Preparation of I-2 clusters and their absorption spectra

Samples have been prepared at different temperatures by loading It molecules into the cages of zeolite 5A, and the measurements of the absorption spectra have been carried out for the prepared samples. It is shown that 12 molecular clusters are formed in the cages of zeolite 5A, and it is also found that molecular clusters which are bonded with intermolecular forces have an important feature, namely, the intermolecular distance in molecular clusters can be changed on different preparing conditions and the blue shift of absorption edges can not be as the criterion of forming molecular clusters.

Formation, structure and fluorescence of CdS clusters in a mesoporous zeolite

CdS clusters are formed in the pores of a mesoporous zeolite in which the size of the clusters may be adjusted. The size of the clusters increases as the CdS loading is increased. X-ray diffraction investigation shows that the lattice constants of the clusters contract upon increasing size. This contraction is attributed to an increase of the static pressure exercised by the zeolite framework as the clusters grow bigger. Both the excitonic and trapped emission bands are detected and become more intensive upon decreasing size. Three absorption bands appear in the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra and they shift to the blue as cluster size decreases. Based on the effective-mass approximation, the three bands are assigned to the 1S-1S, 1S-1P and 1S-1D transitions, respectively. The size-dependence of the PLE spectra can also be explained. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Packing LUT clusters with network flow programming

This paper describes a two-step packing algorithm for LUT clusters of which the LUT input multipliers are depopulated. In the first step, a greedy algorithm is used to search for BLE locations and cluster inputs. If the greedy algorithm fails, the second step with network flow programming algorithm is employed. Numerical results illustrate that our two-step packing algorithm obtains better packing density than one-step greedy packing algorithm.

A study of indium incorporation in In-rich InGaN grown by MOVPE

InGaN/GaN heterostructures have been deposited onto (0 0 0 1) sapphire by our home-made low pressure MOVPE with different growth parameters. It has been noted that the indium incorporation depends by a complex way on a number of factors. In this work, the effect of substrate temperature, trimethylindium input flow and V/III ratio on the indium incorporation has been investigated. Finally, by optimizing the growth parameters, we made a series of single-phase InGaN samples with indium content from 10% up to 45%.

Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass air and oxygen/steam gasification in a downdraft gasifier

Biomass gasification is an important method to obtain renewable hydrogen, However, this technology still stagnates in a laboratory scale because of its high-energy consumption. In order to get maximum hydrogen yield and decrease energy consumption, this study applies a self-heated downdraft gasifier as the reactor and uses char as the catalyst to study the characteristics of hydrogen production from biomass gasification. Air and oxygen/steam are utilized as the gasifying agents. The experimental results indicate that compared to biomass air gasification, biomass oxygen/steam gasification improves hydrogen yield depending on the volume of downdraft gasifier, and also nearly doubles the heating value of fuel gas. The maximum lower heating value of fuel gas reaches 11.11 MJ/ N m(3) for biomass oxygen/steam gasification. Over the ranges of operating conditions examined, the maximum hydrogen yield reaches 45.16 g H-2/kg biomass. For biomass oxygen/steam gasification, the content of H-2 and CO reaches 63.27-72.56%, while the content Of H2 and CO gets to 52.19-63.31% for biomass air gasification. The ratio of H-2/CO for biomass oxygen/steam gasification reaches 0.70-0.90, which is lower than that of biomass air gasification, 1.06-1.27. The experimental and comparison results prove that biomass oxygen/steam gasification in a downdraft gasifier is an effective, relatively low energy consumption technology for hydrogen-rich gas production.

Modeling and optimizing of high-concentration erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with consideration of ion-clusters

Starting from the modeling of isolated ions and ion-clusters, a closed form rate and power evolution equations for high-concentration erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are constructed. Based on the equations, the effects of the fraction of ion-clusters in total ions and the number of ions per cluster on the performance of high-concentration erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are analyzed numerically. The results show that the presence of the ion-clusters deteriorates amplifier performance, such as the signal power, signal gain, the threshold pump power for zero gain, saturated signal gain, and the maximum gain efficiency, etc. The optimum fiber length or other parameters should be modified with the ion-clusters being taken into account for the amplifiers to achieve a better performance. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

