Estimation of body fatness from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance: comparison of New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific Island children

Objective: To compare percentage body fat (%BF) for a given body mass index (BMI) among New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific Island children. To develop prediction equations based on bioimpedance measurements for the estimation of fat-free mass (FFM) appropriate to children in these three ethnic groups. Design: Cross-sectional study. Purposive sampling of schoolchildren aimed at recruiting three children of each sex and ethnicity for each year of age. Double cross-validation of FFM prediction equations developed by multiple regression. Setting: Local schools in Auckland. Subjects: Healthy European, Maori and Pacific Island children (n = 172, 83 M, 89 F, mean age 9.4 +/- 2.8(s. d.), range 5 - 14 y). Measurements: Height, weight, age, sex and ethnicity were recorded. FFM was derived from measurements of total body water by deuterium dilution and resistance and reactance were measured by bioimpedance analysis. Results: For fixed BMI, the Maori and Pacific Island girls averaged 3.7% lower % BF than European girls. For boys a similar relation was not found since BMI did not significantly influence % BF of European boys ( P = 0.18). Based on bioimpedance measurements a single prediction equation was developed for all children: FFM (kg) = 0.622 height (cm)(2)/ resistance +0.234 weight (kg)+1.166, R-2 = 0.96, s. e. e. = 2.44 kg. Ethnicity, age and sex were not significant predictors. Conclusions: A robust equation for estimation of FFM in New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific Island children in the 5 - 14 y age range that is more suitable than BMI for the determination of body fatness in field studies has been developed. Sponsorship: Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust, Auckland University of Technology Contestable Grants Fund and the Ministry of Health.

Reliability of scores between stroke patients and significant others on the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL) Index

Purpose: This study measured reliability between stroke patients' and significant others' scores on items on the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL) Index and whether there were any scoring biases. Method The 11-item RNL Index was administered to 57 pairs of patients and significants six months after stroke rehabilitation. The index was scored using a 10-point visual analogue scale. Patient and significant other demographic information and data on patients' clinical, functional and cognitive status were collected. Reliability was measured using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and percent agreement. Results: Overall poor reliability was found for the RNL Index total score (ICC=.36, 95% CI. 07 to .59) and the daily functioning subscale (ICC=.24, 95% CI -.003 to .46) and moderate reliability was found for the perception of self subscale (ICC=.55, 95 % CI .28 to .73). There was a moderate bias for patients to rate themselves as achieving better reintegration than was indicated by significant others, although no demographic or clinical factors were associated with this bias. Exact match agreement was best for the subjective items and worse for items reflecting mobility around the community and participation in a work activity. Conclusions: Caution is needed when interpreting patient information reported by significant others on the RNL Index. The use of a shorter scale to rate the RNL Index requires investigation.

Balancing the number and size of sites: An economic approach to the optimal design of cluster samples

The design of randomized controlled trials entails decisions that have economic as well as statistical implications. In particular, the choice of an individual or cluster randomization design may affect the cost of achieving the desired level of power, other things being equal. Furthermore, if cluster randomization is chosen, the researcher must decide how to balance the number of clusters, or sites, and the size of each site. This article investigates these interrelated statistical and economic issues. Its principal purpose is to elucidate the statistical and economic trade-offs to assist researchers to employ randomized controlled trials that have desired economic, as well as statistical, properties. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Genotype and environment effects on dynamics of harvest index during grain filling in sorghum

An approach based on a linear rate of increase in harvest index (141) with time after anthesis has been used as a simple means-to predict grain growth and yield in many crop simulation models. When applied to diverse situations, however, this approach has been found to introduce significant error in grain yield predictions. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to examine the stability of the HI approach for yield prediction in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Four field experiments were conducted under nonlimiting water. and N conditions. The experiments were sown at times that ensured a broad range in temperature and radiation conditions. Treatments consisted of two population densities and three genotypes varying in maturity. Frequent sequential harvests were used to monitor crop growth, yield, and the dynamics of 111. Experiments varied greatly in yield and final HI. There was also a tendency for lower HI with later maturity. Harvest index dynamics also varied among experiments and, to a lesser extent, among treatments within experiments. The variation was associated mostly with the linear rate of increase in HI and timing of cessation of that increase. The average rate of HI increase was 0.0198 d(-1), but this was reduced considerably (0.0147) in one experiment that matured in cool conditions. The variations found in IN dynamics could be largely explained by differences in assimilation during grain filling and remobilization of preanthesis assimilate. We concluded that this level of variation in HI dynamics limited the general applicability of the HI approach in yield prediction and suggested a potential alternative for testing.

