Knowledge Building in Landscape Architecture

The objective of this study was to develop an internet-based seminar framework applicable for landscape architecture education. This process was accompanied by various aims. The basic expectation was to keep the main characteristics of landscape architecture education also in the online format. On top of that, four further objectives were anticipated: (1) training of competences for virtual team work, (2) fostering intercultural competence, (3) creation of equal opportunities for education through internet-based open access and (4) synergy effects and learning processes across institutional boundaries. This work started with the hypothesis that these four expected advantages would compensate for additional organisational efforts caused by the online delivery of the seminars and thus lead to a sustainable integration of this new learning mode into landscape architecture curricula. This rationale was followed by a presentation of four areas of knowledge to which the seminar development was directly related (1) landscape architecture as a subject and its pedagogy, (2) general learning theories, (3) developments in the ICT sector and (4) wider societal driving forces such as global citizenship and the increase of open educational resources. The research design took the shape of a pedagogical action research cycle. This approach was constructive: The author herself is teaching international landscape architecture students so that the model could directly be applied in practice. Seven online seminars were implemented in the period from 2008 to 2013 and this experience represents the core of this study. The seminars were conducted with varying themes while its pedagogy, organisation and the technological tools remained widely identical. The research design is further based on three levels of observation: (1) the seminar design on the basis of theory and methods from the learning sciences, in particular educational constructivism, (2) the seminar evaluation and (3) the evaluation of the seminars’ long term impact. The seminar model itself basically consists of four elements: (1) the taxonomy of learning objectives, (2) ICT tools and their application and pedagogy, (3) process models and (4) the case study framework. The seminar framework was followed by the presentation of the evaluation findings. The major findings of this study can be summed up as follows: Implementing online seminars across educational and national boundaries was possible both in term of organisation and technology. In particular, a high level of cultural diversity among the seminar participants has definitively been achieved. However, there were also obvious obstacles. These were primarily competing study commitments and incompatible schedules among the students attending from different academic programmes, partly even in different time zones. Both factors had negative impact on the individual and working group performances. With respect to the technical framework it can be concluded that the majority of the participants were able to use the tools either directly without any problem or after overcoming some smaller problems. Also the seminar wiki was intensively used for completing the seminar assignments. However, too less truly collaborative text production was observed which could be improved by changing the requirements for the collaborative task. Two different process models have been applied for guiding the collaboration of the small groups and both were in general successful. However, it needs to be said that even if the students were able to follow the collaborative task and to co-construct and compare case studies, most of them were not able to synthesize the knowledge they had compiled. This means that the area of consideration often remained on the level of the case and further reflections, generalisations and critique were largely missing. This shows that the seminar model needs to find better ways for triggering knowledge building and critical reflection. It was also suggested to have a more differentiated group building strategy in future seminars. A comparison of pre- and post seminar concept maps showed that an increase of factual and conceptual knowledge on the individual level was widely recognizable. Also the evaluation of the case studies (the major seminar output) revealed that the students have undergone developments of both the factual and the conceptual knowledge domain. Also their self-assessment with respect to individual learning development showed that the highest consensus was achieved in the field of subject-specific knowledge. The participants were much more doubtful with regard to the progress of generic competences such as analysis, communication and organisation. However, 50% of the participants confirmed that they perceived individual development on all competence areas the survey had asked for. Have the additional four targets been met? Concerning the competences for working in a virtual team it can be concluded that the vast majority was able to use the internet-based tools and to work with them in a target-oriented way. However, there were obvious differences regarding the intensity and activity of participation, both because of external and personal factors. A very positive aspect is the achievement of a high cultural diversity supporting the participants’ intercultural competence. Learning from group members was obviously a success factor for the working groups. Regarding the possibilities for better accessibility of educational opportunities it became clear that a significant number of participants were not able to go abroad during their studies because of financial or personal reasons. They confirmed that the online seminar was to some extent a compensation for not having been abroad for studying. Inter-institutional learning and synergy was achieved in so far that many teachers from different countries contributed with individual lectures. However, those teachers hardly ever followed more than one session. Therefore, the learning effect remained largely within the seminar learning group. Looking back at the research design it can be said that the pedagogical action research cycle was an appropriate and valuable approach allowing for strong interaction between theory and practice. However, some more external evaluation from peers in particular regarding the participants’ products would have been valuable.

