Processos de auto-regulação no curso de vida: controle primário e controle secundário

Este artigo discute conceitos relevantes à perspectiva do curso de vida, porém pouco difundidos no Brasil: controle primário e controle secundário. O primeiro se refere aos esforços que o indivíduo empreende para adaptar o ambiente às suas necessidades; o segundo, para se adaptar ao ambiente. Apresenta-se a formulação original dos conceitos como modelo de dois processos de controle, em oposição a modelos de processo único, como o do desamparo aprendido. Em seguida, discute-se revisão conceitual que trouxe modificação e ampliação para estes construtos, concebendo-os em um modelo bidimensional que articula controle primário e secundário com os conceitos de seleção e compensação. Nesse processo, apresentam-se contribuições no intuito de estimular a reflexão e expandir a discussão teórico-conceitual que envolve estes construtos.

Modelo conceitual para a aplicação de FMEA de processo na indústria automotiva

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICRO-SITE CONDITIONS FROM RESTORED AREAS WITH DIFFERENT AGES

Regeneration microsites are characterized by diverse combinations of attributes which assure the best conditions for seed germination and seedling establishment. By understanding these attributes, we can contribute to determining better management methodologies for reestablishing ecological process in sites under restoration. Thus, we sought to characterize and differentiate the micro-site conditions of restoration plantings to indentify likely physical-chemical limitations for the establishment of native tree species in the forest understory. This study was carried out in reforestation plantings with different ages (10, 22 and 55 years). The physical-chemical characterization of the micro-site of regeneration of the study areas was carried out by evaluating the soil compression level, porosity, humidity, organic matter and nutrients content and granulometry, as well as litter dry mass and canopy cover. An increase on the canopy cover and soil porosity, humidity, clay and organic matter content were observed in the oldest restored areas, as well as a decrease in soil compression. Thus, these findings demonstrated that the evaluated microsite properties are in process of restoration. Therefore, microsite conditions for seedling establishment become even more similar to reference ecosystems as restoration planting evolve.

Integration of processes induced air flotation and photo-Fenton for treatment of residual waters contaminated with xylene

Produced water in oil fields is one of the main sources of wastewater generated in the industry. It contains several organic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX), whose disposal is regulated by law. The aim of this study is to investigate a treatment of produced water integrating two processes, i.e., induced air flotation (IAF) and photo-Fenton. The experiments were conducted in a column flotation and annular lamp reactor for flotation and photodegradation steps, respectively. The first order kinetic constant of IAF for the wastewater studied was determined to be 0.1765 min(-1) for the surfactant EO 7. Degradation efficiencies of organic loading were assessed using factorial planning. Statistical data analysis shows that H2O2 concentration is a determining factor in process efficiency. Degradations above 90% were reached in all cases after 90 min of reaction, attaining 100% mineralization in the optimized concentrations of Fenton reagents. Process integration was adequate with 100% organic load removal in 20 min. The results of the integration of the IAF with the photo-Fenton allowed to meet the effluent limits established by Brazilian legislation for disposal. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of synthesis conditions on the nanostructre of CexZr1-xO2 mesoporous ceramics.

CexZr1-xO2 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) were synthesized with Zr and Ce chloride precursors, using the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 and HCl (2 mol/L). The pH adjustment was performed in two ways: synthesis A used 11.4 mL of a NH4OH solution added at once to the initial mixture, composed by metal precursors and template in HCl; synthesis B was done by dripping slowly until the change of pH value (between 3 and 6). In this work, CexZr1-xO2 samples synthesized by these two processes are compared. The effects of pH values in materials characteristics were also evaluated. These samples were analysed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, and Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption. In both processes, the studied materials presented two crystalline phases of CexZr1-xO2 solid solution: cubic and tetragonal. The synthesis A also presented a tetragonal phase of ZrO2. The average crystallite size and the Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area are bigger in process A. Both processes give samples with a mesoporous structure.

L'analisi di rischio nel trasporto stradale di merci pericolose: due software a confronto

Confronto tra due software specifici per l'analisi di rischio nel trasporto stradale di merci pericolose (TRAT GIS 4.1 e QRAM 3.6) mediante applicazione a un caso di studio semplice e al caso reale di Casalecchio di Reno, comune della provincia di Bologna.