富钇稀土-铝合金制取的研究Study on Preparation of Yttrium-Rich RE-Al Alloys

我国江西龙南稀土矿是目前世界上储量最大的富钇稀土矿、研制具有多种用途的钇（Y）-铝（Al）或富钇混合稀土（Ymm）-铝中间合金，对于开拓我国龙南稀土矿的应用领域扩大稀土合金出口具有重要意义。基于这一背景并针对目前氟化物体系制取Ymm-Al合金时存在着电解温度高，腐蚀现象严重，电效偏低等缺点，本文系统开展了在氯化物熔盐体系中电解制取Ymm-Al合金的研究工作。本工作由三部分组成：在第一部分工作中，开展了熔盐电解所需要基本原料-无水稀土氯化物制取的工艺研究。利用化学分析和结构分析手段，弄清了干法氯化过程中YmmCl_3水解的机理，提出了减弱水解的措施，即YmmCl_3先在850-900 ℃灼烧1.5 + 0.2hr，脱掉吸附水并将碱式碳酸盐转化为氧化物，增加稀土氧化物的比表面。通过条件试验得到最佳工艺条件为：采用NH_4 Cl:Ymm_2 O_3 = 14:1（摩尔比）的配料比，每次投入氯化装置的原料量为0.26 - 0.36 kg, 在400-450 ℃氯化反应激烈开始后迅速降温至400 ℃以下，待物料粘结现象消失后，再行升温氯化。出料及后期控制温在475 ± 25 ℃。经过3.8 ± 0.2hr氯化，可制得水不溶物小于1%并符合熔盐电解要求的YmmCl_3原料。此新工艺与原有干法工艺相比，流程短，装置简单，不需密闭抽真空，成本低，适于制取任何量的优质熔盐电解所需氯化稀土原料。在第二部分工作中，利用上述YmmCl_3原料，以液态铝为阴极，在氯化物体系中进行熔盐电解，通过试验得出在小型试验规模制取Ymm-Al合金的最隹工艺条件为：电解质组成（重量比）40%YmmCl_3-1%NaF-59%等摩尔的NaCl-KCl；电解温度为790 ± 5 ℃；阴极电流密为0.7 - 0.02A/cm~2；电解电量为333 ± 5库仑/克铝，制得钇铝合金中Ymm含量为10 ± 2%。添加1%的NaF可消除阴极表面生成枝状物，减少合金中夹渣和熔盐中沉渣。在电解工作中，将方差分析应用于试验数据处理，方差分析结果表明，各种试验因素对电效有明显影响，试验数据可靠，试验误差在允许范围以内。在第三部分工作中，利用线性扫描伏安法测定了在最隹电解工艺条件下Y~（3+）和Ymm在液态铝及钼电极上的析出电位。测定结果表明：Y~（3+）和Ymm~（3+）在液态铝阴极上的析出电位比在钼阴极上偏正0.2 ～ 0.8伏，氟离子的加入要比不加氟时析出电位不有同程度的负移，但考虑到氟离了具有消渣作用，加入少量氟比物添加剂对提高电效有利。

Photoluminescence of ZnS clusters in zeolite-Y

Two obvious emissions are observed from the ZnS clusters encapsulated in zeolite-Y. The emission around 355 nm is sharp and weak, locating at the onset of the absorption edge. The band around 535 nm is broad, strong and Stokes-shifted. Both the two emissions shift to blue and their intensities firstly increase then decrease as the loading of ZnS in zeolite-Y or clusters size decreases. Through investigation, the former is attributed to the excitonic fluorescence, and the latter to the trapped luminescence from surface states. The cluster size-dependence of the luminescence may be explained qualitatively by considering both the carrier recombination and the nonradiative recombination rates. Four peaks appearing in the excitation spectra are assigned to the transitions of 1S-1S, 1S-1P, 1S-1D and surface state, respectively. The excitation spectra of the clusters do not coincide with their absorption spectra. The states splitted by quantum-size confinement are detected in the excitation spectra, but could not be differentiated in the optical absorption spectra due to inhomogeneous broadening. The size-dependence of the excitation spectra is similar to that of the absorption spectra. Both the excitation spectra of excitonic and of trapped emissions are similar, but change in relative intensity and shift in position are observed.

Photostimulated luminescence of silver clusters in zeolite-Y

Upon UV-irradiation at 254 nm, the photoluminescence of silver atoms in zeolite-Y decreases, meanwhile an absorption band shows up around 840 nm. By photostimulation at 840 nm, fluorescence of silver atoms is detected, which is called photostimulated luminescence, and the photoluminescence of silver atoms is increased slightly. These phenomena are attributed to the charge-transfer interaction between the zeolite framework and the entrapped silver atoms. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Absorption spectra of Se-8-ring clusters in zeolite 5A

Samples with different weight ratio of Se to zeolite 5A (Se concentration) have been prepared by loading Se into the pores of zeolite 5A, and the measuerments of the absorption and Raman spectra have been carried out for the prepared samples. The measured absorption edges of the samples are close to the value for monoclinic Se containing Se-8-ring, suggesting the formation of Se-8-ring clusters(1) in the pores. The continuous and broadening features of the absorption spectra are interpreted by the strong electron-nucleus coupling in the Se-8-ring cluster. The absorption edges are red shifted with the increase of the Se concentration. It is tentatively attributed to two reasons. One is the existence of the double Se-8-ring cluster in the high Se concentration samples, and the other is that for the strong electron-nucleus coupling cluster, the absorption edge of the clusters system will be red shifted with the increase of the cluster concentration in the clusters system. A single broad band at about 262 cm(-1) is observed in the Raman spectra, which further supports the formation of Se-8-ring clusters. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A.

Thermoluminescence of CdS clusters in zeolite-Y

Thermoluminescence (TL) of CdS clusters encapsulated in zeolite-Y is reported for the first time. The TL of the clusters is much stronger than that of the bulk CdS and increases as the CdS loading decreases. This inverse dependence of TL intensity upon CdS loading is caused mainly by the size-effect of the clusters. All samples exhibit almost the same glow peak position and shape, indicating that traps or surface states are not sensitive to the cluster sizes.