Snakebites by Crotalus durissus ssp in children in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

From January, 1984 to March, 1999, 31 children under 15 y old (ages 1-14 y, median 8 y) were admitted after being bitten by rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus ssp). One patient was classified as "dry-bite", 3 as mild envenoming, 9 as moderate envenoming and 18 as severe envenoming. Most patients had neuromuscular manifestations, such as palpebral ptosis (27/31), myalgia (23/31) and weakness (20/31). Laboratory tests suggesting rhabdomyolysis included an increase in total blood creatine kinase (CK, 28/29) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, 25/25) levels and myoglobinuria (14/15). The main local signs and symptoms were slight edema (20/31) and erythema (19/31). Before antivenom (AV) administration, blood coagulation disorders were observed in 20/25 children that received AV only at our hospital (incoagulable blood in 17/25). AV early reactions were observed in 20 of these 25 cases (9/9 patients not pretreated and 11/16 patients pretreated with hydrocortisone and histamine H1 and H2 antagonists). There were no significant differences in the frequency of patients with AV early reactions between the groups that were and were not pretreated (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.12). Patients admitted less than and more than 6 h after the bite showed the same risk of developing severe envenoming (Fisher's exact test, p = 1). No children of the first group (< 6 h) showed severe complications whereas 3/6 children admitted more than 6 h post-bite developed acute renal failure. Patients bitten in the legs had a higher risk of developing severe envenoming (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.04). There was a significant association between both total CK and LDH blood enzyme levels and severity (p < 0.001 for CK and p < 0.001 for LDH; Mann-Whitney U test). No deaths were recorded.

Electrophoretic protein patterns and numerical analysis of Candida albicans from the oral cavities of healthy children

The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < S D < 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < S D < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres"), CS (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Carlos Sodero"), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. "Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa"), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans.

Oral cysticercosis: case report and review of the literature

Cysticercosis is a condition that occurs when man is infested by the larvae of Taenia solium, acting as an intermediate host instead of definitive. Oral cysticercosis is a rare event, and it represents a difficulty in clinical diagnosis. A case of oral cysticercosis in a 23-year-old white female who presented a painless swelling in the dorsal portion of the tongue is reported. An excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological examination revealed a cystic cavity containing the tapeworm.

Mycophenolate mofetil may protect against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplanted patients

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is usually prevented in transplanted patients by prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (TMS). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been shown to have a strong protective effect against PCP in rats. This effect is also suggested in humans by the absence of PCP in patients receiving MMF. After January 1998 MMF has been used with no TMS prophylaxis in renal transplanted patients. In azathioprine (AZA) treated patients TMS prophylaxis was maintained. The incidence of PCP was analyzed in both groups. Data were collected in order to have a minimum 6-month follow-up. Two hundred and seventy-two patients were eligible for analysis. No PCP occurred either in patients under MMF without TMS prophylaxis nor in patients under AZA. MMF may have an effective protective role against PCP as no patient under MMF, despite not receiving TMS coverage, developed PCP. A larger, controlled, trial is warranted to consolidate this information.

Columbano no seu Tempo (1857-1929)

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História da Arte Contemporânea (Séculos XIX-XX)

Preliminary investigation of Culicidae species in South Pantanal, Brazil and their potential importance in arbovirus transmission

In view of the high circulation of migratory birds and the environmental and climatic conditions which favor the proliferation of arthropods, the Brazilian Pantanal is susceptible to circulation of arboviruses. However, the amount of data concerning arbovirus vectors in this area is scarce; therefore the aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation of Culicidae species in the Nhecolândia Sub-region of South Pantanal, Brazil and their potential importance in the arbovirus transmission. A total of 3684 specimens of mosquitoes were captured, 1689 of which caught in the rainy season of 2007, were divided into 78 pools and submitted to viral isolation, Semi-Nested RT-PCR and Nested RT-PCR, with a view to identifying the most important arboviruses in Brazil. Simultaneously, 70 specimens of ticks found blood-feeding on horses were also submitted to the same virological assays. No virus was isolated and viral nucleic-acid detection by RT-PCR was also negative. Nevertheless, a total of 22 Culicidae species were identified, ten of which had previously been reported as vectors of important arboviruses. The diversity of species found blood-feeding on human and horse hosts together with the arboviruses circulation previously reported suggest that the Nhecolândia Sub-region of South Pantanal is an important area for arbovirus surveillance in Brazil.

