced deliberation, both in the moment and also in relation to longer term behaviors that would contribute to a better work-life balance.

Strength grading of sawn timber in Europe: an explanation for engineers and researchers.

This paper is a concise explanation of the normative background to strength grading in Europe, addressing important aspects that are commonly misunderstood by structural engineers and timber researchers. It also highlights changes that are being made to the standards to: incorporate requirements of the construction products regulations; add improvements to the system to accommodate the latest knowledge and technology; and widen the application of the standards. Where designs need to be optimised, there is an opportunity to use the system more intelligently, in combination with the latest technology, to better fit design values to the true properties of the timber resource. This can bring a design enhancement equivalent to effort improving other aspects of the structure, such as connectors and reinforcement. Parallel to this, researchers working on other aspects of structural improvement need to understand what grades really mean in respect of the properties of the timber, in order to correctly analyse the results of testing. It is also useful to know how techniques used in grading can assist with material properties characterisation for research. The amount of destructive testing involved in establishing machine grading settings and visual grading assignments presents a barrier to greater use of local timber, and diversification of commercial species, so it is important that any researcher assessing the properties of such species should consider, from the outset, doing the research in a way that can contribute to a grading dataset at a later date. This paper provides an overview of what is required for this.

Selecting Informative Features with Fuzzy-Rough Sets and its Application for Complex Systems Monitoring.

Q. Shen and R. Jensen, 'Selecting Informative Features with Fuzzy-Rough Sets and its Application for Complex Systems Monitoring,' Pattern Recognition, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 1351-1363, 2004.

Application of flow cytometry for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration of several antibacterial agents on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

P. Assun??o, N.T. Antunes, R.S. Rosales, C. Poveda, C. de la Fe, J.B. Poveda and H.M. Davey (2007). Application of flow cytometry for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration of several antibacterial agents on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 102(4), 1132-1137. Sponsorship: Gobierno de Canarias (IDT-LP-04/016) RAE2008