d15N of lipids in marine animals of the Dutch Wadden Sea

Lipid extraction of biomass prior to stable isotope analysis is known to cause variable changes in the stable nitrogen isotopic composition (d15N) of residual biomass. However, the underlying factors causing these changes are not yet clear. Here we address this issue by comparing the d15N of bulk and residual biomass of several marine animal tissues (fish, crab, cockle, oyster, and polychaete), as well as the d15N of the extracted lipids. As observed previously, lipid extraction led to a variable offset in d15N of biomass (differences ranging from -2.3 to +1.8 per mil). Importantly, the total lipid extract (TLE) was highly depleted in 15N compared to bulk biomass, and also highly variable (differences ranging from -14 to +0.7 per mil). The TLE consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholines, a group of lipids with one nitrogen atom in the headgroup. To elucidate the cause for the 15N-depletion in the TLE, the d15N of amino acids was determined, including serine because it is one of the main sources of nitrogen to N-containing lipids. Serine d15N values differed by -7 to +2 per mil from bulk biomass d15N, and correlated well with the 15N depletion in TLEs. On average, serine was less depleted (-3 per mil) than the TLE (-7 per mil), possibly due to fractionation during biosynthesis of N-containing headgroups, or that other nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea and choline, or recycled nitrogen contribute to the nitrogen isotopic composition of the TLE. The depletion in 15N of the TLE relative to biomass increased with the trophic level of the organisms.

Community cook book /

Includes recipes for Spanish, Norwegian, and Swedish dishes. Sample recipes: Oyster pie, Columbia omelet, White fruit cake.

Encyclopaedia of etiquette : what to write, what to do, what to wear, what to say : a book of manners for everyday use.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Park Church cook book : tested recipes /

Includes household hints and home remedies; recipes for Italian, German, English, and Hungarian dishes; some recipes include wine or liquor as an ingredient. Sample recipes: Mushrooms and sweetbreads, Steamed English pudding, Cheese savories, Ginger ale salad.

Tit-bits, or, How to prepare a nice dish at a moderate expense /

Includes index.

First principles of household management and cookery : a text-book for schools and families /

Includes sections on household cleaning and nutrition. Sample recipes: Beef stew, Oyster soup, Custard.

Miss Parloa's young housekeeper : designed especially to aid beginners : economical receipts for those who are cooking for two or three /

Cf. Bitting, K.G. Gastronomic bib., p. 357.

One thousand American Fungi : how to select and cook the edible : how to distinguish and avoid the poisonous : giving full botanic descriptions : made easy for reader and student /

Half title: American fungi.

A manual of fish-culture : based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with chapters on the cultivation of oysters and frogs /

"Extracted from U. S. Fish Commission report for 1897, pages 1 to 340, plates 1 to 62 and I to XVIII."

Report.

Report year ends Aug. 31.

Annual reports of the Fish and Game Protector to the Governor.

"The eastern oyster on the Oregon coast, by F.L. Washburn" issued as an appendix (14 p.) to reports for 1895/96.

Report.

Report year irregular.

Die pilze in morphologisch-biologischer betrachtung unter besonderer berücksichtigung der fleischigen pilze gemeinverständlich dargestellt ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Beiträge zur kenntniss einheimischer pilze ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Mushroom cookery,

Mode of access: Internet.