Ensinar ciências a alunos com incapacidade intelectual recorrendo ao software Scratch: um estudo de caso

Este estudo procura a valorização do ensino dirigido a alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual. Tem como objetivos conceber um recurso didático, integrando as ferramentas do Scratch, para alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual; averiguar a exequibilidade do uso desse recurso em ambiente natural de ensino e promover o envolvimento de alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual na realização de tarefas propostas na disciplina de Ciências da Natureza. Pretendemos dar resposta às seguintes questões de investigação: (1) A utilização do Scratch é adequada e exequível no trabalho quotidiano de alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual? (2) Em que medida o Scratch pode contribuir para um melhor envolvimento dos alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual na realização das tarefas propostas? Para este efeito, planificamos duas aulas. Na primeira, abordou-se o conteúdo a tratar – Poluição – e na segunda aula utilizou-se o Scratch, desafiando os alunos a desenvolverem diversas tarefas de forma mais ativa. O presente estudo segue uma abordagem metodológica de natureza qualitativa, centrando-se num estudo de caso, onde se aborda a importância do uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação, mais concretamente o software educativo Scratch, como sendo uma ferramenta potenciadora do envolvimento dos alunos. Este estudo foi aplicado a três alunos com Incapacidade Intelectual que tinham sido atribuídos à docente investigadora no presente ano letivo. Os dados foram recolhidos através da análise dos Programas Educativos Individuais dos alunos participantes; da entrevista realizada à docente de Educação Especial; de gravações áudio, de fotografias, de trabalhos realizados pelos alunos participantes e de notas de campo da investigadora. Foi centralidade do estudo a conceção de uma proposta didática e o desenvolvimento dos respetivos recursos, utilizando o software educativo Scratch. Quer a proposta didática quer os recursos a ela associados constituem em si mesmo parte dos resultados do trabalho desenvolvido. Os dados obtidos neste estudo permitem sustentar a ideia de que é possível trabalhar com alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais, nomeadamente Incapacidade Intelectual, recorrendo ao software educativo Scratch e que o uso desta ferramenta proporcionou um maior envolvimento e autonomia dos alunos nas tarefas propostas.

CO-INFECTION OF DENGUE VIRUS BY SEROTYPES 1 AND 4 IN PATIENT FROM MEDIUM SIZED CITY FROM BRAZIL

SUMMARY The natural co-infection with dengue virus can occur in highly endemic areas where different serotypes have been observed for many years. We report one case of DENV-1/DENV-4 co-infection in human serum detected by molecular tests. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained indicated the presence of genotype V and II for DENV-1 and DENV-4, respectively.

Spatial and temporal analysis of recent drought using vegetation temperature condition index: case of Somali regional state of Ethiopia

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Profilaxia ecológica fitoquímica da Ancilostomose e Estrongiloidose

Os Autores, após terem demonstrado no laboratório a atividade "in vitro" de 119 produtos naturais de origem vegetal no bloqueio da evolução externa de Ancilostomídeos e S. stercoralis, pesquisaram a aplicação prática da Profilaxia ecológica fitoquímica das respectivas endemias parasitárias. A investigação foi realizada em dois grupos populacionais de favelados da Ilha do Governador (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), ao longo de 26 meses de intenso trabalho que compreendeu: 1) seleção e levantamento demográfico das áreas; 2) inquérito geral para determinação da incidência parasitária; 3) introdução dos vegetais ativos em uma das áreas, ficando a outra como controle; 4) tratamento em massa de ambas as populações, repetido 10 meses depois; 5) três controles epidemiológicos, após cada tratamento e a intervalos constantes de 60 a 70 dias, para verificação das reinfestações e do confronto final da prevalência das helmintoses nas duas áreas. Das plantas introduzidas somente se adaptou o C. citratus que atingiu uma concentração média de uma touceira por 10 m². Os níveis de ancilostomose cairam na área plantada de 23,2% para 2,2% e na área controle de 14,5% para 5,8%, durante o período de 21 meses da investigação. A estrongiloidose desceu de 17,1% para 0,6% na área tratada fitoecologicamente e de 13,0% para 2,9% na área controle. Da população inicialmente examinada, 46% foram acompanhados até o término da experiência. A redução da prevalência de ancilostomídeos, 30,5% superior na área plantada, é considerada estatisticamente significativa e, portanto, o novo método profilático válido e viável. Para conclusão definitiva, já teve início uma pesquisa comparada, sob rigorosas condições de controle. Tudo indica que o método ora instituído, pioneiro na literatura mundial, seja de grande valor profilático reduzindo sensivelmente a prevalência, após tratamento em massa das populações, nas áreas endêmicas. Pelas suas características, tais como aceitação popular, pequeno custo operacional e, sobretudo, obtenção de resultados a curto prazo, será altamente oportuno, considerando-se que os recursos convencionais são baseados na educação e engenharia sanitárias, cujos resultados são obtidos a médio e longo prazos e sempre dependentes de cada indivíduo. Além da aplicação médico-sanitária, a presente pesquisa poderá estabelecer possibilidades na profilaxia de certas fitonoses e zoonoses de grande importância econômica na agropecuária.

Associação entre megaesôfago e carcinoma de esôfago

Analisa-se, em material de necropsias, a ocorrência de carcinoma esofágico em não-chagásicos e em chagásicos com e sem megaesôfago. Observou-se um aumento altamente significativo da freqüência do carcinoma de esôfago associado ao megaesôfago, em relação aos controles e aos chagásicos sem megaesôfago. A associação entre carcinoma esofágico e infecção chagásica não foi estatisticamente significativa.

What do people do at work when they are not working?

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Redes Energéticas Nacionais: Utilities: Equity Investment Report

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Estabilização de vídeos com base em descritores H.264

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores