956 resultados para Pharyngeal Neoplasms
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Context: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rarely diagnosed disorder presenting with bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and moderate-to-severe hypophosphatemia resulting from fibroblast growth factor 23-mediated renal phosphate wasting. Tumors secreting fibroblast growth factor 23 are often small and difficult to find with conventional imaging. Objective: We studied the utility of 68Ga-DOTA-octreotate (DOTATATE) somatostatin receptor positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging in the diagnosis of TIO. Design and Setting: A multicenter case series was conducted at tertiary referral hospitals. Patients and Methods: Six patients with TIO diagnosed between 2003 and 2012 in Australia were referred for DOTATATE PET imaging. We reviewed the clinical history, biochemistry, imaging characteristics, histopathology, and clinical outcome of each patient. Results: Each case demonstrated delayed diagnosis despite severe symptoms. DOTATATE PET/CT imaging demonstrated high uptake and localized the tumor with confidence in each case. After surgical excision, there was resolution of clinical symptoms and serum phosphate, except in one patient who demonstrated residual disease on PET/CT. All tumors demonstrated high somatostatin receptor subtype 2 cell surface receptor expression using immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: In patients with TIO, DOTATATE PET/CT can successfully localize phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors and may be a practical first step in functional imaging for this disorder. Serum phosphate should be measured routinely in patients with unexplained muscle weakness, bone pain, or stress fractures to allow earlier diagnosis of TIO. - See more at: http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2012-3642#sthash.eXD0CopL.dpuf
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Context: Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are heritable neoplasms that can be classified into gene-expression subtypes corresponding to their underlying specific genetic drivers. Objective: This study aimed to develop a diagnostic and research tool (Pheo-type) capable of classifying PPGL tumors into gene-expression subtypes that could be used to guide and interpret genetic testing, determine surveillance programs, and aid in elucidation of PPGL biology. Design: A compendium of published microarray data representing 205 PPGL tumors was used for the selection of subtype-specific genes that were then translated to the Nanostring gene-expression platform. A support vector machine was trained on the microarray dataset and then tested on an independent Nanostring dataset representing 38 familial and sporadic cases of PPGL of known genotype (RET, NF1, TMEM127, MAX, HRAS, VHL, and SDHx). Different classifier models involving between three and six subtypes were compared for their discrimination potential. Results: A gene set of 46 genes and six endogenous controls was selected representing six known PPGL subtypes; RTK1–3 (RET, NF1, TMEM127, and HRAS), MAX-like, VHL, and SDHx. Of 38 test cases, 34 (90%) were correctly predicted to six subtypes based on the known genotype to gene-expression subtype association. Removal of the RTK2 subtype from training, characterized by an admixture of tumor and normal adrenal cortex, improved the classification accuracy (35/38). Consolidation of RTK and pseudohypoxic PPGL subtypes to four- and then three-class architectures improved the classification accuracy for clinical application. Conclusions: The Pheo-type gene-expression assay is a reliable method for predicting PPGL genotype using routine diagnostic tumor samples.
