L'intelligence-led policing: un cadre pertinent pour soutenir la lutte contre les incendies volontaires répétitifs

Agir efficacement contre les incendies volontaires répétitifs représente un défi de taille pour la société et la police. Nous proposons d'utiliser l'intelligence-led policing et le cycle du renseignement comme cadre à une approche permettant une gestion et un suivi global et systématique de ces événements. Mais avant de pouvoir lancer ce processus, un certain nombre de défis doit être surmonté tel que la nature non spécifique des données. Il sera alors possible de mettre en place un processus qui permettra de faire des analyses pour obtenir une vision des incendies, détecter des situations répétitives et des liens entre les événements mettant en évidence des séries. Le renseignement obtenu par l'analyse des données rassemblées peut ensuite être utilisé pour mettre en place des moyens complémentaires d'enquête ou pour prendre des mesures préventives ou répressives.

Carte générale de l'Algérie ou des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique : pour servir à l'intelligence des opérations militaires et commerciales / dressée par A. B. Beaupré, géographe

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:4 732 000], 50 lieues de 25 au degré [= 4,7 cm]

Carte des environs d'Alger, pour l'intelligence des lignes du Capitaine Emile Grand / Ginoux, lith[ograph]e ; Toulon, lith[ographe] Imbert

Échelle(s) : 1:200 000

Causal explanations and scientific realism in particle physics

Particle physics studies highly complex processes which cannot be directly observed. Scientific realism claims that we are nevertheless warranted in believing that these processes really occur and that the objects involved in them really exist. This dissertation defends a version of scientific realism, called causal realism, in the context of particle physics. I start by introducing the central theses and arguments in the recent philosophical debate on scientific realism (chapter 1), with a special focus on an important presupposition of the debate, namely common sense realism. Chapter 2 then discusses entity realism, which introduces a crucial element into the debate by emphasizing the importance of experiments in defending scientific realism. Most of the chapter is concerned with Ian Hacking's position, but I also argue that Nancy Cartwright's version of entity realism is ultimately preferable as a basis for further development. In chapter 3,1 take a step back and consider the question whether the realism debate is worth pursuing at all. Arthur Fine has given a negative answer to that question, proposing his natural ontologica! attitude as an alternative to both realism and antirealism. I argue that the debate (in particular the realist side of it) is in fact less vicious than Fine presents it. The second part of my work (chapters 4-6) develops, illustrates and defends causal realism. The key idea is that inference to the best explanation is reliable in some cases, but not in others. Chapter 4 characterizes the difference between these two kinds of cases in terms of three criteria which distinguish causal from theoretical warrant. In order to flesh out this distinction, chapter 5 then applies it to a concrete case from the history of particle physics, the discovery of the neutrino. This case study shows that the distinction between causal and theoretical warrant is crucial for understanding what it means to "directly detect" a new particle. But the distinction is also an effective tool against what I take to be the presently most powerful objection to scientific realism: Kyle Stanford's argument from unconceived alternatives. I respond to this argument in chapter 6, and I illustrate my response with a discussion of Jean Perrin's experimental work concerning the atomic hypothesis. In the final part of the dissertation, I turn to the specific challenges posed to realism by quantum theories. One of these challenges comes from the experimental violations of Bell's inequalities, which indicate a failure of locality in the quantum domain. I show in chapter 7 how causal realism can further our understanding of quantum non-locality by taking account of some recent experimental results. Another challenge to realism in quantum mechanics comes from delayed-choice experiments, which seem to imply that certain aspects of what happens in an experiment can be influenced by later choices of the experimenter. Chapter 8 analyzes these experiments and argues that they do not warrant the antirealist conclusions which some commentators draw from them. It pays particular attention to the case of delayed-choice entanglement swapping and the corresponding question whether entanglement is a real physical relation. In chapter 9,1 finally address relativistic quantum theories. It is often claimed that these theories are incompatible with a particle ontology, and this calls into question causal realism's commitment to localizable and countable entities. I defend the commitments of causal realism against these objections, and I conclude with some remarks connecting the interpretation of quantum field theory to more general metaphysical issues confronting causal realism.

