980 resultados para 362
Resumo:
本文从七个方面介绍了ICP-AES在有机试液直接分析中的应用:(1) 油类样品分析;(2) 酒样直接分析;(3) 溶剂萃取分离富集-ICP光谱分析;(4) 基于生成挥发性金属有机化合物的ICP进样方法;(5) 有机试液分析中的其它进样方法;(6) 有机介质中非金属元素的ICP-AES测定;(7) ICP-AES作为色谱法的检测器。
Resumo:
Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera that bloomed offshore along the Qingdao coast in summer 2008, was studied. It was showed that E. prolifera propagated mainly asexually with specific growth rate (SGR) of 10.47 at 25A degrees C/40 mu mol m(-2)s(-1). Under this condition, gametes with two flagellate formed and released in 5 days. At the beginning of the development, the unicell gamete divided into two cells with heteropolarity, and then the apical cell developed into thalli primordial cells, whereas the basal cell developed into rhizoid primordial cells. In 8-day culture, the monoplast gamete developed into juvenile germling of 240 mu m in length. Unreleased gametes can develop directly within the alga body. E. prolifera could either reproduce through lateral branching or fragmenting except apomixis revealed by Microscopic observation. On aged tissue of E. prolifera, although the degraded pigments partially remained in faded algal filaments, numerous vegetative cells could still divide actively in the algal tissues.
Resumo:
本文分别提取了中国对虾、中华绒螯蟹、鹰爪虾和蓝对虾的眼柄总RNA。用无DNA污染的眼柄总RNA为模板,根据日本对虾的MIH设计兼并引物P1和P2,进行RT-PCR扩增,在适宜的反应条件下,均分别得到一特异性的产物。以蓝对虾基因组DNA为模板的PCR扩增也能得到一与特异性cDNA片段大小相似的特异性的DNA片段。分别将这些片段亚克隆到载体中进行测序,测得中国对虾特异性cDNA片段由203个碱基组成,中华绒螯蟹、鹰爪虾、蓝对虾的特异性cDNA片段及蓝对虾的特异性DNA片段由215个碱基组成,其中蓝对虾特异性cDNA与由蓝对虾的基因组DNA扩增得到的特异性DNA片段的碱基序列几乎完全相同。利用互联网上的在线工具Fasta3查找这些cDNA推定的氨基酸序列的相似序列,可以发现大量的甲壳动物的CHH家族的神经肽与它们相似。在所有的相似序列中,分别由中国对虾、中华绒螯蟹、鹰爪虾和蓝对虾的特异性cDNA片段推定的氨基酸序列与蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)的相似度最高,这一结果提示分别由中国对虾、中华绒螯蟹、鹰爪虾和蓝对虾的眼柄特异性cDNA片段推定的氨基酸序列可能是这四种甲壳动物的MIH片段。根据核苷酸数据和氨基酸数据,比较这四种甲壳动物的MIH以及已发表的六种MIH之间的相似度,同时分析这十种MIH的系统进化关系,结果是蓝对虾、鹰爪虾和中华绒螯蟹的MIH相似性较高,亲缘关系较近,这与物种的系统演化不相符。
Resumo:
能量代谢指动物在进行生理活动(如摄食、消化以及动物的活动等)时所消耗能量的总和,一般以动物的呼吸率利排泄率来估计动物的能量代谢。其主要研究内容是闸明生物能量代谢的基木规律以及与环境闪子的关系。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphil ippmarum)是我国一种重要的养殖贝类,关于其能量代谢的研究却较少,这种状况妨碍了菲律宾蛤仔养殖生态理论的完善和养殖技术的提高。本研究主要对菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率和排泄率的基本规律(能量代谢与体重的关系、能量代谢的昼夜变化)及其与环境因子(饵料浓度、水温、栖息底质环境)的关系进行探讨。研究结果如下:1.不同体重菲律宾蛤仔代谢率小同。实验川菲律宾蛤仔分三种大小:l(干肉重为0.07-0.14g)、ll(干肉重0.27-0.34g)、III(干肉重0.45~0.63g)。温度包括:26℃(八月)、20℃(十月)、1 5℃(十二月)、9℃(一月)。实验共设四个饵料浓度:2.28±0.25,6.454±0.44,10.284±0.82,15.414±1.56mgTPM/L(TPM,总颗粒物),饵料中POM(颗粒有机物)含量都为4.68±1.64 mg/L。常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率随着体重的增大而增大。15℃、20~C、26℃时蛤仔呼吸率与干肉重呈明显的幂函数关系R=aW~b,a值变动范围为0.1076-0.3309;b值变动范围为0.239l~0.8381;蛤仔排泄率与干肉重也呈明显的幂函数关系N=aW~b,a值变动范围为14.213~68.362:b值变动范围为0.3673-1.1 532。9℃(饵料浓度为2.28±0.25mgTPM/L)、20℃(饵料浓度为10.284-0.82mgTPM/L)、26℃(饵料浓度为6.454±0.44mgTPM/L)时不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异显著,其它情况下不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异不显著。2.常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受饵料浓度的影响,不同大小蛤仔受饵料浓度的影响程度不同。I组蛤仔呼吸率受饵料浓度的显著影响,II组III组蛤仔呼吸率只在9℃(一月)和26~C(八月)时受饵料浓度的显著影响。26℃时影响最显著,26℃时I组蛤仔在饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.45±0.44,l0.28±0.82,15.4l±1.56mgTPM/L时呼吸率分别是O.086,0.146,0.073,0.093(mlO_2/h);ll组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.138,0.214,0.J 26,0.12l(mlO_2/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.129,0.266,0.186,0.192(mlO_2/h)。菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率在饵料浓度为6.45±0.44 mgTPM/L时最高,蛤仔呼吸率在其它饵料浓度时都会降低。