La emancipaci??n sem??ntica : `primeras letras?? en Hispanoam??rica (ca. 1770-1840)

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

The slave trade : 1440 to 1770.

Forma parte de una serie que estudia la historia del hombre negro y de sus logros en el contexto histórico mundial. Este texto explica el estado de las culturas africanas hacia 1400 cuando llegan comerciantes europeos al oeste del continente; el comienzo del mercado de esclavos desde África hasta América; la colonización británica; la empresa internacional del comercio de esclavos desde 1600 hasta 1800; los movimientos de protesta y resistencia y la construcción de nuevas vidas en América.

The struggle for freedom : 1770 to 1870.

Forma parte de una serie que estudia la historia del hombre negro y de sus logros en la historia mundial. En este recurso se examina la dispersión de la población africana por todo el mundo como consecuencia de la trata de esclavos y la creación de comunidades negras en el Mar Caribe y en las costas del Norte y Sur de America; la dura vida de los esclavos en las plantaciones de Virginia, una de las primeras colonias británicas en Norteamérica. También, estudia la oposición a la esclavitud tras la independencia de las colonias americanas y la redacción de la Constitución de 1789; las rebeliones de los esclavos en el Caribe y su huida hacia los estados proabolicionistas y, la extensión de la emancipación, en el siglo XIX, por distintos países: Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos, España y Portugal.

The identity of Mygale brunnipes CL Koch 1842 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with a redescription of the species and the description of a new genus

We describe Kochiana new genus to accommodate a small Brazilian theraphosine species described originally as Mygale brunnipes by Koch (1842), resulting in Kochiana brunnipes new combination. Recently, specimens were rediscovered in northeastern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. A preliminary cladistic analysis using equal weights parsimony and implied weights, was carried out to examine its phylogenetic placement. Kochiana new genus was monophyletic in all trees regardless of weighting scheme or concavity used. There is preliminary evidence for Kochiana new genus monophyly and weak evidence for its placement as sister group of Plesiopelma. Kochiana new genus can be characterized by the presence of a hornshaped spermatheca in females and males with a palpal bulb having prolateral accessory keels and a well developed medial crest on the embolus apex.

Occurrence and characterization of injuries caused by Mycotretus apicalis Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju

When carrying out experiments on the production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju in the Laboratory of Edible Mushrooms, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, in the second half of 2007, the presence of beetles later identified as belonging to the species Mycotretus apicalis was verified. This is the first recorded instance of this insect in cultures of P. sajor-caju in Brazil. The larvae and adults of this insect feed on the fruiting bodies of commercial harvests, resulting in reduction in mushroom quality. To provide evaluation of the injuries caused by these insects, substrates colonized by P. sajor-caju were infested with 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 insects per block of substrate being the qualitative and quantitative losses then noted. Despite the lack of an observed decrease in biological efficiency, the injuries caused by these insects affected the commercial quality of the mushrooms, which may result in economic losses. The results showed that infestations of 32 insects per 0.8 kg of substrate led to a depreciation in the prices of mushrooms meant to be sold.