[Comanche pictograph map of the Battle of Sierra Blanca, 1787].

Shows battle between two warring Plains Indian tribes, the Comanche and Apache.

辽东次生林土壤呼吸及主要组分分离与量化

土壤呼吸是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分，对土壤呼吸的主要组分根系呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸进行分离并量化，对于了解土壤碳释放规律、估算生态系统土壤碳的年际通量以及预测气候变化条件下根系或土壤微生物对土壤碳释放格局的影响具有重要意义。本文采用挖壕法测定辽东山区蒙古栎林、杂木林和胡桃楸林的土壤表面CO2通量，并同步分析土壤水热因子及土壤有机质、N含量、根系生物量、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物生物量等。研究结果表明：（1）辽东山区次生林0-10cm土壤有机质含量为9.29-18.15%，全氮含量为0.43-0.90%，pH值为5.67-6.19；次生林生长季细根生物量平均为152.61- 447.79 g/m2，粗根生物量平均为255.42-507.42 g/m2，根系总量平均为540.93-955.22 g/m2；土壤酶活性季节变化明显，且具垂直分布特征，蒙古栎林的土壤转化酶、淀粉酶和脱氢酶活性最高，胡桃楸林最低，胡桃楸林过氧化氢酶活性相对最大；土壤微生物量碳、氮的季节变化呈明显的单峰曲线并与土壤温度相关，土壤微生物量碳氮之间具显著相关性（P<0.05）。（2）次生林土壤总呼吸、根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸具明显的日、季变化规律，生长季根呼吸贡献相对较低，胡桃楸林根呼吸贡献率为34.0-34.8%，蒙古栎林为17.9-28.4%，杂木林为14.7-35.3%；土壤微生物呼吸贡献率为66.0-85.3%，高于根呼吸贡献率，说明辽东山区次生林土壤微生物呼吸决定土壤总呼吸的变化趋势。（3）土壤呼吸与地下5cm土壤温度呈指数函数关系，土壤总呼吸的Q10值为1.29-2.30，微生物呼吸的Q10值为1.28-2.09，根呼吸的Q10值为1.29-3.72；土壤总呼吸、微生物呼吸、根呼吸与土壤含水量均无明显相关关系；蒙古栎林根呼吸与细根生物量显著相关，杂木林根呼吸与粗根生物量及根系总生物量显著相关，胡桃楸林根呼吸与根系生物量总量显著相关（P<0.05）；微生物呼吸与淀粉酶、转化酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶均无显著相关性（除胡桃楸林与过氧化氢酶显著相关）；微生物呼吸与土壤微生物量碳、氮均呈显著线性相关关系（P<0.05）。（4）蒙古栎林土壤总呼吸、根呼吸、土壤微生物呼吸年际碳释放量分别为572.78、147.78和425.59 g C m-2a-1，杂木林分别为403.12、108.92、297.51 g C m-2a-1，胡桃楸林分别为519.47、173.75、345.72 g C m-2a-1；生长季和非生长季通过根呼吸释放的碳量均小于分解土壤有机质的微生物呼吸释放的碳量，非生长季次生林土壤碳释放量为39.21-152.04 g C m-2a-1，占全年呼吸总量的10-29%，说明冬季土壤碳释放量不能忽略。