菲律宾蛤仔排泄率在饵料浓度为10.28±0.82 mgTPM/L和15.4l士1.56mgTPM/L时显著高于其它浓度组,9℃时这种趋势更明显,9℃时饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.454±044,lO.284±0.82,15.41±1.56mgTPM/L中I组蛤仔排泄率分别是4.297,2.874,8.003,6.658(μgNH_3-N/h);II组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是4.011,3.609,10.427,12.732(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是2.28 l,6.452,10.283,15.417(μgNH_3-N/h)。3.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受自然温度的显著影Ⅱ向。I组蛤仔在9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时呼吸率平均为0.057,0.085,0.039,O.099;II组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.08,O.128,0.089,0.149(mlO_2/h),I组和II组蛤仔在9℃和20~C时呼吸率较低,在26℃时呼吸率最高。III组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.09,O.1 59,O.143,O.193(mlO_2/h),在9℃时llI组蛤仔呼吸率显著低于其它温度组。温度为9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时l组蛤仔排泄率平均为5.458,13.169,4.946,11.138(μgNH_3-N/h):II组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为7.695,23.578,8.319,23.90l(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为11.738,27.443,15.658,35.407(μgNH_3-N/h),蛤仔排泄率在15℃和26℃时均高于9℃和20℃。4.摄食状态与饥饿状态菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显不同。26℃时蛤仔静止状态呼吸率平均为0.336(m102/g干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率平均为0.656(ml0_2干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率比静止状态平均升高了0 32(ml0_2/g干重.h);26℃时蛤仔静止状态排泄率平均为39.471(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率平均为88.08(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率比静止状态排泄率平均升高了48.6(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。摄食状态代谢率平均是静止状态的2~3倍。根据摄食引起的呼吸率和排泄率升高量得出每氧化产生lμgNH_3-N需0_2量平均为7.05μl。5.人工控制温度对菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显影响。不同大小蛤仔受温度的影响程度不同。在温度5℃、10℃、l 5℃、20℃、26℃,I组和II组蛤仔呼吸率都随着温度的升高而升高,在10℃~l5℃和20℃~26℃这二个温度变化范围内呼吸率变化最大,在20℃~26℃时I组蛤仔呼吸率变动范围为O.85~1.04(m10_2/g干重.h)、II组蛤仔变动范围为0.57~0.86(ml0_2/g干重.h)。III组蛤仔呼吸率只在5℃~l0℃时明显增高,变动范围为0.09~0.5l(m10_2/g干重.h),在10℃~26℃范围内变化不大。I组和II组蛤仔排泄率随着温度的升高而升高,变动幅度较大,在5℃~26℃范围内其排泄率变动范围为10.32~81.53(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);而 III组蛤仔排泄率只在5℃~15℃时随着温度的升高而升高,其排泄率变动范围为6.75~23.77(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在15℃~26℃范围内几乎不变。III组蛤仔的适温范围比I组和II组蛤仔广。菲律宾蛤仔在5℃和10℃时氧氮比变化明显,变动范围为2.76~11.44,在15~26℃时变化不大。6.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显的日节律性,呈正弦曲线型变化。蛤仔夜问代谢率明显升高。I组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.867(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为O.504(m10_2/g干重.h);II组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.438(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.36l(m102/g干重.h);III组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.409(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.252(m102/g干重.h)。在22:00-23:00菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率最高。7.底质环境对菲律宾蛤仔的代谢率有明显影响。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为l 406(m10_2/g干重h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为O.963(ml0_2/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为1.59l(m102/g干重.h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为1.115(m10_2/g干重.h)。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为78.934(μgNH_3-N/g 干重.h),在无泥沙环境巾排泄率平均为45.043(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为87.12l(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在无泥沙底质中排泄率平均为58.354(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。蛤仔在泥沙环境中呼吸率和排泄率都明显升高。
Resumo:
