A dictionary of chemistry and the allied branches of other sciences.

On cover: A dictionary of chemistry, by Henry Watts. Vol. VIII, pt. I-[II] Third supplement.

The subject matter of a course of ten lectures on some of the arts connected with organic chemistry,

Mode of access: Internet.

Practical physical chemistry,

Mode of access: Internet.

A dictionary of applied chemistry,

Mode of access: Internet.

A system of physical chemistry,

Bibliographical footnotes.

An introduction to the chemistry of plant products

Includes bibliographies.

A dictionary of applied chemistry,

On t.-p. of v. 7: With an index to the whole work by Frances M.G. Micklethwait.

Phosphorus uptake from green manures and phosphate fertilizers applied in an acid tropical soil

Quantifying the relative contribution of different phosphorus (P) sources to P uptake can lead to greater understanding of the mechanisms that increase available P in integrated P management systems. The P-32-P-33 double isotope labeling technique was used to determine the relative contribution of green manures (GMs) and P fertilizers to P uptake by Setaria grass (Setaria sphacelata) grown in an amended tropical acid soil (Bungor series) in a glasshouse study. The amendments were factorial combinations of GMs (Calopogonium caeruleum , Gliricidia sepium and Imperata cylindrica) and P fertilizers [phosphate rocks (PRs) from North Carolina (NCPR), China (CPR) and Algeria (APR), and triple superphosphate (TSP)]. Dry matter yield, P uptake, and P utilization from the amendments were monitored at 4, 8, and 15 weeks after establishment (WAE). The GMs alone or in combination with P fertilizers contributed less than 5% to total P uptake in this soil, but total P uptake into Setaria plants in the GM treatments was three to four times that of the P fertilizers because the GMs mobilized more soil P. Also, the GMs markedly increased fertilizer P utilization in the combined treatments, from 3% to 39% with CPR, from 6-9% to 19-48% with reactive PRs, and from 6% to 37% with TSP in this soil. Both P GM and the other decomposition products were probably involved in reducing soil P-retention capacity. Mobilization of soil P was most likely the result of the action of the other decomposition products. These results demonstrate the high potential of integrating GMs and PRs for managing P in tropical soils and the importance of the soil P mobilization capacity of the organic components. Even the low-quality Imperata GM enhanced the effectiveness of the reactive APR more than fourfold.

The co-ordination chemistry of tellurium and related selenium ligands

2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl(p-ethoxyphenyl)tellurium(II), (RR1Te) reacts with HgC12 at room temperature to give white HgCl2.RR1Te. On setting aside, or on warming the reaction mixture a yellow material, [R1HgCl.(RTeCl)2] is formed. Multinuclear NMR(125Te, 199Hg, 1H) and mass spectroscopy confirm the formulation, and confirm the ease of transfer of the p-ethoxyphenyl group (R1) between the metal centres. The crystal structure of the yellow material consists of two discrete RTeCl molecules together with a R1HgCl molecule. There is no dative bond formation between these species, hence the preferred description of the formation of an inclusion complex. The reaction of RR1Te with Copper(I) chloride in the cold gives an air sensitive yellow product Cu3Cl3(RR1Te)2(0.5CH3CN); under reflux in air changes to the green Cu2Cl(RR1Te)(0.5 EtOH). By contrast, the reaction of RR1Te with acetonitrile solution of Copper(II) salts under mild conditions affords the white materials CuCl(RR1Te) and CuBr(RR1Te)H2O. RR1Te reacts with PdCl2 and PtCl2 to give materials albeit not well defined, can be seen as intermediates to the synthesis of inorganic phase of the type M3XTe2XCl2X. Paramagnetism is associated with some of the palladium and platinum products. The 195Pt NMR measurement in DMSO establishes the presence of six platinum species, which are assigned to Pt(IV), Pt(III) or Pt(II). The reactions show that in the presence of PdCl2 or PtCl2 both R and R1 are very labile. The reaction of RHgCl(R= 2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl) with SeX4(X= Cl, Br) gives compounds which suggest that both Trans-metallation and redox processes are involved. By varying reaction conditions materials which appear to be intermediates in the trans-metallation process are isolated. Potentially bidentate tellurium ligands having molecular formula RTe(CH2)nTeR,Ln, (R= Ph,(t-Bu). C6H4, n = 5,10) are prepared. Palladium and Platinum complexes containing these ligands are prepared. Also complex Ph3SnC1L(L = p-EtO.C6H4) is prepared.