Higher-Order Concurrency: Expressiveness and Decidability Results

Higher-order process calculi are formalisms for concurrency in which processes can be passed around in communications. Higher-order (or process-passing) concurrency is often presented as an alternative paradigm to the first order (or name-passing) concurrency of the pi-calculus for the description of mobile systems. These calculi are inspired by, and formally close to, the lambda-calculus, whose basic computational step ---beta-reduction--- involves term instantiation. The theory of higher-order process calculi is more complex than that of first-order process calculi. This shows up in, for instance, the definition of behavioral equivalences. A long-standing approach to overcome this burden is to define encodings of higher-order processes into a first-order setting, so as to transfer the theory of the first-order paradigm to the higher-order one. While satisfactory in the case of calculi with basic (higher-order) primitives, this indirect approach falls short in the case of higher-order process calculi featuring constructs for phenomena such as, e.g., localities and dynamic system reconfiguration, which are frequent in modern distributed systems. Indeed, for higher-order process calculi involving little more than traditional process communication, encodings into some first-order language are difficult to handle or do not exist. We then observe that foundational studies for higher-order process calculi must be carried out directly on them and exploit their peculiarities. This dissertation contributes to such foundational studies for higher-order process calculi. We concentrate on two closely interwoven issues in process calculi: expressiveness and decidability. Surprisingly, these issues have been little explored in the higher-order setting. Our research is centered around a core calculus for higher-order concurrency in which only the operators strictly necessary to obtain higher-order communication are retained. We develop the basic theory of this core calculus and rely on it to study the expressive power of issues universally accepted as basic in process calculi, namely synchrony, forwarding, and polyadic communication.

Cáncer y tratamiento oncológico: Representaciones sociales de la población general, el paciente oncológico y miembros del equipo de salud

Se realizaron tres estudios cualitativos que tuvieron como propósito conocer las representaciones que ha construido la población general, los pacientes oncológicos y los profesionales de la salud, sobre el cáncer, la quimioterapia y el trasplante de médula ósea y realizar un análisis sobre las semejanzas y diferencias entre ellos. Se realizó en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) con 55 personas: 20 pacientes con cáncer en proceso de trasplante de médula ósea, 20 personas no diagnosticadas con cáncer y 15 personas que trabajan en la atención de pacientes con cáncer. Se realizó una entrevista en profundidad con todos los participantes y asociaciones libres, clásicas y por sustitución sobre las palabras “cáncer”, “quimioterapia” y “trasplante de médula”. Los datos conseguidos se analizaron a la luz de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). El análisis de la información siguió la técnica de análisis cualitativo de contenido para encontrar significados simbólicos y construir, denominar y definir categorías. Para los tres grupos el cáncer es una enfermedad terrible, que puede llevar a la muerte. El personal de salud y la población general creen que la enfermedad genera terror, angustia y miedo. Los pacientes tienen conciencia de la gravedad y del temor consecuente por una enfermedad que lo cambia todo, produce sufrimiento, dolor, obliga a depender de alguien y puede conducir a la muerte. El personal de salud considera que los pacientes lo pueden vivir como un castigo y la población general que puede ser la consecuencia de estilos de vida poco saludables. Para todos, la quimioterapia es un tratamiento para la enfermedad, que por un lado presenta efectos colaterales difíciles y visibles y que producen sentimientos negativos de temor y de angustia y al mismo tiempo constituye una opción y posibilidad de curación. El Trasplante de Médula Ósea representa para todos una oportunidad.

Setting Inventory Levels of CONWIP Flow Lines via Linear Programming

This paper treats the problem of setting the inventory level and optimizing the buffer allocation of closed-loop flow lines operating under the constant-work-in-process (CONWIP) protocol. We solve a very large but simple linear program that models an entire simulation run of a closed-loop flow line in discrete time to determine a production rate estimate of the system. This approach introduced in Helber, Schimmelpfeng, Stolletz, and Lagershausen (2011) for open flow lines with limited buffer capacities is extended to closed-loop CONWIP flow lines. Via this method, both the CONWIP level and the buffer allocation can be optimized simultaneously. The first part of a numerical study deals with the accuracy of the method. In the second part, we focus on the relationship between the CONWIP inventory level and the short-term profit. The accuracy of the method turns out to be best for such configurations that maximize production rate and/or short-term profit.