Role of Low-level Mechanisms in Brightness Perception

Brightness judgments are a key part of the primate brain's visual analysis of the environment. There is general consensus that the perceived brightness of an image region is based not only on its actual luminance, but also on the photometric structure of its neighborhood. However, it is unclear precisely how a region's context influences its perceived brightness. Recent research has suggested that brightness estimation may be based on a sophisticated analysis of scene layout in terms of transparency, illumination and shadows. This work has called into question the role of low-level mechanisms, such as lateral inhibition, as explanations for brightness phenomena. Here we describe experiments with displays for which low-level and high-level analyses make qualitatively different predictions, and with which we can quantitatively assess the trade-offs between low-level and high-level factors. We find that brightness percepts in these displays are governed by low-level stimulus properties, even when these percepts are inconsistent with higher-level interpretations of scene layout. These results point to the important role of low-level mechanisms in determining brightness percepts.

Measuring Value in Product Development

“What is value in product development?” is the key question of this paper. The answer is critical to the creation of lean in product development. By knowing how much value is added by product development (PD) activities, decisions can be more rationally made about how to allocate resources, such as time and money. In order to apply the principles of Lean Thinking and remove waste from the product development system, value must be precisely defined. Unfortunately, value is a complex entity that is composed of many dimensions and has thus far eluded definition on a local level. For this reason, research has been initiated on “Measuring Value in Product Development.” This paper serves as an introduction to this research. It presents the current understanding of value in PD, the critical questions involved, and a specific research design to guide the development of a methodology for measuring value. Work in PD value currently focuses on either high-level perspectives on value, or detailed looks at the attributes that value might have locally in the PD process. Models that attempt to capture value in PD are reviewed. These methods, however, do not capture the depth necessary to allow for application. A methodology is needed to evaluate activities on a local level to determine the amount of value they add and their sensitivity with respect to performance, cost, time, and risk. Two conceptual tools are proposed. The first is a conceptual framework for value creation in PD, referred to here as the Value Creation Model. The second tool is the Value-Activity Map, which shows the relationships between specific activities and value attributes. These maps will allow a better understanding of the development of value in PD, will facilitate comparison of value development between separate projects, and will provide the information necessary to adapt process analysis tools (such as DSM) to consider value. The key questions that this research entails are: · What are the primary attributes of lifecycle value within PD? · How can one model the creation of value in a specific PD process? · Can a useful methodology be developed to quantify value in PD processes? · What are the tools necessary for application? · What PD metrics will be integrated with the necessary tools? The research milestones are: · Collection of value attributes and activities (September, 200) · Development of methodology of value-activity association (October, 2000) · Testing and refinement of the methodology (January, 2001) · Tool Development (March, 2001) · Present findings at July INCOSE conference (April, 2001) · Deliver thesis that captures a formalized methodology for defining value in PD (including LEM data sheets) (June, 2001) The research design aims for the development of two primary deliverables: a methodology to guide the incorporation of value, and a product development tool that will allow direct application.

Sensibilidad del cuestionario anamnésico de síntomas de miembro superior y columna desarrollado por la unidad de investigación de ergonómica de postura y movimiento (EPM) desde la perspectiva de la fisioterapia en Colombia

El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos del Cuestionario Anamnésico de Síntomas de Miembro Superior y Columna (CASMSC) desarrollado por la Unidad de Investigación de Ergonomía de Postura y Movimiento (EPM). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo correlacional, mediante el análisis de datos secundarios de una base de datos con registros de trabajadores de la industria de alimentos (n=401) en el año 2013, a quienes se les había aplicado el CASMSC, así como una evaluación clínica fisioterapéutica enfocada en los mismos segmentos corporales; esta última utilizada como prueba de oro. Para analizar si existían diferencias estadísticas por edad, antigüedad y género se aplicó el análisis de varianza de una vía. La sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos del CASMSC se informan con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (95%). La prevalencia de umbral positivo para sospecha de Desorden Músculo Esquelético (DME) tanto de miembro superior como de columna se encontró muy por encima de la media nacional para el sector. La sensibilidad del CASMSC para miembro superior estuvo en el rango de un 80% a 94,57% y para columna cervical y lumbar fue de 36,4% y 43,4%, respectivamente. Para la región dorsal fue casi del doble de las otras dos regiones (85,7%). El CASMSC es recomendable en su apartado para miembro superior dado a su alto nivel de sensibilidad.