The effects of the timing of initial feeding (0, 1, 2 3 and 4 days after yolk exhaustion) and temperature (15, 18 and 21degrees C) on the point-of-no-return (PNR), survival and growth of laboratory-reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae were studied under controlled conditions. The larvae reached PNR on 7(.)7, 5(.)2 and 4(.)2 days-post-hatching (dph) at 15, 18 and 2 V C, respectively. At each temperature, larval growth did not differ significantly among the delayed initial feedings 1 day before PNR but decreased significantly in larvae first fed after that. In the treatments where initial feeding was equally delayed, larvae grew significantly faster at 18 and 21degrees C than at 15degrees C. The larvae survived apparently better at 15 and 18degrees C than at 21degrees C when initial feeding was equally delayed. At each temperature, survival of the larvae first fed before PNR did not differ noticeably, while delayed initial feeding after that apparently reduced their survival. These results indicated that there existed a negatively temperature-dependent PNR in the Japanese flounder larvae. Survival and growth of the larvae strongly depended on temperature as well as the timing of initial feeding. High temperature accelerated the yolk exhaustion and growth of the larvae and thus reduced their starvation tolerance and survival. To avoid potential starvation mortality and obtain good growth, the Japanese flounder larvae must establish successful initial feeding within 2 days after yolk exhaustion at 15degrees C and within 1 day at both 18 and 21degrees C. (C) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
Resumo:
Chitosan (CS) with two different molecular weight were modified by reacting with methyl hydrazine-dithiocarboxylate and methyl phenylhydrazine-dithiocarboxylate to give 2-(hydrazine-thiosemicarbazone)-chitosan (2-HTCHCS, 2-HTCLCS) and 2-(phenylhydrazine-thiosemicarbazone)chitosan (2-PHTCHCS, 2-PHTCLCS). The structure of the derivatives was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The antioxidant activities of the derivatives were investigated employing various established systems, such as hydroxyl radical (*OH)/superoxide anion (O-2(center dot-)) scavenging/reducing power and chelating activity. All of the derivatives showed strong scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical than chitosan and ascorbic acid (Vc), and IC50 of 2-HTCHCS, 2-HTCLCS, 2-PHTCHCS and 2-PHTCLCS was 0.362, 0.263, 0.531 and 0.336 mg/mL respectively. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward superoxide radical by the PMS-NADH system were strong. The results showed that the superoxide radical scavenging effect of 2-[phenylhydrazine (or hydrazine)-thiosemicarbazone]-chitosan were higher than that of chitosan. The derivatives had obviously reducing power and chelating activity. The data obtained from vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of 2-[phenylhydrazine (or hydrazine)-thiosemicarbazone]-chitosan. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
用1-[2-(对甲苯磺酸酯)乙基]-2-苯基咪唑[4,5-f]9,10-菲(TSEPIP)作为柱前荧光衍生试剂,在Eclipse XDBC8(4.6×150 mm,5μm,Agilent)反相色谱柱上,采用梯度洗脱在检测波长为380nm(激发波长为260nm)的条件下,实现了阿拉斯加深海鱼油中饱和脂肪酸含量的外标法定量测定.26种饱和脂肪酸的线性范围是200.0pmol~48.83fmol,线性相关系数均大于0.9996,检测限为3.824~47.13 fmol(信噪比为3:1测得,S/N 3:1).经柱后串联质谱大气压化学电离源(APCI)正离子模式实现了各种饱和与不饱和脂肪酸衍生物的质谱鉴定,进而通过峰面积归一化法得出了所有饱和与不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量.结果表明,深海鱼油主要含有C12~C22的脂肪酸,共鉴定出25种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占69.71%(峰面积百分比,下同),特别是具有重要生理作用的多不饱和脂肪酸,如C20:5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA,16.62%),C22:6:2,5,8,11,14,17-二十二碳六烯酸(2,5,8,11,14,17-docosahexenoic acid,DHA,12.31%).