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The possible carcinogenic risk of immunosuppressive therapies is an important issue in everyday clinical practise. Carcinogenesis is a slow multi step procedure, thus a long latency period is needed before cancer develops. PUVA therapy is used for many skin diseases including psoriasis, early stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma, atopic dermatitis, palmoplantar pustulosis and chronic eczema. There has been concern about the increased melanoma risk associated to PUVA therapy, which has previously been associated with an increased risk on non-melanoma skin cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma. The increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is also documented but it is modest compared to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This thesis evaluated melanoma and noncutaneous cancer risk associated to PUVA, and the persistence of nonmelanoma cancer risk after the cessation of PUVA treatment. Also, the influence of photochemotherapy to the development of secondary cancers in cutaneous T cell lymphoma and the role of short term cyclosporine in later cancer development in inflammatory skin diseases were evaluated. The first three studies were performed on psoriasis patients. The risk of melanoma started to increase 15 years after the first treatment with PUVA. The risk was highest among persons who had received over 250 treatments compared to those under 250 treatments. In noncutaneous cancer, the overall risk was not increased (RR=1.08,95% CI=0.93-1.24), but significant increases in risk were found in thyroid cancer, breast cancer and in central nervous system neoplasms. These cancers were not associated to PUVA. The increased risk of SCC was associated to high cumulative UVA exposure in the PUVA regimen. The patients with high risk had no substantial exposure to other carcinogens. In BCC there was a similar but more modest tendency. In the two other studies, the risk of all secondary cancers (SIR) in CTCL patients was 1.4 (95% CI=1.0-1.9). In separate sites, the risk of lung cancer, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas were increased. PUVA seemed not to contribute to any extent to the appearance of these cancers. The carcinogenity of short-term cyclosporine was evaluated in inflammatory skin diseases. No increased risk for any type of cancer including the skin cancers was detected. To conclude, our studies confirm the increased skin cancer risk related to PUVA treatment in psoriasis patients. In clinical practice, this has led to a close and permanent follow-up of patients treated with PUVA. In CTCL patients, PUVA treatment did not contribute to the development of secondary cancers. We could not detect any increase in the risk of cancer in patients treated with short term cyclosporine, unlike in organ transplant patients under such long-term therapy.
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Germ cell tumors occur both in the gonads of both sexes and in extra-gonadal sites during adoles-cence and early adulthood. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors are rare neoplasms accounting for less than 5% of all cases of ovarian malignancy. In contrast, testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among young males. Most of patients survive the disease. Prognostic factors of gonadal germ cell tumors include histology, clinical stage, size of the primary tumor and residua, and levels of tumor markers. Germ cell tumors include heterogeneous histological subgroups. The most common subgroup includes germinomas (ovarian dysgerminoma and testicular seminoma); other subgroups are yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinomas, immature teratomas and mixed tumors. The origin of germ cell tumors is most likely primordial germ cells. Factors behind germ cell tumor development and differentiation are still poorly known. The purpose of this study was to define novel diagnostic and prognostic factors for malignant gonadal germ cell tumors. In addition, the aim was to shed further light into the molecular mechanisms regulating gonadal germ cell tumorigenesis and differentiation by studying the roles of GATA transcription factors, pluripotent factors Oct-3/4 and AP-2γ, and estrogen receptors. This study revealed the prognostic value of CA-125 in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. In addition advanced age and residual tumor had more adverse outcome. Several novel markers for histological diagnosis were defined. In the fetal development transcription factor GATA-4 was expressed in early fetal gonocytes and in testicular carcinoma precursor cells. In addition, GATA-4 was expressed in both gonadal germinomas, thus it may play a role in the development and differentiation of the germinoma tumor subtype. Pluripotent factors Oct-3/4 and AP-2γ were expressed in dysgerminomas, thus they could be used in the differential diagnosis of the germ cell tumors. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors expressed estrogen receptors and their co-regulator SNURF. In addition, estrogen receptor expression was up-regulated by estradiol stimulation. Thus, gonadal steroid hormone burst in puberty may play a role in germ cell tumor development in the ovary. This study shed further light in to the molecular pathology of malignant gonadal germ cell tumors. In addition, some novel diagnostic and prognostic factors were defined. This data may be used in the differential diagnosis of germ cell tumor patients.