Aislamiento de venas pulmonares en el Centro Internacional de Arritmias ‘Andrea Natale’ - Fundación Cardio infantil

Introducción: El Aislamiento de Venas Pulmonares (AVP) es un procedimiento de alto costo al cual son sometidos pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular elevado. Requiere un alto grado de especialización en el personal médico y paramédico que lo ejecuta, con curvas de aprendizaje que sobrepasan los dos años de formación académica y entrenamiento específico. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, donde se incluyeron 88 sujetos sometidos al procedimiento en el lapso comprendido entre el 1º de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2013, con el objetivo de evaluar su proceso de atención en el Centro Internacional de Arritmias ‘Andrea Natale’ de la FCI – Instituto de Cardiología. Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal y logística múltiple. Resultados: Se encontró que en el 97,73%% de los pacientes el diagnóstico principal era algún tipo de Fibrilación Auricular (FA); a su vez, la comorbilidad más frecuente fue HTA en el 30,68% y ningún paciente presentaba enfermedad coronaria, no hubo diferencias significativas por sexo. La complicación peri operatoria tuvo una incidencia del 3,41%, el 22,73% requirió ingreso a UCI con un promedio de días estancia 0,25+0,51. El 98,86% de la población estudiada recibió educación pos procedimiento acerca de sus cuidados y signos de alarma. Los factores encontrados en el estudio que afectan la duración del procedimiento y la estancia hospitalaria son las interconsultas pre procedimiento, el manejo médico de la cardiomiopatía de base y el uso de anti agregantes plaquetarios pre procedimiento; los cuales, son puntos por mejorar previo al ingreso o programación del paciente para ser llevado a AVP. Discusión: Como recomendaciones específicas se destacan: La necesidad de incluir en el protocolo de preparación para ablación de venas pulmonares la realización de interconsultas a las especialidades requeridas, antes de su ingreso para la realización del procedimiento. Es importante que el paciente que lo amerite haga parte de un programa de falla cardiaca previamente al procedimiento

Perfil epidemiológico de la prevalencia de hipoacusia en un grupo de empleados que trabaja en el ambiente urbano, 2015

El propósito de este estudio es determinar la relación entre la exposición ocupacional y los niveles de audición en trabajadores urbanos en espacio abierto (aseo urbano en general). Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 491 personas que incluyen hombres y mujeres, cuyo ambiente laboral es el espacio abierto de la ciudad. Los datos se obtuvieron durante los exámenes médicos periódicos realizados en el año 2014 a los empleados de una empresa cuya actividad económica es el aseo urbano, que incluye recolección de basuras, cuidado forestal y de prados de uso común, y limpieza del borde de los andenes. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para las características demográficas y razón de disparidad u Odds Ratio (OR) para buscar la relación de antecedentes y hábitos personales con el riesgo de desarrollar pérdida auditiva. De las 491 personas expuestas a niveles altos de ruido ocupacional, 62% presentó pérdida auditiva, de los cuales la mayoría se desempeña como guadañadores y cortadores de césped, y son personas que llevan trabajando entre 1-5 años en la empresa. Se encontró un aumento estadísticamente significativo entre la baja escolaridad y el riesgo de sufrir hipoacusia (p=0.0001) y un efecto protector del uso de motocicleta y audífonos. La enfermedad vascular periférica, la práctica de tejo y la diabetes mostraron una fuerte tendencia a aumentar el riesgo. La pérdida auditiva encontrada en este grupo no se puede relacionar directamente con la exposición ocupacional a ruido, a pesar de ser trabajos que se llevan a cabo en el espacio urbano. Sin embargo, la baja escolaridad favorece la lesión auditiva y puede verse acelerada por enfermedades de alta prevalencia como diabetes y practicas recreacionales locales.

A mission control system for an autonomous underwater vehicle

The presented work focuses on the theoretical and practical aspects concerning the design and development of a formal method to build a mission control system for autonomous underwater vehicles bringing systematic design principles for the formal description of missions using Petri nets. The proposed methodology compounds Petri net building blocks within it to de_ne a mission plan for which it is proved that formal properties, such as reachability and reusability, hold as long as these same properties are also guaranteed by each Petri net building block. To simplify the de_nition of these Petri net blocks as well as their composition, a high level language called Mission Control Language has been developed. Moreover, a methodology to ensure coordination constraints for teams of multiple robots as well as the de_nition of an interface between the proposed system and an on-board planner able to plan/replan sequences of prede_ned mission plans is included as well. Results of experiments with several real underwater vehicles and simulations involving an autonomous surface craft and an autonomous underwater vehicles are presented to show the system's capabilities.