Green preparation of tuneable carbon-silica composite materials from wastes

Bio-oil has successfully been utilized to prepare carbon-silica composites (CSCs) from mesoporous silicas, such as SBA-15, MCM-41, KIT-6 and MMSBA frameworks. These CSCs comprise a thin film of carbon dispersed over the silica matrix and exhibit porosity similar to the parent silica. The surface properties of the resulting materials can be simply tuned by the variation of preparation temperatures leading to a continuum of functionalities ranging from polar hydroxyl rich surfaces to carbonaceous aromatic surfaces, as reflected in solid state NMR, XPS and DRIFT analysis. N2 porosimetry, TEM and SEM images demonstrate that the composites still possess similar ordered mesostructures to the parent silica sample. The modification mechanism is also proposed: silica samples are impregnated with bio-oils (generated from the pyrolysis of waste paper) until the pores are filled, followed by the carbonization at a series of temperatures. Increasing temperature leads to the formation of a carbonaceous layer over the silica surface. The complex mixture of compounds within the bio-oil (including those molecules containing alcohols, aliphatics, carbonyls and aromatics) gives rise to the functionality of the CSCs.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and processes during experiments with Emiliania huxleyi, 2008

Ocean acidification in response to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressures is widely expected to reduce calcification by marine organisms. From the mid-Mesozoic, coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers in the world's oceans, today accounting for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production. Here, we present laboratory evidence that calcification and net primary production in the coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi are significantly increased by high CO2 partial pressures. Field evidence from the deep ocean is consistent with these laboratory conclusions, indicating that over the past 220 years there has been a 40% increase in average coccolith mass. Our findings show that coccolithophores are already responding and will probably continue to respond to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressures, which has important implications for biogeochemical modeling of future oceans and climate.

Site controlled red-yellow-green light emitting InGaN quantum discs on nano-tipped GaN rods

We report a method of growing site controlled InGaN multiple quantum discs (QDs) at uniform wafer scale on coalescence free ultra-high density (>80%) nanorod templates by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The dislocation and coalescence free nature of the GaN space filling nanorod arrays eliminates the well-known emission problems seen in InGaN based visible light sources that these types of crystallographic defects cause. Correlative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping and cathodoluminescence (CL) hyperspectral imaging illustrates the controlled site selection of the red, yellow and green (RYG) emission at these nano tips. This article reveals that the nanorod tips' broad emission in the RYG visible range is in fact achieved by manipulating the InGaN QD's confinement dimensions, rather than significantly increasing the In%. This article details the easily controlled method of manipulating the QDs dimensions producing high crystal quality InGaN without complicated growth conditions needed for strain relaxation and alloy compositional changes seen for bulk planar GaN templates.

Future CO2-induced ocean acidification mediates the physiological performance of a green tide alga Ulva prolifera

The oceans take up more than 1 million tons of CO2 from the air per hour, about one-quarter of the anthropogenically released amount, leading to disrupted seawater chemistry due to increasing CO2 emissions. Based on the fossil fuel-intensive CO2 emission scenario (A1F1; Houghton et al., 2001), the H+ concentration or acidity of surface seawater will increase by about 150% (pH drop by 0.4) by the end of this century, the process known as ocean acidification (OA; Sabine et al., 2004; Doney et al., 2009; Gruber et al., 2012). Seawater pH is suggested to decrease faster in the coastal waters than in the pelagic oceans due to the interactions of hypoxia, respiration, and OA (Cai et al., 2011). Therefore, responses of coastal algae to OA are of general concern, considering the economic and social services provided by the coastal ecosystem that is adjacent to human living areas and that is dependent on coastal primary productivity. On the other hand, dynamic environmental changes in the coastal waters can interact with OA (Beardall et al., 2009).