Resumo:
针对我国青藏高原草地大面积退化及由此引发的一系列生态环境问题,从土壤生态功能恢复和区域可持续发展的角度出发,将原生高寒嵩草草甸封育系统作为对照,研究了土地退化对土壤碳氮含最的影响,检验了不同人工重建措施(3个人工种植处理:混播、松耙单播、翻耕单播和1个自然恢复处理)对土壤碳含量的相对影响程度。研究结果如下:原生植被封育处理每平方米土壤平均碳、氮含量分别为7.47kg和0.647kg,而重度退化地碳、氮含量分别为3.67和0.448kg•m^-2.可以推算,由于土地退化而造成的土壤(0-20cm层)碳氮丢失量分别为3.80kg•m^-2和0.199kg•m^-2,即高寒草甸土地退化导致0~20cm土壤层中50.87%的有机碳和30.75%的氮流失,可以看出高寒草甸土壤退化后流失的碳比氮多;混播处理、松耙单播处理、翻耕单播处理和自然恢复处理土壤单位面积有机碳含量分别是原牛植被土壤有机碳的70.5%,69.0%,49.0%和80%,单位面积氮含量分别是原生植被土壤全氮的86.9%,88.7%,71.1%和91.7%。但是,与重度退化地相比,除翻耕单播处理外,其它恢复重建措施均能部分恢复系统的碳氮含量,因此,将重度退化地进行自然恢复或松耙混播重建多年生植被可以作为系统固定碳(碳汇)的一个途径。
Resumo:
对青藏高原东北部两个不同海拔地点(互助,2460m和海北,3200m)的露蕊乌头Aconitum gymnandrum的传粉生态学进行了比较研究。研究结果表明高海拔居群的单花花期、雄性期持续时间、雌性期持续时间比低海拔长。露蕊乌头不存在无融合生殖现象,尽管高度自交亲和,但产生种子必须依赖传粉媒介。熊蜂是露蕊乌头的主要传粉昆虫,两个居群均存在传粉限制。熊蜂取食花蜜为主,在同一个花序上的访问顺序以由下向上为主,但在互助居群和海北居群有3.9%和2.7%的访花是由上向下进行的。统计发现有37.7%和29.3%的访问行为发生在同一植株内;因此,同株异花传粉造成的自交在露蕊乌头中仍然不能避免。低海拔居群的熊蜂种类和访花频率均高于高海拔居群,但自然状态下两个居群的结实率并没有显著差异。高海拔露蕊乌头居群可能具有较长的柱头持续时间,从而补偿了由于访花频率低带来的结实率降低。
Resumo:
Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites (including temperate meadow steppe,temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow) were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP (r~2 = 0.61,P < 0.01); while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual precipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation (r~2= 0.47, P = 0.01); for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation (r~2 = 0.36, P = 0.02); for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation (r~2 = 0.51, P <0.01); for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation (r~2 = 0.29, P < 0.05). In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.
Resumo:
对祁连山海北高寒草甸地区近夏至日微气象观测分析表明: (1) 14:00 (北京时,下同) 太阳总辐射瞬时值最高可达1061 W·m-2 , 净辐射、反射辐射、光合有效辐射和紫外辐射分别为670、218、380 和168 W·m-2 , 分别约为太阳总辐射的58 %、20 %、36 %和14 % , 6 月下旬日平均反射率约为0. 22 ; (2) 土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量瞬时值最大分别为91、274 和362 W·m-2 , 相应占净辐射的比例为20 %、38 %和42 %; (3) 地—气温度在一定范围的水平和垂直方向变化较为剧烈, 大气逆温约出现于20 :00 至次日11 :00 , 午夜01 :00 最强; (4)风速阵性强, 有显著日变化的时间性分布。
Resumo:
本文概述了图象压缩编码的原理和方法,并提出了一种改进的基于方向分解的图象压缩编码方法,实验结果表明,对于一般的室内和室外的景物图象,当压缩比高达50 :1时,其恢复图象的视觉效果仍然较好。
Resumo:
地质环境中硒具有多种形态,不同形态的硒具有显著差异的地球化学特性差异,影响着地质环境中硒的迁移、循环、生物可利用性和毒性.
Resumo:
1分散元素成矿研究概况。分散元素通常是指镉、镓、锗、铟、硒、碲、铊和铼等8种元素。由于它们在地壳中的平均含量低(一般为10^-9~10^-6级),不易形成独立矿物,难以发生有意义的富集。大百科全书云:“分散元素不形成独立矿床,它们以伴生元素方式存于其他元素的矿床内”。因此,长期以来,分散元素多被作为其他矿床的伴生组分,并侧重于含量和赋存状态两方面研究。