Simplification, approximation and deformation of large models

The high level of realism and interaction in many computer graphic applications requires techniques for processing complex geometric models. First, we present a method that provides an accurate low-resolution approximation from a multi-chart textured model that guarantees geometric fidelity and correct preservation of the appearance attributes. Then, we introduce a mesh structure called Compact Model that approximates dense triangular meshes while preserving sharp features, allowing adaptive reconstructions and supporting textured models. Next, we design a new space deformation technique called *Cages based on a multi-level system of cages that preserves the smoothness of the mesh between neighbouring cages and is extremely versatile, allowing the use of heterogeneous sets of coordinates and different levels of deformation. Finally, we propose a hybrid method that allows to apply any deformation technique on large models obtaining high quality results with a reduced memory footprint and a high performance.

Educació ambiental: un enfocament metodològic en formació inicial del professorat d'Educació Primària

Aquesta tesi se situa en una perspectiva de l'Educació Ambiental adreçada a la Sostenibilitat i com a nucli catalitzador d'una Educació per al Canvi. Amb la investigació que es presenta es pretén, a més, contribuir a reduir el buit existent entre el marc teòric de l'Educació Ambiental i la seva transposició didàctica en la formació inicial del professorat, i al mateix temps poder fer aportacions significatives en el camp dels enfocaments pedagògics i estratègies metodològiques d'aquest àmbit de l'educació. En primer lloc, es presenta una anàlisi del marc teòric que ha informat el desenvolupament de l'Educació Ambiental, la seva reorientació i reconceptualització en la dècada dels anys noranta, i s'exposen el debat i les tendències actuals. A continuació es presenta l'anàlisi del nivell d'incorporació de l'Educació Ambiental, així com dels factors que en limiten o dificulten una plena integració, tant a nivell de l'etapa d'educació primària, com en la formació inicial del professorat. Es porta també a terme una revisió i una anàlisi exhaustiva de l'estat actual de la investigació en Educació Ambiental, a nivell nacional i internacional, i a partir d'ella es revela el dèficit que existeix, particularment, en la investigació educativa en Educació Ambiental en la formació inicial del professorat, i sobretot en el camp dels enfocaments pedagògics i estratègies metodològiques. El propòsit concret de la investigació se centra en: (i) analitzar l'impacte d'un enfocament metodològic (metodologia triaxial) aplicat en un curs d'Educació Ambiental en formació inicial del professorat; (ii) explorar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental des del propi pensament dels estudiants. Aquest propòsit general ha portat la definició dels objectius d'investigació següents: (a) dissenyar i aplicar un enfocament metodològic triaxial en la formació en Educació Ambiental del professorat; (b) dissenyar i aplicar els instruments que promouen el procés de reflexió, individual i col·lectiu, en els estudiants; (c) explorar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental des del pensament dels estudiants i a través dels instruments utilitzats per a la reflexió; (d) valorar la metodologia triaxial en la formació en Educació Ambiental de futurs i futures mestres d'Educació Primària. Cal destacar que la metodologia triaxial elaborada i aplicada es basa en la integració de tres eixos processals: procés d'investigació, procés de reflexió i procés de treball cooperatiu, i és consistent amb el model teòric que s'exposa i es defensa en la investigació (el capítol 5 tracta, concretament, del disseny, estructuració i desenvolupament del curs fonamentat en aquesta metodologia) La investigació se situa en el paradigma interpretatiu d'investigació educativa i en una metodologia d'anàlisi qualitativa. La mostra l'ha constituïda un grup classe, 42 estudiants, del 3r curs dels estudis de Magisteri, curs 1998/99, de la Universitat de Girona. Els instruments d'anàlisi han estat els instruments de reflexió, individual i col·lectiva, utilitzats en el curs. Destaquem l'ús d'un diari de grup, especialment dissenyat i estructurat per a promoure la reflexió col·lectiva, com l'aportació més rellevant en relació als instruments per a la reflexió. El diari de grup ha estat l'instrument vertebrador de la metodologia d'anàlisi qualitativa, i, tal com s'ha aplicat en aquesta investigació, s'ha validat com a un instrument nuclear i eficaç per a la reflexió de grup, i per explorar i analitzar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental i de la formació professional general del grup d'estudiants. La resta d'instruments han estat, bàsicament, qüestionaris individuals, en diferents moments del curs; els documents produïts pels estudiants (propostes didàctiques en Educació Ambiental) i la memòria de la investigadora. La triangulació s'ha realitzat a través de tots els instruments. En la investigació es presenta, de manera detallada, com s'ha dut a terme el procés d'anàlisi de cadascun dels instruments i els resultats extrets. L'anàlisi dels resultats ha permès dibuixar l'evolució del pensament dels estudiants al llarg del curs i realitzar una anàlisi holística i multidimensional del seu procés de formació en Educació Ambiental. S'ha produït un canvi substancial en relació a la comprensió i assumpció dels components de l'Educació Ambiental: rellevància, holisme, educació crítica, educació en valors, capacitat de responsabilitat, d'acció i d'atendre diferents punts de vista i perspectives. Al llarg del curs i del procés hi ha una clara potenciació de qualitats dinàmiques. Al mateix temps, l'anàlisi revela la interdependència real i efectiva dels tres processos que configuren la metodologia triaxial i la seva clara influència en la formació en Educació Ambiental del grup d'estudiants i en la construcció dels seus models didàctics. En la investigació es conclou, entre altres aspectes, que l'enfocament metodològic, basat en un procés triaxial, aplicat en la formació inicial del grup de futurs i futures mestres, ha resultat de gran eficàcia i rellevància en la seva formació en Educació Ambiental i, també, en la seva formació com a professionals investigadors, crítico- reflexius, amb capacitat d'innovació i amb un grau més alt d' "empowerment". Cal dir que la metodologia triaxial es revela amb altes possibilitats de transferència i adaptabilitat a altres estudis. La transferibilitat d'aquesta metodologia serà objecte de seguiment investigatiu amb el propòsit de trobar les orientacions pedagògiques més adequades a cada àmbit i situació, ja que pot oferir aportacions valuoses en el camp de l'Ambientalització Curricular dels estudis universitaris.