O t??nel no fim da luz: a privatiza????o do setor el??trico em Mato Grosso

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a forma????o de consensos sociais e pol??ticos para a reforma do Estado e de seu aparelho em n??vel estadual, conforme a governabilidade democr??tica. Optou-se por uma pesquisa sobre a privatiza????o das Centrais El??tricas Mato- Grossenses S.A. (Cemat), considerada representativa tanto da reforma empreendida pelo Estado de Mato Grosso quanto das dificuldades do setor el??trico em n??vel nacional. O referencial metodol??gico dessa pesquisa ?? composto de um problema e de quatro hip??teses de trabalho. Trata-se de estudo de caso da esp??cie ???provas de plausibilidade???, em que, por uma aplica????o iterativa, apresenta-se uma proposi????o te??rica inicial e, em seguida, as conclus??es da pesquisa s??o comparadas, o que permite sua revis??o e compara????o. Para tanto, descrevem-se a privatiza????o da Cemat e os problemas da desestatiza????o do setor el??trico brasileiro no seu conjunto. Por fim, na conclus??o, verifica-se a validade das hip??teses e fazem-se algumas considera????es finais sobre a pesquisa.

Burocracia e a revolu????o gerencial: a persist??ncia da dicotomia entre pol??tica e administra????o

Este ensaio trata da integra????o entre pol??tica e administra????o no contexto da chamada revolu????o gerencial. O texto est?? estruturado em cinco segmentos. Os dois primeiros delineiam uma interpreta????o weberiana do problema da burocracia: a dicotomiza????o entre pol??tica e administra????o, tanto no n??vel te??rico da governan??a contempor??nea, onde prop??e-se um quadro de refer??ncia anal??tica ?? integra????o entre pol??tica e administra????o, quanto no contexto da moderniza????o da administra????o p??blica brasileira. O terceiro segmento busca caracterizar os atributos do modelo ideal de administra????o p??blica preconizado pela revolu????o gerencial, a partir da contraposi????o de outros paradigmas reconstitu??dos da literatura: um ortodoxo, um liberal, outro empreendedor. O quarto segmento sustenta que os modelos de administra????o p??blica preconizados pela revolu????o gerencial apresentam o mesmo car??ter dicotomizante entre pol??tica e administra????o t??pica da burocracia. O sexto segmento ensaia algumas reflex??es sobre a validade da revolu????o gerencial, sua contribui????o para a experi??ncia brasileira e sobre o advento de uma revolu????o p??s-gerencial.

O servidor p??blico brasileiro: uma tipologia da burocracia

As teorias sobre a burocracia governamental e seu comportamento fornecem diferentes abordagens te??ricas e diferentes interpreta????es. A partir da tipologia de agentes burocr??ticos criada por Anthony Downs (1967), esse trabalho analisa os servidores p??blicos federais brasileiros e sua postura face ao trabalho. Com a aplica????o de question??rios a um grupo de servidores, buscou-se verificar a exist??ncia e/ou pertin??ncia dos tipos descritos como alpinistas, conservadores, defensores, militantes e homens de Estado. Os dados obtidos foram tratados pela t??cnica de an??lise de aglomerados. Os resultados encontrados apontam que a tipologia possui limites fluidos entre um perfil de burocrata e outro, acenando para a necessidade de se repensar as concep????es sobre a burocracia governamental e aprofundar os estudos.

Transitory increased blood pressure after upper airway surgery for snoring and sleep apnea correlates with the apnea-hypopnea respiratory disturbance index

A transitory increase in blood pressure (BP) is observed following upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome but the mechanisms implicated are not yet well understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in BP and heart rate (HR) and putative factors after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and septoplasty in normotensive snorers. Patients (N = 10) were instrumented for 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, nocturnal respiratory monitoring and urinary catecholamine level evaluation one day before surgery and on the day of surgery. The influence of postsurgery pain was prevented by analgesic therapy as confirmed using a visual analog scale of pain. Compared with preoperative values, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in nighttime but not daytime systolic BP (119 ± 5 vs 107 ± 3 mmHg), diastolic BP (72 ± 4 vs 67 ± 2 mmHg), HR (67 ± 4 vs 57 ± 2 bpm), respiratory disturbance index (RDI) characterized by apnea-hypopnea (30 ± 10 vs 13 ± 4 events/h of sleep) and norepinephrine levels (22.0 ± 4.7 vs 11.0 ± 1.3 µg l-1 12 h-1) after surgery. A positive correlation was found between individual variations of BP and individual variations of RDI (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) but not between BP or RDI and catecholamines. The visual analog scale of pain showed similar stress levels on the day before and after surgery (6.0 ± 0.8 vs 5.0 ± 0.9 cm, respectively). These data strongly suggest that the cardiovascular changes observed in patients who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and septoplasty were due to the increased postoperative RDI.