辽东山区次生林林窗环境因子动态

林窗是森林生态系统中的一种特殊结构，影响着整个森林生态系统的结构、物种组成、演替及生态系统功能。我国现有森林资源以次生林为主体，而林窗是森林演替的重要环节，因此通过次生林林窗特征及其内部环境因子动态研究，能够明确林窗在次生林演替中的重要作用。本论文以辽东山区次生林为对象，选取人工砍伐形成的三个不同大小的林窗，林窗按照面积大小分三个梯度来选取，从大到小分别为大林窗,中林窗和小林窗。通过野外调查、观测，较系统的研究了三个不同大小林窗的环境因子变化以及植物多样性与环境因子的相关关系。旨在明确林窗内各环境要素的变化规律及不同大小林窗间的差异，为东北山区的次生林管理经营与管理提供参考。 对林窗内环境因子（光量子通量密度、温度、空气湿度和土壤水分）、土壤氮素有效性以及植物多样性分析结果表明：（1）光量子通量密度日变化趋势均为单峰型，到达峰值的时间均在中午以前，且峰值出现的位置均在林窗中心偏北部。光量子通量密度在生长季开始时强度较大，而在生长旺季强度偏小；面积较大的林窗中心光量子通量密度没有显著差异，但林窗边缘与林内差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）空气温度日变化趋势为单峰型，非生长季面积小的林窗其温度高于面积大的林窗，生长季则面积大的林窗温度较高；林窗内南部的湿度高于林窗北部，而温度则为林窗北部高于林窗南部。（3）土壤水分在两个深度层次间无显著差异，但在雨季的土壤含水量明显高于其它月份；林窗内部不同位置，面积较大的林窗内部各点差异不显著，但面积小的林窗其中心与林窗内部各点差异显著（p<0.05）；土壤温度日变化与气温的变化一致，但其变幅较小，这可能与土壤和大气间的热量传递有关。（4）林窗内土壤硝态氮含量存在着明显的季节性，林内与林窗中心及林窗边缘差异显著，且面积较大的林窗硝态氮含量高于面积较小的林窗；面积较小林窗的氨态氮含量较高。矿化速率变化与硝态氮的变化一致。（5）各林窗内植物多样性在中林窗和小林窗边缘范围内都存在着物种多样性增加的趋势，而大林窗并未表现明显的物种多样性增加的趋势；环境因子与物种多样性指数在各林窗中均无显著的相关性。

辽东山区次生林生态系统主要林型土壤磷素特征

磷是植物生长发育所必需的营养元素之一，由于磷在土壤中的难溶性和难移动性，使得磷在陆地生态系统的循环越来越受到重视，尤其是在明确土壤磷素存在形态和分布特征的基础上，探讨土壤磷素与土地利用方式以及植被生长发育状况之间的关系，对于指导土地利用和恢复植被建设具有重要意义。本研究以辽东山区天然次生林主要林型胡桃楸林、杂木林（由蒙古栎、花曲柳和山杨等树种组成）和蒙古栎林为主要研究对象，系统研究了辽东山区天然次生林土壤磷素的分布特征，并比较研究了落叶松人工林取代天然次生林后土壤磷素的变化特征。主要结论如下： 1. 辽东山区天然次生林土壤磷素特征：（1）次生林0-30 cm土壤全磷含量的变化范围为326.5 mg kg-1-984.9 mg kg-1，土壤总有机磷含量、总无机磷含量、Olsen-P含量和土壤微生物量磷含量占全磷含量的比例变化范围分别为47%-76%、24%-53%、1.23%-1.40%和2.67%-3.45%，土壤全磷与土壤有机碳、全氮之间呈显著正相关，说明次生林土壤有机质含量是影响土壤磷素含量的主要因素之一；土壤Olsen-P和微生物量磷季节变化明显，均表现为夏季最高，且土壤Olsen-P和微生物量磷的季节变化规律不受植被类型的影响；另外，土壤Olsen-P、土壤微生物量磷的季节变化均与土壤含水量相关。（2）三个林型土壤酸性磷酸酶与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、Olsen-P和微生物量磷之间存在密切的相关性，酸性磷酸酶可以作为评价次生林土壤磷素状况的一个指标。（3）不同林型土壤各形态无机磷分布不同，胡桃楸林以Fe-P（铁结合的磷酸盐）和Ca-P（钙结合的磷酸盐）为主，杂木林和蒙古栎林以O-P（闭蓄态磷）为主；不同林型土壤各形态无机磷随季节的变化规律不同，与Olsen-P的关系也不同，胡桃楸林土壤Olsen-P与Al-P（铝结合的磷酸盐）之间具有显著的相关性，杂木林土壤Olsen-P与Fe-P和Ca-P之间相关性显著，蒙古栎林土壤Olsen-P与Ca-P之间显著相关，说明辽东山区不同林型土壤磷素的有效来源不同。（4）辽东山区有机磷各形态的分布特征为：中等活性有机磷 > 中等稳定性有机磷 > 高稳定性有机磷 > 活性有机磷；土壤活性有机磷的季节变化与Olsen-P变化一致，中等活性有机磷、中等稳定性有机磷和高等稳定性有机磷的含量随季节变化无此规律；胡桃楸林、蒙古栎林土壤Olsen-P与活性有机磷、中等稳定性有机磷和高等稳定性有机磷之间显著相关，杂木林土壤Olsen-P与活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中等稳定性有机磷和高等稳定性有机磷之间相关性显著，说明在本研究区土壤有机磷对磷素有效性的贡献较大。（5）三个林型内主要树种叶片磷含量均较高，且叶片N/P < 10，土壤磷素不是辽东山区次生林植被生长的限制性养分因子。 2. 落叶松人工林取代天然次生林后土壤磷素特征的变化：（1）和天然次生林相比，落叶松人工林土壤全磷、总有机磷、Olsen-P、土壤微生物量磷和磷酸酶活性均显著降低（P<0.05），土壤总无机磷含量无明显变化，这说明次生林转变为落叶松人工林后土壤磷素状况下降。（2）随着次生林转变为落叶松人工林和落叶松人工林连栽后，土壤无机磷各形态含量变化显著，土壤Fe-P和Ca-P含量逐渐降低，O-P含量升高，土壤Olsen-P与无机磷形态中的Fe-P和Ca-P之间显著正相关，表明了Fe-P和Ca-P是Olsen-P的主要无机磷来源。（3）落叶松人工林取代次生林后，土壤活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中等稳定性有机磷和高等稳定性有机磷含量均降低，土壤Olsen-P与活性有机磷显著正相关，活性有机磷是补充Olsen-P的直接有机磷源；土壤微生物量磷与各有机磷组分及 Olsen-P含量之间均呈显著正相关，这说明微生物量磷在有机磷转化中起着重要作用。