A new look towards BAC-based array CGH through a comprehensive comparison with oligo-based array CGH
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Pituitary adenomas are common benign neoplasms. Although most of them are sporadic, a minority occurs in familial settings. Heterozygous germline mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene were found to underlie familial pituitary adenomas, a condition designated as pituitary adenoma predisposition (PAP). PAP confers incomplete penetrance of mostly growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas in young patients, who often lack a family history of pituitary adenomas. This thesis work aimed to clarify the molecular and clinical characteristics of PAP. Applying the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay (MLPA), we found large genomic AIP deletions to account for a subset of PAP. Therefore, MLPA could be considered in PAP suspected patients with no AIP mutations found with conventional sequencing. We generated an Aip mouse model to examine pituitary tumorigenesis in vivo. The heterozygous Aip mutation conferred complete penetrance of pituitary adenomas that were mostly GH-secreting, rendering the phenotype of the Aip mouse similar to that of PAP patients. We suggest that AIP may function as a candidate gatekeeper gene in somatotrophs. To clarify molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis, we elucidated the expression of AIP-related molecules in human and mouse pituitary tumors. The expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) was reduced in mouse Aip-deficient adenomas, and similar ARNT reduction was also evident in human AIP mutation positive adenomas. This suggests that in addition to participating in the hypoxia pathway, estrogen receptor signaling and xenobiotic response pathways, ARNT may play a role in AIP-related tumorigenesis. We also studied the characteristics and the response to therapy of PAP patients and found them to have an aggressive disease phenotype with young age at onset. Therefore, improvement in treatment outcomes of PAP patients would require their efficient identification and earlier diagnosis of the pituitary adenomas. The possible role of the RET proto-oncogene in tumorigenesis of familial AIP mutation negative pituitary adenomas was evaluated, but none of the found RET germline variants were considered pathogenic. Surprisingly, RET immunohistochemistry suggested possible underexpression of RET in AIP mutation positive pituitary adenomas an observation that merits further investigation.
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Gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumours. The cardinal features of gliomas are infiltrative growth pattern and progression from low-grade tumours to a more malignant phenotype. These features of gliomas generally prevent their complete surgical excision and cause their inherent tendency to recur after initial treatment and lead to poor long-term prognosis. Increasing knowledge about the molecular biology of gliomas has produced new markers that supplement histopathological diagnostics. Molecular markers are also used to evaluate the prognosis and predict therapeutic response. The purpose of this thesis is to study molecular events involved in the malignant progression of gliomas. Gliomas are highly vascularised tumours. Contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reflects a disrupted blood-brain barrier and is often seen in malignant gliomas. In this thesis, 62 astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas were studied by MRI and immunohistochemistry. Contrast enhancement in preoperative MRI was associated with angiogenesis, tumour cell proliferation and histological grade of gliomas. Activation of oncogenes by gene amplification is a common genetic aberration in gliomas. EGFR amplification on chromosome 7p12 occurs in 30-40% of glioblastomas. PDGFRA, KIT and VEGFR2 are receptor tyrosine kinase genes located on chromosome 4q12. Amplification of these genes was studied using in situ hybridisation in the primary and recurrent astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas of 87 patients. PDGFRA, KIT or VEGFR2 amplification was found in 22% of primary tumours and 36% of recurrent tumours including low-grade and malignant gliomas. The most frequent aberration was KIT amplification, which occurred in 10% of primary tumours and in 27% of recurrent tumours. The expression of ezrin, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and HuR was studied immunohistochemically in a series of primary and recurrent gliomas of 113 patients. Ezrin is a cell membrane-cytoskeleton linking-protein involved in the migration of glioma cells. The COX-2 enzyme is implicated in the carcinogenesis of epithelial neoplasms and is overexpressed in gliomas. HuR is an RNA-stabilising protein, which regulates the expression of several proteins including COX-2. Ezrin, COX-2 and HuR were associated with histological grade and the overall survival of glioma patients. However, in multivariate analysis they were not independent prognostic factors. In conclusion, these results suggest that contrast enhancement in MRI can be used as a surrogate marker for the proliferative and angiogenic potential of gliomas. Aberrations of PDGFRA, KIT and VEGFR2 genes, as well as the dysregulated expression of ezrin, COX-2 and HuR proteins, are linked to the progression of gliomas.