MOND virial theorem applied to a galaxy cluster

Large values for the mass-to-light ratio (ϒ) in self-gravitating systems is one of the most important evidences of dark matter. We propose a expression for the mass-to-light ratio in spherical systems using MOND. Results for the COMA cluster reveal that a modification of the gravity, as proposed by MOND, can reduce significantly this value.

Prospecção de toxicidade de fungicidas por análises macroscópicas, microscópicas e moleculares em Allium cepa

Apesar dos benefícios econômicos dos agrotóxicos para a agricultura, os efeitos negativos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente são questionados. Dentre os agroquímicos que são usados na agricultura, destacam-se os fungicidas, que são utilizados em grande quantidade nas lavouras para controle de doenças. Com intuito de verificar os danos ocasionados por esses compostos, diversos métodos de avaliação têm sido utilizados na análise de toxicidade e mutagenicidade dos agrotóxicos. As análises macroscópicas (germinação e crescimento radicular) e microscópicas (índice mitótico, aberrações cromossômicas e nucleares) são importantes na determinação da toxicidade de compostos lançados ao meio ambiente, porque permite averiguar danos na germinação, no desenvolvimento da plântula e no ciclo celular. No entanto, para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares da mutação e de seus efeitos sobre a população exposta à contaminação ambiental, os marcadores moleculares oferecem perspectivas, por medir o efeito direto da exposição sobre o DNA. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial tóxico dos fungicidas por análises macroscópicas, microscópicas e moleculares em Allium cepa. Os resultados indicam redução nos parâmetros de germinação, crescimento radicular e índice mitótico nas maiores concentrações para os princípios ativos difenoconazol, tebuconazol, procimidona e iprodiona, quando comparados ao controle negativo, mostrando que os princípios apresentaram efeito genotóxico, citotóxico, fitotóxico para as raízes de Allium cepa pela alta frequência de aberrações cromossômicas, nucleares e redução do índice mitótico. Os resultados moleculares indicaram mudança no perfil de amplificação dos primers SSR (Sequência Simples Repetitiva) e o ISSR (Inter Sequência Simples Repetitiva), após a exposição do Allium cepa aos princípios ativos, incluindo alterações na perda, ganho e mudança na intensidade de banda. A perda e o ganho de bandas aconteceram à medida que aumentou a concentração dos princípios ativos. O método de agrupamento e as distâncias e dissimilaridades mostraram relação de dose-dependência, pois conseguiu separar as maiores concentrações do controle negativo para os princípios ativos no ISSR e SSR, com exceção dos princípios procimidona e iprodiona no SSR. Esses dados indicam que possui relação entre as análises utilizadas, sendo indicadores confiáveis para detectar alterações por substâncias químicas. Os marcadores moleculares ISSR e SSR são ferramentas eficientes em avaliar alterações ocasionadas no DNA por fungicidas podendo ser utilizada em estudos de toxicidade.

Versão brasileira do Dynamic Gait Index

O Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) é um teste que avalia o equilíbrio e marcha do corpo humano. OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar culturalmente o DGI para o português e avaliar a sua confiabilidade. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Seguiu-se o método de Guillemin et al. (1993) para a adaptação cultural do instrumento. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo em que 46 pacientes foram avaliados na fase de adaptação cultural e os itens que apresentaram 20% ou mais de incompreensão foram reformulados e reaplicados. A versão final do DGI em português foi aplicada em 35 idosos para examinar a confiabilidade intra e inter-observadores. O coeficiente de Spearman foi utilizado para correlacionar os escores inter e intra-observador e o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar as pontuações. A consistência interna foi analisada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Houve correlações estatisticamente significantes entre os escores obtidos às avaliações inter e intra-observadores para todos os itens (p<0,001), classificadas como boa a muito forte (com de variação de r=0,655 a r=0,951). O DGI mostrou alta consistência interna entre seus itens nas avaliações inter e intra-observadores (variação de µ ou = 0,820 a a=0,894). CONCLUSÃO: O DGI foi adaptado culturalmente para o português brasileiro, mostrando-se um instrumento confiável.

Spatial variability in nutritional status of arabic coffee based on dris index

The combined use of precision agriculture and the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) allows the spatial monitoring of coffee nutrient balance to provide more balanced and cost-effective fertilizer recommendations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability in the nutritional status of two coffee varieties using the Mean Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm) and its relationship with their respective yields. The experiment was conducted in eastern Minas Gerais in two areas, one planted with variety Catucaí and another with variety Catuaí. The NBIm of the two varieties and their yields were analyzed through geostatistics and, based on the models and parameters of the variograms, were interpolated to obtain their spatial distribution in the studied areas. Variety Catucai, with grater spatial variability, was more nutritional unbalanced than variety Catuai, and consequently produced lower yields. Excess of Fe and Mn makes these elements limiting yield factors.