Bayesian networks for evaluating forensic DNA profiling evidence: a review and guide to literature

Almost 30 years ago, Bayesian networks (BNs) were developed in the field of artificial intelligence as a framework that should assist researchers and practitioners in applying the theory of probability to inference problems of more substantive size and, thus, to more realistic and practical problems. Since the late 1980s, Bayesian networks have also attracted researchers in forensic science and this tendency has considerably intensified throughout the last decade. This review article provides an overview of the scientific literature that describes research on Bayesian networks as a tool that can be used to study, develop and implement probabilistic procedures for evaluating the probative value of particular items of scientific evidence in forensic science. Primary attention is drawn here to evaluative issues that pertain to forensic DNA profiling evidence because this is one of the main categories of evidence whose assessment has been studied through Bayesian networks. The scope of topics is large and includes almost any aspect that relates to forensic DNA profiling. Typical examples are inference of source (or, 'criminal identification'), relatedness testing, database searching and special trace evidence evaluation (such as mixed DNA stains or stains with low quantities of DNA). The perspective of the review presented here is not exclusively restricted to DNA evidence, but also includes relevant references and discussion on both, the concept of Bayesian networks as well as its general usage in legal sciences as one among several different graphical approaches to evidence evaluation.

La Grèce et les pays voisins pour l'intelligence de Démosthène / Par J. N. Buache ; J. Dezauche sculpsit

Échelle(s) : [1:3 964 000 environ], 1200 stades olympiques dont 8 égalent un mille romain [= 5,6 cm]

Carte de la partie méridionale de la Grèce pour servir à l'intelligence de l'Histoire d'Epaminondas / Par M. Bellin, ... ; Dheulland sculp.

Échelle(s) : [1:1 682 000 environ], Lieues comunes de France de 25 au degré, 20 [= 5,2 cm]

La Carte de la Grèce ancienne suivant Hérodote, Thucydide, Xenophon, Sophian, Pausanias & autres : dressée pour l'intelligence de l'histoire grecque / Par P. Du Val, ...

Échelle(s) : [1:2 400 000 ca] Eschelle de 60 mille pas geométriques [= 4,9 cm]

Man Made Black Holes and Big Bangs: Diffusion and Integration of Scientific Information into Everyday Thinking

Drawing on Social Representations Theory, this study investigates focalisation and anchoring during the diffusion of information concerning the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the particle accelerator at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). We hypothesised that people focus on striking elements of the message, abandoning others, that the nature of the initial information affects diffusion of information, and that information is anchored in prior attitudes toward CERN and science. A serial reproduction experiment with two generations and four chains of reproduction diffusing controversial versus descriptive information about the LHC shows a reduction of information through generations, the persistence of terminology regarding the controversy and a decrease of other elements for participants exposed to polemical information. Concerning anchoring, positive attitudes toward CERN and science increase the use of expert terminology unrelated to the controversy. This research highlights the relevance of a social representational approach in the public understanding of science.

La toxicologie forensique, une discipline scientifique en plein essor [Forensic toxicology, a growing scientific discipline]

La recherche de substances ayant pu jouer un rôle direct ou indirect dans la cause de la mort ou ayant pu modifier le comportement d'un individu constitue la mission première de la toxicologie forensique. L'augmentation de la consommation de substances illégales et de médicaments dans les sociétés modernes a fait connaître à la toxicologie forensique un essor très important ces dernières décennies. D'autre part, les développements technologiques analytiques ont permis d'obtenir des outils très sensibles et spécifiques pour la recherche et le dosage d'une multitude de substances dans une grande variété d'échantillons biologiques, parfois présentes à des concentrations très faibles, conséquence d'une dose équivalente à la prise d'une seule unité galénique. Forensic toxicology has to bring evidence of substances that could have been involved directly or indirectly in the cause of death or that could influence the behaviour of somebody. The increase of the consumption of illegal and legal drugs in modern societies during last decades gave a boost to forensic toxicology. Moreover, improvement with analytical technology gave tools with high degrees of sensitivity and specificity for the screening and quantification of a large amount of substances in various biological specimens, even with very low concentration resulting of a single dose of medication.

Scientific production on the applicability of phenytoin in wound healing

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant that has been used in wound healing. The objectives of this study were to describe how the scientific production presents the use ofphenytoinas a healing agent and to discuss its applicability in wounds. A literature review and hierarchy analysis of evidence-based practices was performed. Eighteen articles were analyzed that tested the intervention in wounds such as leprosy ulcers, leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, trophic ulcers, war wounds, burns, preparation of recipient graft area, radiodermatitis and post-extraction of melanocytic nevi. Systemic use ofphenytoinin the treatment of fistulas and the hypothesis of topical use in the treatment of vitiligo were found. In conclusion, topical use ofphenytoinis scientifically evidenced. However robust research is needed that supports a protocol for the use ofphenytoinas another option of a healing agent in clinical practice.