辽宁中部城市群景观动态模拟与预测研究

辽宁中部城市群是我国城镇最密集的地区之一，经过几十年快速的城市发展和工业建设，造成了严重环境污染和生态破坏，区域的景观发生了巨大的变化。本文研究辽宁中部城市群城市空间增长和景观动态，为辽宁中部城市群的科学规划和管理提供决策支持，对辽宁省生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的意义。 本文利用3S技术、转移矩阵和景观格局指数方法对辽宁中部城市群1988-- 2004 年的城市增长和景观变化进行了综合分析，采用历史数据对城市增长和景观变化模型SLEUTH进行校正，并对历史时期的城市增长和景观变化进行模拟重建；利用ROC曲线统计、Kappa指数系列和景观格局指数对SLEUTH的模拟结果进行精度评价；在五种不同的预案下对辽宁中部城市群未来（2005-2045年）城市增长和景观动态进行模拟预测。本文得到如下结论： 1. 1988-2004年间，辽宁中部城市群的城市面积持续增长，扩展强度不断增强，1997-2000年的城市扩展强度最大，增长速度最快。城市空间格局的变化表现出阶段性的特征，1988-1997年城市面积的增长速度较慢，结构紧凑，以边缘增长和填充增长为主；1997-2004年城市面积增长较快，城市向外蔓延，城市斑块形状变得复杂，以开发区的飞地式增长和扩散增长为主。 2. 1997-2004年间，辽宁中部城市群的景观变化明显，农村居民点的面积增长最大，其次为城市；林草地的面积减少最大，其次为耕地。各景观类型中城市的增长速度最快，林草地减少的速度最快。辽宁中部城市群的城市增长和景观变化主要集中在中部的城镇密集带。城镇密集带将是未来城市群规划和管理的关键区域。辽宁中部城市群景观格局受人类活动影响增强，景观破碎化程度加大。景观中林草地和耕地的优势地位有所减弱，破碎化程度增加，斑块形状日益复杂；在城镇密集带内，耕地面积流失较大，耕地占景观面积比例减少较快，破碎化程度较大。随着城市化进程的加快和人类活动的增强，辽宁中部城市群表现出复杂的格局变化特征。 3. 1988-2004年，辽宁中部城市群城市增长的主要驱动力是社会经济发展和政策因素，其中人口和经济的高速增长、国家及区域政策导致的城市开发、生 态环境保护政策、城市规划和基础设施建设等因素是城市群城市空间快速增长的主要因素。辽宁中部城市群的景观变化受到自然和人类两大类驱动因素的共同作用。气候、水文、矿产资源等自然驱动力对城市群景观变化的影响也较大。人口增长、城市和村镇聚落增长、农业开发、经济发展、政治政策和工业化等主要的人类驱动力对辽宁中部城市群景观变化影响较大。 4. 利用ROC 曲线统计、Kappa 指数系列和景观格局指数从城市增长总体预测能力、增长数量和空间格局上对SLEUTH 模型的城市增长模拟结果进行精度评估；利用Kappa 指数系列和景观格局指数对SLEUTH的景观变化预测结果进行评价。总体上讲，SLEUTH模型对辽宁中部城市群城市增长和景观动态模拟预测具有良好的可信精度，较好地模拟了1988-2004年的城市增长和1997-2004年城市群的景观动态。 5. SLEUTH 模型效力的主要影响因素包括模型结构、城市发展特征、模型应用的时空尺度和模型输入数据的获取与误差传递等。通过修改模型参数设置、开展模型敏感性与不确定性分析等可以提高SLEUTH 模型的模拟效力，并提出城市分类标准对SLEUTH准确性的影响，通过对部分研究区的检验研究，证明城市分类标准对SLEUTH模型的校正和模拟预测结果影响较大。 6. 基于SLEUTH模型，从城市群城市空间增长、景观要素和社会经济政策等方面设计了五种城市群发展和景观变化预案，即历史趋势预案（Historical Trend, HT），区域开发政策和城市规划预案（Regional development policy and Urban planning policy, RU），生态可持续发展预案（Ecological Sustainable development，ES），两个密集增长预案（Compact Growth，CG1和CG2）等。通过预案分析，考察不同的条件下未来城市群城市空间增长和景观动态特征，研究认为密集的城市增长预案是未来辽宁中部城市群发展的较好预案，为辽宁中部城市群的规划、管理和可持续发展提供决策支持。

