Bases para o manejo sustentável de populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana Emygdio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Governança global na Amazônia: o programa piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil

A Amazônia deixou de ser apenas uma questão regional e nacional, tornandose decisivamente uma questão global. Envolta nas contradições do capitalismo global, tornou-se, ainda alvo de interesses e pressões externas, notadamente pelos recursos estratégicos e vitais que dispõe para a segurança planetária. O Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil (PPG-7) surge como caso emblemático de inserção da Amazônia num esforço de governança global, processo esse orientado por uma multiplicidade de atores, coalizões e estratégias. Neste sentido, oriundo das lutas socioambientalistas, no plano da sociedade civil brasileira e dos movimentos transnacionais, o PPG-7 foi um componente importante de redefinição das políticas ambientais no Brasil, alargando a esfera pública e contribuindo para a germinação de uma sociedade civil global conectada por redes na Amazônia.

Diversidade e composição de formigas Ponerines (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) de Serapilheira na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará, Brasil

Inventários da mesofauna de solo e serapilheira em florestas tropicais apresentam a subfamíliaC (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) como uma das mais conspícuas e a segunda com maior riqueza e abundância, depois da subfamília Myrmicinae. Nestes ambientes, as ponerines constituem componentes ecologicamente importantes, onde são notáveis predadoras de outros invertebrados e podem nidificar nos troncos em decomposição ou na serapilheira. Este estudo foi realizado com a intenção de investigar a distribuição espacial das espécies de formigas da subfamília Ponerinae associadas à serapilheira, considerando sua abundância, riqueza, diversidade e composição, em seis áreas de floresta primária (Áreas I, II, III, IV, V e VI) na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (ECFPn), Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará; e como a quantidade de serapilheira influencia nessa distribuição. Este estudo resulta de três coletas realizadas pelo Protocolo de Monitoramento de Formigas do Projeto TEAM/Caxiuanã entre abril de 2003 e janeiro de 2004. Coletaram-se 720 sub-amostras de 1 m² de serapilheira, distribuídas em 72 transectos de 100 m (unidade amostral) entre as seis áreas durante as coletas (quatro transectos por área em cada coleta), utilizando extratores de mini-Winkler. Identificaram-se 4.031 exemplares, pertencentes às três tribos, oito gêneros e 60 espécies de Ponerinae em 470 registros, sendo que o número médio de espécies por amostra foi de 6,52, e estimou-se encontrar 81 espécies (Jackknife 1). Hypoponera foi o gênero com maior abundância (268 registros) e riqueza de espécies (22), compreendendo junto com Pachycondyla mais de 70% das espécies. A Área V apresentou maior diversidade (H= 3,30), abundância (121) e riqueza (38) em espécies, além de maior volume de serapilheira (ANOVA; p<0,05 entre a Área V e as demais). A quantidade de serapilheira afetou positivamente a abundância e a riqueza de espécies, e também influenciou na composição de espécies. As espécies mais freqüentes (abundantes) nas amostras foram Hypoponera sp#1, Hypoponera sp#2, Hypoponera sp#6, Hypoponera sp#7, dontomachus scalptus e Pachycondyla constricta, que juntas representaram mais de 50% da abundância total. No geral, as ponerines apresentaram ampla distribuição na serapilheira de floresta primária na ECFPn, sendo numericamente influenciadas pela quantidade de serapilheira; as áreas apresentaram diferenças na diversidade, abundância e riqueza das espécies encontradas; e, como efeito do elevado número de espécies raras, encontrou-se baixa similaridade na composição de espécies entre amostras próximas; logo, mesmo em pequena escala, a heterogeneidade da camada de serapilheira na floresta amazônica tem importante papel na distribuição das espécies.