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During inflammation and infection, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into mature immune cells, especially of the myeloid lineage. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation. Deletion of the gene encoding miR-146a—expressed in all blood cell types—produces effects that appear as dysregulated inflammatory hematopoiesis, leading to a decline in the number and quality of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), excessive myeloproliferation, and, ultimately, to exhaustion of the HSCs and hematopoietic neoplasms. Six-week-old deleted mice are normal, with no effect on cell numbers, but by 4 months bone marrow hypercellularity can be seen, and by 8 months marrow exhaustion is becoming evident. The ability of HSCs to replenish the entire hematopoietic repertoire in a myelo-ablated mouse also declines precipitously as miR-146a-deficient mice age. In the absence of miR-146a, LPS-mediated serial inflammatory stimulation accelerates the effects of aging. This chronic inflammatory stress on HSCs in deleted mice involves a molecular axis consisting of upregulation of the signaling protein TRAF6 leading to excessive activity of the transcription factor NF-κB and overproduction of the cytokine IL-6. At the cellular level, transplant studies show that the defects are attributable to both an intrinsic problem in the miR-146a-deficient HSCs and extrinsic effects of miR-146a-deficient lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells. This study has identified a microRNA, miR-146a, to be a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis during chronic inflammatory challenge in mice and has provided a molecular connection between chronic inflammation and the development of bone marrow failure and myeloproliferative neoplasms. This may have implications for human hematopoietic malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, which frequently displays downregulated miR-146a expression.
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O câncer de colo do útero é o segundo carcinoma mais frequente em mulheres no mundo e um dos cânceres femininos mais incidentes no Brasil. Em lesões pré-malignas e malignas do colo uterino, a proteína p16INK4a, que participa do controle do ciclo celular, apresenta um aumento considerável de sua expressão, devido possivelmente à presença de oncoproteínas do papilomavírus humano (HPV). Dois polimorfismos no gene p16INK4a, p16 500C>G e p16 540C>T, estão localizados na região 3 não traduzida (3UTR), que está envolvida na regulação pós-transcricional da expressão gênica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis associações entre os polimorfismos p16 500C>G e p16 540C>T e o desenvolvimento de neoplasias cervicais e/ou a severidade das lesões, considerando os níveis de expressão da proteína p16INK4a nas lesões cervicais e certos fatores de risco clássicos para o câncer cervical, incluindo a infecção pelo HPV. Para isso, foram selecionadas 567 mulheres residentes no Rio de Janeiro, 319 com citologia cervical alterada (grupo de casos) e 248 sem história prévia de alteração citológica do colo uterino (grupo de comparação). Amostras de sangue periférico de todas as participantes foram utilizadas na análise molecular dos polimorfismos p16 500C>G e p16 540C>T através da técnica de PCR-RFLP (reação em cadeia da polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição), usando as enzimas de restrição MspI e HaeIII, respectivamente. A expressão da proteína p16INK4a em 137 biópsias de mulheres pertencentes ao grupo de casos foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica. A detecção de DNA do HPV em células cervicais foi feita em todas as amostras do grupo de comparação e em 194 amostras do grupo de casos pela técnica de PCR, usando dois pares de oligonucleotídeos, MY09/MY11 e GP05+/GP06+. Os dois grupos de estudo se encontram em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. As distribuições genotípicas para p16 500C>G e p16 540C>T e as distribuições de combinações haplotípicas nos dois grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. A análise do subgrupo HSIL+câncer (casos com lesão intraepitelial de alto grau ou carcinoma invasivo) em comparação com o subgrupo LSIL (casos com lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau) revelou diferença significativa entre as distribuições das combinações haplotípicas (p = 0,036) e diferenças marginais entre as distribuições genotípicas para p16 500C>G (p = 0,071) e p16 540C>T (p = 0,051). O alelo p16 540G, em heterozigose ou homozigose (OR = 1,91, IC 95% = 1,08-3,37), e a combinação haplotípica p16 500C-540C 500G-540C (OR = 2,34, IC 95% = 1,202-4,555) mostraram-se associados com a severidade da lesões cervicais. Já o genótipo p16 540T/T (OR = 0,25, IC 95% = 0,08-0,79), e a combinação haplotípica p16 500C-540T 500C-540T (OR = 0,27, IC 95% = 0,088-0,827) exibiram papel protetor contra o desenvolvimento de lesões mais severas. As análises de interação entre os polimorfismos de p16INK4a e a expressão de p16 ou a infecção pelo HPV foram comprometidas pelo número reduzido de amostras analisadas. Não se observou qualquer interação entre os polimorfismos estudados e os fatores de risco clássicos para o câncer de colo uterino. Nossos resultados apontam para a importância dos polimorfismos do gene p16INK4a como marcadores de severidade da neoplasia cervical.