A continuous-time MILP model for short-term scheduling of make-and-pack production processes

In process industries, make-and-pack production is used to produce food and beverages, chemicals, and metal products, among others. This type of production process allows the fabrication of a wide range of products in relatively small amounts using the same equipment. In this article, we consider a real-world production process (cf. Honkomp et al. 2000. The curse of reality – why process scheduling optimization problems are diffcult in practice. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 24, 323–328.) comprising sequence-dependent changeover times, multipurpose storage units with limited capacities, quarantine times, batch splitting, partial equipment connectivity, and transfer times. The planning problem consists of computing a production schedule such that a given demand of packed products is fulfilled, all technological constraints are satisfied, and the production makespan is minimised. None of the models in the literature covers all of the technological constraints that occur in such make-and-pack production processes. To close this gap, we develop an efficient mixed-integer linear programming model that is based on a continuous time domain and general-precedence variables. We propose novel types of symmetry-breaking constraints and a preprocessing procedure to improve the model performance. In an experimental analysis, we show that small- and moderate-sized instances can be solved to optimality within short CPU times.

Scheduling of continuous and discontinuous material flows with intermediate storage restrictions

This paper deals with scheduling batch (i.e., discontinuous), continuous, and semicontinuous production in process industries (e.g., chemical, pharmaceutical, or metal casting industries) where intermediate storage facilities and renewable resources (processing units and manpower) of limited capacity have to be observed. First, different storage configurations typical of process industries are discussed. Second, a basic scheduling problem covering the three above production modes is presented. Third, (exact and truncated) branch-and-bound methods for the basic scheduling problem and the special case of batch scheduling are proposed and subjected to an experimental performance analysis. The solution approach presented is flexible and in principle simple, and it can (approximately) solve relatively large problem instances with sufficient accuracy.

Trayectorias laborales y habitacionales en hogares de un asentamiento en el área metropolitana del Gran Resistencia (AMGR), Chaco, Argentina

En este artículo abordamos el trabajo y la habitación como dos dimensiones centrales en la reproducción de la vida, enfatizando la realimentación mutua de ambas dimensiones. Caracterizamos las estrategias desplegadas por un conjunto de familias en un asentamiento en proceso de regularización urbana y dominial de la ciudad de Resistencia, capital de la Provincia del Chaco, en el Nordeste argentino. El trabajo de campo se realizó en el marco de una investigación de tesis de Licenciatura en Relaciones Laborales (RRLL) en la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE) entre fines del año 2008 y principios del año 2009 y, si bien se basa en un conjunto de entrevistas a residentes de dicho asentamiento, se han puesto en relación un conjunto de indicadores que permiten contextualizar estas visiones subjetivas. La integración a redes de intercambio en diferentes niveles ?comunitario, a través de la integración en una ong o movimiento social, a nivel de las familias y dentro de las unidades domésticas? va construyendo un capital social colectivo que les permite reproducirse socialmente. Este abordaje, tributario de las formulaciones de Bourdieu, nos ha permitido resignificar prácticas, ampliando la noción de trabajo a la de estrategias de reproducción de la vida. Nuestro interés fue describir cómo algunas familias relatan e interpretan sus propias experiencias en relación con sus estrategias de supervivencia. El artículo avanza en una tipologización de las trayectorias estudiadas

Los jóvenes entre la historia y la política : Primeras aproximaciones a las representaciones de la democracia, los gobiernos militares y la participación política de alumnos de la escuela secundaria

El presente trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación "Los jóvenes frente a la Historia" dirigido por Luis Cerri y Gonzalo de Amézola, cuyo objeto es abordar el estado actual de la enseñanza y del aprendizaje de la Historia en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay. El proyecto parte de reconocer como problema la "falta de conocimientos sistemáticos sobre los resultados de la enseñanza de la historia, las características de la conciencia histórica y la cultura política de los jóvenes". El artículo centra su análisis en las respuestas a las preguntas referidas a los gobiernos militares, la democracia y el futuro de los jóvenes, presentes en una encuesta que realizaron en el 2008 alumnos de entre 15 y 16 años de distintas escuelas de la Argentina para acercarnos a sus conocimientos sobre dichos conceptos y al papel de la enseñanza de la Historia en su construcción. Al mismo tiempo se utilizan registros de clases de escuelas secundarias de la ciudad de La Plata para conocer de modo cualitativo las modalidades concretas que asumen las prácticas de la enseñanza en historia en las aulas

Los jóvenes y la historia desde la perspectiva de profesores de Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la encuesta realizada a profesores de nivel secundario en 2008 en el marco de la investigación "Los Jóvenes y la Historia" que ha involucrado a docentes de Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay. La intención es articular los datos obtenidos con las interpretaciones que provisoriamente damos a los mismos no con afán de generalización sino con vocación de presentar indicios de una investigación en curso. En términos generales, el artículo presenta la perspectiva que un conjunto de profesores posee de la historia y su enseñanza y, sobre todo, la mirada que tienen de su tarea en las aulas y de sus estudiantes, elementos que resultan claves en el oficio de enseñar historia hoy