Análise citogenética de duas espécies do gênero Hylaeamys (Rodentia: Cricetidae) por citogenética clássica e molecular

Os roedores formam uma das mais numerosas e antigas ordens da classe Mammalia. Na América do Sul, a ordem Rodentia compreende cerca de 42% das espécies de mamíferos, sendo que desta parcela mais de 50% pertencem a família Cricetidae, que inclui a subfamília Sigmodontinae. O gênero Hylaeamys está agrupado na tribo Oryzomyini e corresponde a um dos 10 novos gêneros propostos para espécies e grupos de espécies dentro de Oryzomys. Hylaeamys corresponde ao “grupo megacephalus”, sendo constituído pelas espécies H. acritus, H. laticeps, H. megacephalus, H. perenensis, H. oniscus, H. tatei e H. yunganus distribuídas na Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas, Paraguai e no Brasil, em áreas de floresta tropical amazônica, mata atlântica e cerrado. Este trabalho visa analisar marcadores cromossômicos em duas espécies do gênero Hylaeamys, fornecendo dados que auxiliem na sua caracterização taxonômica e citogenética. Foram trabalhadas dezenove amostras de Hylaeamys megacephalus (HME) e quatro de Hylaeamys oniscus (HON). HME apresenta 2n=54 e HON, 2n=52. Os resultados obtidos por bandeamentos G, C e por hibridização in situ, com sondas de cromossomo total de Hylaeamys megacephalus permitiram determinar as características cromossômicas das espécies em estudo, além de permitir uma análise comparativa entre as mesmas e em relação a Cerradomys langguthi, observando assim suas homeologias e diferenças cariotípicas. As duas espécies de Hylaeamys diferem por um rearranjo tipo fusão/fissão cêntrica onde HON apresenta a associação 14/19 de HME. Esta associação é compartilhada com CLA com inversão (19/14/19). Este trabalho é um marco para estudos de filogenia cromossômica do gênero Hylaeamys.

Does body size of neotropical ant species influence their recruitment speed?

Formigas são um dos mais importantes grupos animais nas florestas tropicais devido a sua abundância e seu número de espécies. Uma característica importante do grupo é a eusocialidade, que permite a ocorrência do comportamento de recrutamento quando um recurso alimentar é encontrado. Entretanto, existem duas questões principais acerca desse comportamento: (i) o recrutamento é um produto de pressões ambientais ou filogenéticas, e (ii) a velocidade de recrutamento é relacionada ao tamanho corpóreo das espécies de formigas. Neste trabalho nós analisamos essas duas questões em 17 espécies de formigas neotropicais, na floresta Amazônica densa de terras baixas. De acordo com os resultados, o recrutamento é fortemente relacionado com o tamanho da formiga, sendo que espécies menores exibem essa característica quando encontram uma fonte protéica. Entretanto, o tamanho das espécies não é importante na velocidade de recrutamento, o que sugere que a velocidade de recrutamento pode ser melhor explicado pelo tipo de recursos alimentares necessários à colônia.

Changes in plant species composition and functional traits along the successional trajectory of a restored patch of Atlantic Forest

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Euterpe edulis Seedlings in the Understory of Two Forest Fragments

The palm Euterpe edulis is one of the most exploited due the intense illegal extraction, which is very harmful because this species dies right after the cutting process. This study aimed to assess the palms' development as an enrichment plant in a forest fragment belonging to a Preservation Area and the Biosphere Reserve of the Green Belt of Sao Paulo State, in Embu das Artes city. The seeds were obtained from the Instituto Florestal, which follows all the regulations for seeds, in order to get seedlings with a high genetic variation. The seedlings were planted in two successional stages: secondary forest with low trees (SFLT) and secondary forest with medium trees (SFMT). The seedlings survival and growth were periodically assessed and the results were compared by the variance analysis. Both areas presented high rates of survival, which were superior comparing to other similar studies with Euterpe edulis. Despite the successional difference between the areas, the development of the seedlings did not show significant difference on the analysis of variance regarding leaf number, height growth, stem diameter and survival, except for plant height at 60 days after planting, when seedlings planted in SFLT reached higher height (21.38 cm) than when planted in SFMT (19.31 cm).