Late Miocene palaeoflora and palaeoclimate of Lincang (China)

The Miocene Lincang leaf assemblage is used in this paper as proxy data to reconstruct the palaeoclimate of southwestern Yunnan (SW China) and the evolution of monsoon intensity. Three quantitative methods were chosen for this reconstruction, i.e. Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), and the Coexistence Approach (CA). These methods, however, yield inconsistent results, particularly for the precipitation, as also shown in European and other East Asian Cenozoic floras. The wide range of the reconstructed climatic parameters includes the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) of 18.5-24.7 °C and the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) of 1213-3711 mm. Compared with the modern Lincang climate (MAT, 17.3 °C; MAP, 1178.7 mm), the Miocene climate is slightly warmer, wetter and has a higher temperature seasonality. A detailed comparison on the palaeoclimatic variables with the coeval Late Miocene Xiaolongtan flora from the eastern part of Yunnan allows us to investigate the development and interactions of both South Asian and East Asian monsoons during the Late Miocene in southwest China, now under strong influence of these monsoon systems. Our results suggest that the monsoon climate has already been established in southwest Yunnan during the Late Miocene. Furthermore, our results support that both Southeast Asian and East Asian monsoons co-occurred in Yunnan during the Late Miocene.

The non-therapsid reptiles of the Lufeng Basin, Yunnan, China / David Jay Simmons -- [Edited by Edward G. Nash]

v.15:no.1(1965)

China 1:200,000 : Sheet H-50-XXIV : Zhejiang Sheng Region (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map covering a portion of the Zhejiang Sheng region, China (map quadrangle number: H-50-XXIV). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. The source map was published in 1979. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

China 1:200,000 : Sheet H-50-XXX : Zhejiang Sheng Region (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map covering a portion of the Zhejiang Sheng region, China (map quadrangle number: H-50-XXX). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. Published in 1979, the source map was compiled from maps 1:100,000 published in 1977; corrected according to source material, 1970-1975. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

China 1:200,000 : Shaoxing Region, Zhejiang Sheng (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map of the Shaoxing region, Zhejiang Sheng, China (map quadrangle number: H-51-XIX). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. Published in 1979, the source map was compiled from maps 1:100,000 published in 1977; corrected according to source material, 1973, 1974. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

China 1:200,000 : Xianju Region, Zhejiang Sheng (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map of the Xianju region, Zhejiang Sheng, China (map quadrangle number: H-51-XXV). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. Published in 1986, this map reflects 1979 ground conditions. The source map was compiled from maps 1:100,000 published in 1979. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

China 1:200,000 : Wezhou Region, Zhejiang Sheng (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map of the Wenzhou region, Zhejiang Sheng, China (map quadrangle number: H-51-XXXI). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. Published in 1986, this map reflects 1979 ground conditions. The source map was compiled from maps 1:100,000 published in 1979. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

China 1:200,000 : Lishui Region, Zhejiang Sheng (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the Soviet Army topographic sheet map of the Lishui region, Zhejiang Sheng, China (map quadrangle number: H-50-XXXVI). It is from a series of Soviet Army topographic maps of China 1:200,000. Published in 1979, the source map was compiled from maps 1:100,000 published in 1977; corrected according to source material, 1973-1975. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pulkovo 1942 GK Zone 20N projection. Map collar information from the source map have been cropped and are not available as part of the raster image. China 1:200,000 topographic maps were prepared and printed by the Soviet Army General Headquarters, 1976-1991. China 1:200,000 maps are in Russian. Each source map in the series is printed in color. China 1:200,000 maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works and structures of humans, such as roads, railroads, paths, walls, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 40 meters and/or spot heights.