Integration of knowledge-based, qualitative and numeric tools for real time dynamic systems supervision

The proposal presented in this thesis is to provide designers of knowledge based supervisory systems of dynamic systems with a framework to facilitate their tasks avoiding interface problems among tools, data flow and management. The approach is thought to be useful to both control and process engineers in assisting their tasks. The use of AI technologies to diagnose and perform control loops and, of course, assist process supervisory tasks such as fault detection and diagnose, are in the scope of this work. Special effort has been put in integration of tools for assisting expert supervisory systems design. With this aim the experience of Computer Aided Control Systems Design (CACSD) frameworks have been analysed and used to design a Computer Aided Supervisory Systems (CASSD) framework. In this sense, some basic facilities are required to be available in this proposed framework: ·

Semantic-level Visual Content Descriptor combining visual and textual cues as collaterals

In this paper, we introduce a novel high-level visual content descriptor which is devised for performing semantic-based image classification and retrieval. The work can be treated as an attempt to bridge the so called “semantic gap”. The proposed image feature vector model is fundamentally underpinned by the image labelling framework, called Collaterally Confirmed Labelling (CCL), which incorporates the collateral knowledge extracted from the collateral texts of the images with the state-of-the-art low-level image processing and visual feature extraction techniques for automatically assigning linguistic keywords to image regions. Two different high-level image feature vector models are developed based on the CCL labelling of results for the purposes of image data clustering and retrieval respectively. A subset of the Corel image collection has been used for evaluating our proposed method. The experimental results to-date already indicates that our proposed semantic-based visual content descriptors outperform both traditional visual and textual image feature models.

The importance of precision in sampling sludges, biowastes and treated soils in a regulatory framework

As part of the European Commission (EC)'s revision of the Sewage Sludge Directive and the development of a Biowaste Directive, there was recognition of the difficulty of comparing data from Member States (MSs) because of differences in sampling and analytical procedures. The 'HORIZONTAL' initiative, funded by the EC and MSs, seeks to address these differences in approach and to produce standardised procedures in the form of CEN standards. This article is a preliminary investigation into aspects of the sampling of biosolids, composts and soils to which there is a history of biosolid application. The article provides information on the measurement uncertainty associated with sampling from heaps, large bags and pipes and soils in the landscape under a limited set of conditions, using sampling approaches in space and time and sample numbers based on procedures widely used in the relevant industries and when sampling similar materials. These preliminary results suggest that considerably more information is required before the appropriate sample design, optimum number of samples, number of samples comprising a composite, and temporal and spatial frequency of sampling might be recommended to achieve consistent results of a high level of precision and confidence. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A project managed by a multi disciplinary practice: a systems based case study.