Regeneração natural de mata ciliar em ecossistema de floresta estacional semidecidual: chuva de sementes e banco de sementes do solo

The knowledge of the dynamics of soil seed bank and seed rain is fundamental to understand the forest succession process, as well as for its conservation and restoration. This paper aimed at studying the role of the soil seed bank and seed rain in the dynamics of a riparian tropical seasonal forest fragment located on the hinterland of São Paulo State. The seed rain was studied by 30 litter traps installed at 50 cm from the floor, with an area of 50 cm x 50 cm. Between November of 2008 and October of 2009, 11364 seeds of 82 species belonging to 33 different families were collected. The deposition density of seeds was 126.27 individuals.m². With the data obtained from this research, the two seasons couldn’t be differed from each other hence 2009 was an atypical year considering the precipitation, which was constantly elevated. For the soil seed bank, fifty superficial soil samples will be taken at the end of both the rainy and dry seasons. The germination method was applied for the data analysis. It was observed a predominance of herbaceous habit species, with an average of 71% of the germinations in both seasons. The Sφrensen similarity index between the seasons was low (0,27). The density and species diversity were higher after the rainy season, unlike other published researches

Geographic note on species of the genus Upa Kimsey, 1991 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae, Thynninae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Upa Kimsey is a poorly known genus of Tiphiidae with seven species. This genus has records in forest areas and in this paper we present new records to four species. All specimens were collected by malaise traps in four areas of Atlantic Rain Forest and three of Atlantic Semi-deciduous forest, mainly from high and mid-elevations. The new records indicate that species of Upa are not as rare as others genera of Tiphiidae, which are virtually unknown in many Neotropical regions.

Dinâmica temporal e composição florística da comunidade arbórea de floresta ombrófila densa montana, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comparative floral micromorphology and anatomy of species of Bulbophyllum section Napelli (Orchidaceae), a Neotropical section widely distributed in forest habitats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assembly of Myrmelachista Roger (Formicidae: Formicinae) in twigs fallen on the leaf litter of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The nests of Myrmelachista are found in tree trunk cavities and branches. The biology of these arboreal ants is still relatively unknown. We investigated the nesting behaviour of this genus in fallen dry twigs in the Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil. Physical characteristics of the nests, colony demographics, presence of breeders and ant worker sizes were recorded. Samples were collected weekly for 12 months, along open, sunny and undisturbed trails within forest remnants. In all, 202 nests were collected and six species were recorded. Myrmelachista ruszkii had the highest population of immatures and the greatest number of nests found. Myrmelachista nodigera had the smallest workers, was the least populous and the colony was housed in the finest branches. These results expand the current knowledge about the diversity and biology of Myrmelachista in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and describe polydomic nests and competitive behaviour of M. ruszkii.

Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses reveal deep divergence between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus

Dendrophryniscus is an early diverging clade of bufonids represented by few small-bodied species distributed in Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest. We used mitochondrial (414 bp of 12S, 575 bp of 16S genes) and nuclear DNA (785 bp of RAG-1) to investigate phylogenetic relationships and the timing of diversification within the genus. These molecular data were gathered from 23 specimens from 19 populations, including eight out of the 10 nominal species of the genus as well as Rhinella boulengeri. Analyses also included sequences of representatives of 18 other bufonid genera that were publically available. We also examined morphological characters to analyze differences within Dendrophryniscus. We found deep genetic divergence between an Amazonian and an Atlantic Forest clade, dating back to Eocene. Morphological data corroborate this distinction. We thus propose to assign the Amazonian species to a new genus, Amazonella. The species currently named R. boulengeri, which has been previously assigned to the genus Rhamphophryne, is shown to be closely related to Dendrophryniscus species. Our findings illustrate cryptic trends in bufonid morphological evolution, and point to a deep history of persistence and diversification within the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests. We discuss our results in light of available paleoecological data and the biogeographic patterns observed in other similarly distributed groups. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bamboo overabundance alters forest structure and dynamics in the Atlantic Forest hotspot