Rock map of the Yellow River (Huang He) expedition, China, 1925-1927 : Sheet 2

This layer is part of a set of georeferenced, raster images of the manuscript, paper map set entitled: Ch'ing-Hai upper Yellow River expedition : Rock and Simpson, 1925-27, [cartography by J.F. Rock]. Scale 1:250,000. This layer image is of Sheet II [of 10] covering a portion of the Yellow River (Huang He) region in eastern Qinghai Sheng and southern Gansu Sheng, China. The map set details the route and surrounding environs of the Arnold Arboretum's "Western China" expedition led by Joseph Rock, 1924-1927. The set covers a portion of the Yellow River (Huang He) region in south central China (Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan shengs (a portion of historic Tibet)). It shows features, labeled variously in English, Chinese, Wade-Giles transliteration, and Tibetan, including: rivers, streams, lakes, mountains, gorges, valleys, plateaus, plains, cities, towns, villages, provincial capitals, county seats, passes, monasteries, ruin sites, native tribe locations, and more. Relief is shown by hachures, spot heights, and landform drawings. The original manuscript map set is part of the Harvard College Library, Harvard Map Collection. "Joseph Rock traced his travels for the [Arnold] Arboretum's [Western China] 1924-1927 expedition in a colorful, hand-drawn map entitled 'Ch'ing-Hai upper Yellow River expedition.' The pen-and-ink drawing was made on ten sheets that when joined form a single, irregularly-shaped map, approximately six by eight feet in size. The individual sheets are numbered, using roman numerals; on sheet VII is a second title, 'Choni Territory, Upper and Lower T'ieh-Pu country and route to Sung-Pan, J. F. Rock, 1925-1927.' Topographical and other features are identified using a combination of English, Chinese characters, Wade-Giles transliterations and Tibetan script. Rock's attractive cursive style and use of hachures, spot heights, and landform drawings to depict relief add character to the map." -- Text from the Arnold Arboretum Web site.

Rock map of the Yellow River (Huang He) expedition, China, 1925-1927 : Sheet 3

This layer is part of a set of georeferenced, raster images of the manuscript, paper map set entitled: Ch'ing-Hai upper Yellow River expedition : Rock and Simpson, 1925-27, [cartography by J.F. Rock]. Scale 1:250,000. This layer image is of Sheet III [of 10] covering a portion of the Yellow River (Huang He) region in eastern Qinghai Sheng and southern Gansu Sheng, China. The map set details the route and surrounding environs of the Arnold Arboretum's "Western China" expedition led by Joseph Rock, 1924-1927. The set covers a portion of the Yellow River (Huang He) region in south central China (Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan shengs (a portion of historic Tibet)). It shows features, labeled variously in English, Chinese, Wade-Giles transliteration, and Tibetan, including: rivers, streams, lakes, mountains, gorges, valleys, plateaus, plains, cities, towns, villages, provincial capitals, county seats, passes, monasteries, ruin sites, native tribe locations, and more. Relief is shown by hachures, spot heights, and landform drawings. The original manuscript map set is part of the Harvard College Library, Harvard Map Collection. "Joseph Rock traced his travels for the [Arnold] Arboretum's [Western China] 1924-1927 expedition in a colorful, hand-drawn map entitled 'Ch'ing-Hai upper Yellow River expedition.' The pen-and-ink drawing was made on ten sheets that when joined form a single, irregularly-shaped map, approximately six by eight feet in size. The individual sheets are numbered, using roman numerals; on sheet VII is a second title, 'Choni Territory, Upper and Lower T'ieh-Pu country and route to Sung-Pan, J. F. Rock, 1925-1927.' Topographical and other features are identified using a combination of English, Chinese characters, Wade-Giles transliterations and Tibetan script. Rock's attractive cursive style and use of hachures, spot heights, and landform drawings to depict relief add character to the map." -- Text from the Arnold Arboretum Web site.