The European Resonance of Napoleon’s Defeat in Spain

The military event that sealed the defeat of Napoleon in Spain was the Battle of Vitoria on 21st June 1813, which saw the allied British, Spanish and Portuguese troops led by Wellington gain victory over Joseph Bonaparte's forces. It was the last great battle of what is known in Spain as the Guerra de la Independencia, in the United Kingdom as the Peninsular War and in France as the Guerre d'Espagne. While a sliver of Spanish territory remained under French control and the war itself went on for a few more months, it was the Battle of Vitoria that marked the end of Napoleon's rule on the Iberian Peninsula, as symbolised by the departure from Spain of Joseph Bonaparte, the monarch who had been imposed five years earlier to remove the Bourbons from the Spanish throne.

The correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North from 1768 to 1783.

Running title: Letters to Lord North.

Memoirs of the last days of Her late most gracious Majesty Caroline, Queen of Great Britain, and consort of King George the Fourth;

Lettered: Memoirs of Queen Caroline. Vol. VI. Life. Last days.

Letter from Sir Joseph de Cancy, knight of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, to King Edward I. (1281), and Letter from King Edward I, to Sir Joseph (1282).

Mode of access: Internet.

The great roll of the pipe for the fifth[-thirty-fourth] year of the reign of King Henry the Second, A.D. 1158[-1188]

Prospectus of the society in v. 1; List of members and Reports of the council, in the most of the volumes.

Mémoires et correspondance politique et militaire du Roi Joseph /

Contiene : Tom. 1 - Tom. 2 - Tom. 6 - Tom. 7 - Tom. 9.

The history of England : from the accession to the decease of King George the Third.

A republication, with additions and continuation, of the author's History of England from the accession of George the Third to the conclusion of peace in 1783. Vol. 7 brings the history down to 1804 : v. 8 was not completed at the time of the author's death, and no record is found of its publication.--cf. Dict. of nat. biog.

Histoire de la catastrophe de Saint-Domingue, avec la correspondance des généraux Leclerc, (beau-frère de Bonaparte), Henry-Christophe (depuis roi d'Haïti), Hardy, Vilton, etc., certifiée conforme aux originaux déposés aux archives, par le lieutenant général Rouanez jeune, secrétaire d'État,

"Advertissement de l'auteur" signed: J...e Ch.......e. [i.e. Juste Chanlatte]

A series of letters in defence of divine revelation : in reply to Rev. Abner Kneeland's inquiry into the authenticity of the same ; to which is added a religious correspondence between Hosea Ballou and Joseph Buckminster and Joseph Walton.

Mode of access: Internet.

Italy, Spain, and Portugal, with an excursion to the monasteries of Alcobaça and Batalha.

Pub. in 1834 under title: Italy, with sketches of Spain and Portugal.

Life and campaigns of Napoleon Bonaparte : giving an account of all his engagements, from the siege of Toulon to the battle of Waterloo, also, embracing accounts of the daring exploits of his marshals, together with his public and private life, from the commencement of his career to his final imprisonment and death on the rock of Helena /

Running title: Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Franks family papers, 1711-1821, [1965-1968].

Contains business correspondence, accounts and documents relating to Jacob Franks of New York, his two sons, Moses and David, a nephew, Isaac, and a John Franks of Halifax, possibly a member of the family.

Environmental fiscal reform and unemployment in Spain in the presence of an informal sector

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Temporal and spatial variations in the quality of water in El Gergal Reservior, Seville, Spain

It is often difficult to define ‘water quality’ with any degree of precision. One approach is that suggested by Battarbee (1997) and is based on the extent to which individual lakes have changed compared with their natural ‘baseline’ status. Defining the base-line status of artificial lakes and reservoirs however, is, very difficult. In ecological terms, the definition of quality must include some consideration of their functional characteristics and the extent to which these characteristics are self-sustaining. The challenge of managing lakes in a sustainable way is particularly acute in semi-arid, Mediterranean countries. Here the quality of the water is strongly influenced by the unpredictability of the rainfall as well as year-to-year variations in the seasonal averages. Wise management requires profound knowledge of how these systems function. Thus a holistic approach must be adopted and the factors influencing the seasonal dynamics of the lakes quantified over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this article, the authors describe some of the ways in which both long-term and short-term changes in the weather have influenced the seasonal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton in El Gergal, a water supply reservoir situated in the south of Spain. The quality of the water stored in this reservoir is typically very good but surface blooms of algae commonly appear during warm, calm periods when the water level is low. El Gergal reservoir is managed by the Empresa Municipal de Abastecimiento y Saneamiento (EMASESA) and supplies water for domestic, commercial and industrial use to an area which includes the city of Seville and twelve of its surrounding towns (ca. 1.3 million inhabitants). El Gergal is the last of two reservoirs in a chain of four situated in the Rivera de Huelva basin, a tributary of the Guadalquivir river. It was commissioned by EMASESA in 1979 and since then the company has monitored its main limnological parameters on, at least, a monthly basis and used this information to improve the management of the reservoir. As a consequence of these intensive studies the physical, chemical and biological information acquired during this period makes the El Gergal database one of the most complete in Spain. In this article the authors focus on three ‘weather-related’ effects that have had a significant impact on the composition and distribution of phytoplankton in El Gergal: (i) the changes associated with severe droughts; (ii) the spatial variations produced by short-term changes in the weather; (iii) the impact of water transfers on the seasonal dynamics of the dinoflagellate Ceratium.

Simulations of phytoplankton dynamics in El Gergal Reservoir, Southern Spain (PROTECH)

The Mediterranean region is characterised by a variable climate with most of the rain falling during the winter and frequent summer droughts. Such warm, dry periods are ideal for the growth of large algal blooms that often consist of potentially toxic Cyanobacteria. This makes the management of water for human use particularly challenging in such a climate and it is important to understand how such blooms can be avoided or at least be reduced in size. PROTECH (Phytoplankton RespOnses To Environmental CHange) is a model that simulates the dynamics of different species of phytoplankton populations in lakes and reservoirs. Its distinct advantage over similar models is its ability to simulate the relative composition of the algal flora, allowing both quantitative and qualitative conclusions to be drawn e.g. whether Cyanobacteria could be a potential problem. PROTECH has been applied primarily to lakes and reservoirs in northern Europe. Recently, however, the model has been applied to water bodies in lower latitudes, including Australia to a water supply reservoir in the south of Spain, El Gergal. El Gergal is the last in a chain of reservoirs that supply water to the city of Seville. It was brought into service in April 1979 and has a maximum storage volume of 35 000 000 m3. This article summarises the application of PROTECH in order to simulate the following problems: • the effect of a large influx of Ceratium biomass into El Gergal from another reservoir • the effect of using alternative water sources instead of the Guadalquivir River (used occasionally to raise water levels in El Gergal) • the effect of installing tertiary sewage treatment on the Cala River • the effect of simulated drought conditions on phytoplankton in the reservoir.