With fast growth rates and clonal reproduction, bamboos can rapidly invade forest areas, drastically changing their original structure. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where recent mapping efforts have shown that woody bamboos dominate large areas, the present study assessed the differences in soil and vegetation between plots dominated (>90% of bamboo coverage) and not dominated (<10% of coverage) by the native Guadua tagoara. Surface soil was physically and chemically analyzed, and trees at three size classes (seedling, sapling, and adult) were counted, identified and measured. New inventories were conducted to assess recruitment, mortality, and damage rates. Bamboo plots had more fertile soils (higher bases saturation and lower potential acidity) due to the preferential occurrence of G. tagoara on more clayey soils. Bamboo-dominated plots had lower density of adult trees (diameter >5 cm) and lower species density. In addition, overall tree diameter distribution was very different between environments, with bamboo plots having greater concentration of small-sized trees. Such differences are probably related to the general tendency of higher mortality, recruitment, and damage rates in bamboo plots. Greater physical (wind and bamboo-induced damages) and physiological stress (heat and light) in bamboo plots are probable causes of bamboo-dominated plots being more dynamic. Finally, we discuss the differences between Atlantic and Amazonian Guadua-dominated forests, causes, and possible consequences of bamboo overabundance to the Atlantic Forest conservation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon monoxide and related trace gases and aerosols over the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry seasons

We present the results of airborne measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and aerosol particle number concentration (CN) made during the Balan double dagger o Atmosf,rico Regional de Carbono na Amazonia (BARCA) program. The primary goal of BARCA is to address the question of basin-scale sources and sinks of CO2 and other atmospheric carbon species, a central issue of the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) program. The experiment consisted of two aircraft campaigns during November-December 2008 (BARCA-A) and May-June 2009 (BARCA-B), which covered the altitude range from the surface up to about 4500 m, and spanned most of the Amazon Basin. Based on meteorological analysis and measurements of the tracer, SF6, we found that airmasses over the Amazon Basin during the late dry season (BARCA-A, November 2008) originated predominantly from the Southern Hemisphere, while during the late wet season (BARCA-B, May 2009) low-level airmasses were dominated by northern-hemispheric inflow and mid-tropospheric airmasses were of mixed origin. In BARCA-A we found strong influence of biomass burning emissions on the composition of the atmosphere over much of the Amazon Basin, with CO enhancements up to 300 ppb and CN concentrations approaching 10 000 cm(-3); the highest values were in the southern part of the Basin at altitudes of 1-3 km. The Delta CN/Delta CO ratios were diagnostic for biomass burning emissions, and were lower in aged than in fresh smoke. Fresh emissions indicated CO/CO2 and CN/CO emission ratios in good agreement with previous work, but our results also highlight the need to consider the residual smoldering combustion that takes place after the active flaming phase of deforestation fires. During the late wet season, in contrast, there was little evidence for a significant presence of biomass smoke. Low CN concentrations (300-500 cm(-3)) prevailed basinwide, and CO mixing ratios were enhanced by only similar to 10 ppb above the mixing line between Northern and Southern Hemisphere air. There was no detectable trend in CO with distance from the coast, but there was a small enhancement of CO in the boundary layer suggesting diffuse biogenic sources from photochemical degradation of biogenic volatile organic compounds or direct biological emission. Simulations of CO distributions during BARCA-A using a range of models yielded general agreement in spatial distribution and confirm the important contribution from biomass burning emissions, but the models evidence some systematic quantitative differences compared to observed CO concentrations. These mismatches appear to be related to problems with the accuracy of the global background fields, the role of vertical transport and biomass smoke injection height, the choice of model resolution, and reliability and temporal resolution of the emissions data base.