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The application of principles from evolutionary biology has long been used to gain new insights into the progression and clinical control of both infectious diseases and neoplasms. This iterative evolutionary process consists of expansion, diversification and selection within an adaptive landscape - species are subject to random genetic or epigenetic alterations that result in variations; genetic information is inherited through asexual reproduction and strong selective pressures such as therapeutic intervention can lead to the adaptation and expansion of resistant variants. These principles lie at the center of modern evolutionary synthesis and constitute the primary reasons for the development of resistance and therapeutic failure, but also provide a framework that allows for more effective control.
A model system for studying the evolution of resistance and control of therapeutic failure is the treatment of chronic HIV-1 infection by broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) therapy. A relatively recent discovery is that a minority of HIV-infected individuals can produce broadly neutralizing antibodies, that is, antibodies that inhibit infection by many strains of HIV. Passive transfer of human antibodies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection is increasingly being considered as an alternative to a conventional vaccine. However, recent evolution studies have uncovered that antibody treatment can exert selective pressure on virus that results in the rapid evolution of resistance. In certain cases, complete resistance to an antibody is conferred with a single amino acid substitution on the viral envelope of HIV.
The challenges in uncovering resistance mechanisms and designing effective combination strategies to control evolutionary processes and prevent therapeutic failure apply more broadly. We are motivated by two questions: Can we predict the evolution to resistance by characterizing genetic alterations that contribute to modified phenotypic fitness? Given an evolutionary landscape and a set of candidate therapies, can we computationally synthesize treatment strategies that control evolution to resistance?
To address the first question, we propose a mathematical framework to reason about evolutionary dynamics of HIV from computationally derived Gibbs energy fitness landscapes -- expanding the theoretical concept of an evolutionary landscape originally conceived by Sewall Wright to a computable, quantifiable, multidimensional, structurally defined fitness surface upon which to study complex HIV evolutionary outcomes.
To design combination treatment strategies that control evolution to resistance, we propose a methodology that solves for optimal combinations and concentrations of candidate therapies, and allows for the ability to quantifiably explore tradeoffs in treatment design, such as limiting the number of candidate therapies in the combination, dosage constraints and robustness to error. Our algorithm is based on the application of recent results in optimal control to an HIV evolutionary dynamics model and is constructed from experimentally derived antibody resistant phenotypes and their single antibody pharmacodynamics. This method represents a first step towards integrating principled engineering techniques with an experimentally based mathematical model in the rational design of combination treatment strategies and offers predictive understanding of the effects of combination therapies of evolutionary dynamics and resistance of HIV. Preliminary in vitro studies suggest that the combination antibody therapies predicted by our algorithm can neutralize heterogeneous viral populations despite containing resistant mutations.
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A Doença Celíaca (DC) é uma doença autoimune que afeta o intestino delgado de indivíduos geneticamente susceptíveis após contato com o glúten. Diversos estudos têm relatado aumento da prevalência ao longo dos anos. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de DC em pacientes adultos sem diarreia encaminhados à Disciplina de Gastroenterologia do HUPE da UERJ para serem submetidos a Endoscopia Digestiva Alta (EDA).Comparar os resultados do histopatológico das biópsias duodenais com os resultados sorológicos, utilizando o anticorpo antitransglutaminase tecidual IgA (ATGt IgA). Métodos: Pacientes que foram encaminhados ao nosso serviço para serem submetidos a EDA entre Julho de 2008 e Julho de 2010, com idade entre 18 e 85 anos foram aceitos no estudo. Critérios de exclusão foram cirrose, neoplasias do trato gastrointestinal, HIV, uso de imunossupressores e anticoagulantes, diarreia, hemorragia digestiva e DC. Coleta de sangue para pesquisa do anticorpo ATGt IgA (utilizando KIT ORGENTEC - Alemanha), avaliação endoscópica e exame histopatológico das biópsias de segunda porção duodenal foram feitos para cada paciente. Biópsias foram avaliadas de acordo com o critério de Marsh modificado. Resultados: Trezentos e noventa e nove pacientes consecutivos (112 homens, 287 mulheres), média de idade 49,616,4 anos, variando de 18-85 anos, sem diarreia, foram prospectivamente aceitos. Os sintomas clínicos mais prevalentes foram dor abdominal em 99,5%, pirose em 41,1%, plenitude pós prandial em 30,6%, náuseas e vômitos em 21,3%. Os achados endoscópicos foram: normais em 41,6%, lesões pépticas (esofagite, gastrite, duodenite e úlceras) em 41,6%, hérnia hiatal em 5,5%, pólipos gástricos em 3%, neoplasias em 1,3% e miscelânea em 7%. DC foi endoscopicamente diagnosticada em 13 pacientes (3,3%) com mucosa duodenal exibindo serrilhamento das pregas em 8 (2%), diminuição do pregueado em 2 (0,5%) e mucosa exibindo padrão nodular e mosaico em 3 (0,75%). Os achados histopatológicos de duodeno foram normais em 96,7%, duodenites inespecíficas em 2,7% e 3 pacientes (0,75%) confirmaram DC pelos critérios de Marsh modificado (IIIa, IIIb e IIIc). O anticorpo ATGt IgA foi positivo (>10 U/ml) em 1,3% (5/399). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que a prevalência de DC em pacientes dispépticos sem diarreia atendidos na Disciplina de Gastroenterologia e Endoscopia do HUPE/UERJ foi de 0,75% (1:133). A acurácia diagnóstica do anticorpo ATGt IgA é boa para pacientes com Marsh III e achados endoscópicos sugestivos. Nenhum dos pacientes tinha alterações Marsh I ou II. A EDA se mostrou um excelente método de triagem para definir os pacientes com graus mais acentuados de atrofia e que se beneficiariam de biópsia e sorologia para confirmação diagnóstica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho não justificam uma triagem rotineira de DC.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae pode ser isolado tanto de quadros de difteria clássica, quanto de infecções sistêmicas, como endocardite. O fibrinogênio (Fbn) e a fibronectina (Fn) são glicoproteínas presentes na matriz extracelular de tecidos conjuntivos. A influência destas proteínas na patogênese das infecções locais e invasivas causadas por C. diphtheriae é objeto de estudo devido ao fato do bacilo diftérico poder ser encontrado em lesões nas quais o Fbn e a Fn são predominantes, incluindo a pseudomembrana diftérica e vegetações cardíacas presentes na endocardite infecciosa. São crescentes as evidências de que o C. diphtheriae pode, além de aderir, ser internalizado por células em cultura. No presente estudo, investigou-se a participação de C. diphtheriae e das proteínas de superfície 67-72p na aderência à Fn e ao Fbn de plasma humano e a eritrócitos. A aderência às células HEp-2 e internalização também foram analisadas. A participação de 67-72p nos mecanismos de morte celular foi avaliada através das colorações por Azul de Tripan e 46-diamidino-2-fenil indol (DAPI), pelo ensaio de redução utilizando dimetil-tiazol-difenil tetrazólio (MTT) e por citometria de fluxo. As 67-72p foram extraídas da superfície da amostra toxigênica C. diphtheriae subsp. mitis CDC-E8392 através de processos mecânicos e precipitação com sulfato de amônio saturado. Análises por SDS-PAGE e immunoblotting detectaram a presença das bandas protéicas de 67 e 72kDa nas amostras toxinogênicas e atoxinogênicas analisadas, as quais pertenciam aos biotipos fermentador e não fermentador de sacarose. C. diphtheriae foi capazes não só de formar agregados na presença de plasma de coelho, mas também de converter Fbn em fibrina independentemente da presença do gene tox. No entanto, a amostra atoxinogênica ATCC 27010 (tox-) foi menos aderente ao Fbn do que a homóloga ATCC 27012 (tox+). A interação bacteriana com eritrócitos foi inibida somente pela Fn. Ligações entre Fn e/ou Fbn com 67-72p foram demonstradas por dot blotting, ELISA e/ou ensaios utilizando fluorescência. As 67-72p foram capazes de inibir as interações bacterianas com o Fbn, indicando que 67-72p podem participar do processo de aderência do patógeno aos tecidos