The technique of linear responsibility analysis is used for a retrospective case study of a private industrial development consisting of an engineering factory and offices. A multi-disciplinary professional practice was used to manage and design the project. The organizational structure adopted on the project is analysed using concepts from systems theory which are included in Walker's theoretical model of the structure of building project organizations (Walker, 1981). This model proposes that the process of buildings provision can be viewed as systems and sub-systems which are differentiated form each other at decision points. Further to this, the sub-systematic analysis of the relationship between the contributors gives a quantitative assessment of the efficiency of the organizational structure used. There was a high level of satisfaction with the completed project and this is reflected by the way in which the organization structure corresponded to the model's proposition. However, the project was subject to string environmental forces which the project organization was not capable of entirely overcoming.

Intellectual property management in M&A transactions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the intellectual property (IP) aspects of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions. Design/methodology/approach – A holistic approach is proposed that embraces IP as an integral part of the M&A process in the form of a roadmap for the strategic and purposeful management of IP assets in M&A deals. Findings – Addressing IP issues in transactions in isolation can lead to undesirable consequences (e.g. considerable costs for unplanned purchases of rights). IP due diligence and IP integration project processes can be automated using collaborative software solutions. Thereby, risk can be reduced through the creation of a high level of transparency and predefined responsibilities. Practical implications – Although the proposed IP management framework is based on intellectual property matters relevant to German jurisdiction, conclusions derived and the proposed roadmap are transferable to other jurisdictions and hence have a broader relevance. Evidence for this is provided by the successful application of the roadmap in the context of the multinational transaction stated above. Originality/value – This paper is based on the authors' collective experience, insight and reflected observation of M&A practice gained in advisory M&A roles in management consultancies over a period of more than a decade. The paper summarizes the authors' reflections and observations and brings these into the context of the current management literature. Moreover, this paper builds on earlier published research.

The effect of supplementing maize stover with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) haulms on the intake and growth performance of Ethiopian sheep

This study compared the effect of supplementing maize stover (MS) with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) haulms or commercial concentrate (CC) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, live weight gain and carcass yield of male Ethiopian Highland sheep. Two cowpea genotypes, 12688 (forage) and IT96D-774 (dual-purpose), were used. A randomised block design was applied with groups of eight sheep, blocked by weight, allocated to one of six treatments; MS ad libitum either unsupplemented or supplemented daily with 150 or 300g dry matter (DM) of either cowpea or CC. MS contained more neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin than either cowpeas or CC Crude protein (CP) content of the forage-type cowpeas was higher than either dual-purpose or CC, while MS had the lowest CP content Relative to the negative control group, cowpea at either level significantly (P < 0.01) increased both MS intake and total NDF and lignin. Supplementation significantly (P < 0.01) increased nitrogen (N) intakes relative to the negative control, with N intake for CC and dual-purpose cowpea (high level) being similar to the intakes for cowpeas at 150g. N intake with the forage-type cowpea offered at higher levels was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than the other groups. No significant differences (P > 0.01) in MS intake were identified between cowpeas at either level or CC and, although intake level of CC increased, it did not differ significantly from the negative control group. Supplementation significantly (P < 0.01) improved average daily gain, with the negative control group losing weight over the experimental period, and increased final live weight, carcass cold weight and dressing percentage. Supplementation significantly improved the apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and NDF, with no significant difference found between cowpeas at either level. N retention was negative for sheep offered only MS, but positive with all supplements, with cowpeas improving N retention to a greater extent than CC. Interestingly, N retention/N intake was higher with cowpeas offered at the lower level suggesting an improvement in utilisation efficiency. The results indicate that the supplementation of MS with cowpea enhanced ruminant production through improvements in digestibility and intake. Further, as production improvements associated with the two levels of supplementation did not differ significantly, it is suggested that where limited quantities of cowpea are available, it may be of greater nutritional benefit to offer smaller quantities over an increased number of animal days.