do hospedeiro. Através da microscopia óptica, demonstrou-se a ligação de 67-72p adsorvidas em microesferas de látex com células HEp-2. Anticorpos de coelho do tipo IgG anti 67-72p interferiram somente com a expressão do padrão de aderência do tipo difuso, normalmente apresentado pela amostra CDC-E8392. A Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e a inibição da internalização bacteriana pela IgG anti 67-72p ou por 67-72p indicaram o papel de 67-72p como invasina. Alterações do citoesqueleto de células HEp-2 com acumulação de actina polimerizada, induzida por microesferas sensibilizadas com 67-72p, foi observada pelo fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test. Foi visualizado um aumento no número de bactérias viáveis no compartimento intracelular após tratamento de células HEp-2 ou dos microrganismos com Fn. A presença de partículas de látex adsorvidas com 67-72p no interior de vacúolos frouxos em células HEp-2 sugeriu que estas proteínas podem causar efeito citotóxico. A avaliação através das colorações com Azul de Tripan, DAPI e os ensaios de redução utilizando MTT demonstraram um decréscimo na viabilidade de células tratadas com 67-72p. As mudanças morfológicas observadas 3 horas após o início do tratamento com 67-72p incluíram vacuolização, fragmentação nuclear e formação de corpúsculos apoptóticos. A citometria de fluxo revelou um decréscimo de 15,13% no volume/tamanho de células tratadas com 67-72p. Além disso, o ensaio utilizando Iodeto de Propídio (IP) e Anexina V (AV)-FITIC demonstrou que havia 66,1% de células vivas (IP-/AV-), 16,6% de células em apoptose inicial (IP-/AV+) e 13,8% de células em apoptose tardia ou necrose secundária. Em conclusão, as 67-72p estão diretamente envolvidas na interação com Fn e Fbn. As proteínas não fimbriais 67-72p são hemaglutininas implicadas na aderência a células respiratórias e na internalização. Além disso, estas proteínas podem atuar como fatores de virulência em potencial para induzir apoptose de células epiteliais nos estágios iniciais da difteria e nas infecções invasivas causadas pelo C. diphtheriae
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O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a prevalência, extensão e severidade da periodontite crônica em pacientes com câncer de boca e/ou orofaringe e verificar se essa forma de doença periodontal é indicadora de risco para essas neoplasias. Trinta e cinco pacientes com câncer de boca e/ou orofaringe, atendidos no Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) e 40 pacientes e/ou acompanhantes do ambulatório do Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia (INTO), não portadores de neoplasias de boca e/ou orofaringe, foram avaliados por meio de anamnese, exame periodontal e índice de dentes cariados perdidos e obturados (CPOD). A população estudada foi formada predominante por indivíduos do sexo masculino, da raça branca, casados, que cursaram até o ensino fundamental e possuíam renda familiar de até 6 salários mínimos. Não houve diferença estatística significante para esses parâmetros entre os grupos. No grupo caso havia significativamente mais pacientes fumantes e que ingeriam mais bebidas alcoólicas. Pacientes do grupo controle praticavam mais exercícios físicos e tinham o índice de massa corporal (IMC) significantemente mais elevado. O consumo de frutas, legumes e vegetais foi maior para o grupo controle (p>0,05), enquanto o consumo de carne vermelha foi maior no grupo caso (p>0,05). O histórico de casos de câncer na família era baixo em ambos os grupos. O grupo caso apresentou mais sítios com placa e sangramento a sondagem e menos sítios com sangramento gengival. Somente o índice de placa teve diferença estatisticamente significante. O número de dentes presentes era significantemente menor no grupo caso embora não houvesse diferença estatística significante entre os grupos para o índice CPOD. As médias de profundidade de bolsa a sondagem (PBS) e nível de inserção clínica (NIC) foram significantemente maiores para o grupo caso. A prevalência da periodontite crônica generalizada foi de 100% nos pacientes com câncer de boca e ou orofaringe. Oitenta e nove por cento dos pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram periodontite crônica severa. A extensão ou a severidade da periodontite crônica permaneceram indicadores de risco para o câncer de boca e/ou orofaringe independentes mesmo após os ajustes para fatores de confusão, álcool e fumo.
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Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasms and an important cause of mortality in the developed world. Mendelian syndromes account for about 5% of the total burden of CRC, being Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis the most common forms. Lynch syndrome tumors develop mainly as a consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. A significant proportion of variants identified by screening these genes correspond to missense or noncoding changes without a clear pathogenic consequence, and they are designated as "variants of uncertain significance'', being the c.1852_1853delinsGC (p.K618A) variant in the MLH1 gene a clear example. The implication of this variant as a low-penetrance risk variant for CRC was assessed in the present study by performing a case-control study within a large cohort from the COGENT consortium-COST Action BM1206 including 18,723 individuals (8,055 colorectal cancer cases and 10,668 controls) and a case-only genotype-phenotype correlation with several clinical and pathological characteristics restricted to the Epicolon cohort. Our results showed no involvement of this variant as a low-penetrance variant for colorectal cancer genetic susceptibility and no association with any clinical and pathological characteristics including family history for this neoplasm or Lynch syndrome.
Resumo:
A respiração e a deglutição são vitais para o homem. Enquanto a primeira diz respeito a um ato primitivo da vida, a hematose, a segunda trata da manutenção da vida, oferecendo a energia necessária, nutrindo e hidratando, perpassando pelo prazer alimentar, ato tão importante na sociedade contemporânea. A relação funcional entre essas funções ainda não foi totalmente elucidada, porém é crescente o interesse e o número de estudos sobre esta temática. Considerando que a deglutição eficiente tem como pressuposto a capacidade de proteger via aérea inferior, a alteração de deglutição primária ou secundária a um dano pulmonar pode trazer repercussões severas para a integridade do sistema respiratório. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o processo sinérgico da deglutição em portadores de bronquiectasia, a fim de verificar se há alteração na fisiologia da deglutição e caracterizá-la, assim como, identificar se há correspondência entre alteração da função pulmonar e alteração da deglutição.Para tal foram selecionados randomicamente 30 pacientes na faixa etária de 18 a 65 anos, atendidos no ambulatório de bronquiectasia do HUPE. Destes, 26 indivíduos responderam a um questionário dirigido sobre hábitos alimentares e possíveis dificuldades de alimentação; foram submetidos à avaliação clínica da deglutição; 22 fizeram espirometria no setor de prova de função pulmonar no HUPE e 17 avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição. Dos 26 indivíduos estudados 10 eram homens e 16 mulheres, com média de idade de 46,3 anos. Na avaliação clínica da deglutição observaram-se alterações estruturais e funcionais em todos os indivíduos estudados. As principais alterações estruturais detectadas referem-se e a dinâmica laríngea; enquanto na avaliação funcional detectou-se alterações referentes à ejeção oral, dinâmica hiolaríngea, trânsito faríngeo e presença de deglutições múltiplas. Com relação à espirometria 06 indivíduos apresentaram distúrbio obstrutivo leve; 04 distúrbio obstrutivo moderado e 09 distúrbio obstrutivo acentuado. A videofluoroscopia da deglutição corroborou os achados da avaliação clínica da deglutição e evidenciou episódios de penetração e aspiração laríngea Pode-se concluir que: (1) a avaliação clínica da deglutição associada à avaliação videofluoroscópica são métodos eficientes para a análise do processo sinérgico da deglutição; (2) identificou-se alteração do processo sinérgico da deglutição, nos indivíduos avaliados; (3) a ausculta cervical isoladamente, não demonstrou ser um método eficiente para predizer aspiração e/ou penetração laringotraqueal; (4) houve correspondência entre os resultados da avaliação clínica funcional da deglutição e videofluoroscópica, exceto quanto a presença de penetração e/ou aspiração e quanto a capacidade de avaliar a ejeção oral; (5) não foi possível identificar se há correspondência entre alteração da função pulmonar e processo sinérgico da deglutição.