ON THE RADICAL OF A FREE MALCEV ALGEBRA

We prove that the prime radical rad M of the free Malcev algebra M of rank more than two over a field of characteristic not equal 2 coincides with the set of all universally Engelian elements of M. Moreover, let T(M) be the ideal of M consisting of all stable identities of the split simple 7-dimensional Malcev algebra M over F. It is proved that rad M = J(M) boolean AND T(M), where J(M) is the Jacobian ideal of M. Similar results were proved by I. Shestakov and E. Zelmanov for free alternative and free Jordan algebras.

Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF

Background In ROCKET AF, rivaroxaban was non-inferior to adjusted-dose warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to investigate whether the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin is consistent among the subgroups of patients with and without previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Methods In ROCKET AF, patients with AF who were at increased risk of stroke were randomly assigned (1:1) in a double-blind manner to rivaroxaban 20 mg daily or adjusted dose warfarin (international normalised ratio 2-0-3.0). Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Between Dec 18,2006, and June 17,2009,14 264 patients from 1178 centres in 45 countries were randomly assigned. The primary endpoint was the composite of stroke or non-CNS systemic embolism. In this substudy we assessed the interaction of the treatment effects of rivaroxaban and warfarin among patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. Efficacy analyses were by intention to treat and safety analyses were done in the on-treatment population. ROCKET AF is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00403767. Findings 7468 (52%) patients had a previous stroke (n=4907) or TIA (n=2561) and 6796 (48%) had no previous stroke or TIA. The number of events per 100 person-years for the primary endpoint in patients treated with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was consistent among patients with previous stroke or TIA (2.79% rivaroxaban vs 2.96% warfarin; hazard ratio [HR] 0-94,95% CI 0.77-1.16) and those without (1.44% vs 1.88%; 0.77, 0.58-1-01; interaction p=0.23). The number of major and non-major clinically relevant bleeding events per 100 person-years in patients treated with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was consistent among patients with previous stroke or TIA (13.31% rivaroxaban vs 13.87% warfarin; HR 0.96,95% CI 0.87-1-07) and those without (16.69% vs 15.19%; 1.10, 0.99-1.21; interaction p=0.08). Interpretation There was no evidence that the relative efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was different between patients who had a previous stroke or TIA and those who had no previous stroke or TIA. These results support the use of rivaroxaban as an alternative to warfarin for prevention of recurrent as well as initial stroke in patients with AF.

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Abstract Background The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus. Results Screening allowed the identification of diverse Gypsy and Micropia retroelements only in species of the Zaprionus subgenus, showing that they are transcriptionally active in the sampled species. The sequences of each retroelement were closely related to those of the melanogaster species subgroup, and the most parsimonious hypothesis would be that 15 horizontal transfer events shaped their evolution. The Gypsy retroelement of the melanogaster subgroup probably invaded the Zaprionus genomes about 11 MYA. In contrast, the Micropia retroelement may have been introduced into the Zaprionus subgenus and the melanogaster subgroup from an unknown donor more recently (~3 MYA). Conclusion Gypsy and Micropia of Zaprionus and melanogaster species share similar evolutionary patterns. The sharing of evolutionary, ecological and ethological features probably allowed these species to pass through a permissive period of transposable element invasion, explaining the proposed waves of horizontal transfers.

A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract Background The ability to successfully identify and incriminate pathogen vectors is fundamental to effective pathogen control and management. This task is confounded by the existence of cryptic species complexes. Molecular markers can offer a highly effective means of species identification in such complexes and are routinely employed in the study of medical entomology. Here we evaluate a multi-locus system for the identification of potential malaria vectors in the Anopheles strodei subgroup. Methods Larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes (n = 61) from the An. strodei subgroup were collected from 21 localities in nine Brazilian states and sequenced for the COI, ITS2 and white gene. A Bayesian phylogenetic approach was used to describe the relationships in the Strodei Subgroup and the utility of COI and ITS2 barcodes was assessed using the neighbor joining tree and “best close match” approaches. Results Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI, ITS2 and white gene found support for seven clades in the An. strodei subgroup. The COI and ITS2 barcodes were individually unsuccessful at resolving and identifying some species in the Subgroup. The COI barcode failed to resolve An. albertoi and An. strodei but successfully identified approximately 92% of all species queries, while the ITS2 barcode failed to resolve An. arthuri and successfully identified approximately 60% of all species queries. A multi-locus COI-ITS2 barcode, however, resolved all species in a neighbor joining tree and successfully identified all species queries using the “best close match” approach. Conclusions Our study corroborates the existence of An. albertoi, An. CP Form and An. strodei in the An. strodei subgroup and identifies four species under An. arthuri informally named A-D herein. The use of a multi-locus barcode is proposed for species identification, which has potentially important utility for vector incrimination. Individuals previously found naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in the southern Amazon basin and reported as An. strodei are likely to have been from An. arthuri C identified in this study.

Analysis of passion fruit rinds (Passiflora edulis): isoorientin quantification by HPTLC and evaluation of antioxidant (radical scavenging) capacity

The content of isoorientin in passion fruit rinds (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa O. Degener) was determined by HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography) with densitometric analysis. The results revealed a higher amount of isoorientin in healthy rinds of P. edulis (92.275 ± 0.610 mg L-1) than in rinds with typical symptoms of PWV (Passion fruit Woodiness Virus) infection (28.931 ± 0.346 mg L-1). The HPTLC data, allied to assays of radical scavenging activity, suggest the potential of P. edulis rinds as a natural source of flavonoids or as a possible functional food.

Relacionismo substancial: a ontologia do comportamento à luz do behaviorismo radical

Sob a influência do pragmatismo e contextualismo pepperiano, analistas do comportamento extraíram do behaviorismo radical qualquer posição ontológica. Como resultado, há a defesa de um relacionismo radical no qual a única propriedade relevante para a existência do comportamento é a própria relação que o define. O objetivo deste ensaio é avaliar a pertinência dessa posição. Três questões guiram esse trabalho: (1) Por que a substância não é importante para o behaviorismo radical?; (2) Por que a substância é importante para o behaviorismo radical?; e (3) Qual seria, de fato, o posicionamento ontológico mais condizente com o behaviorismo radical? Argumenta-se que o relacionismo radical não reflete com acurácia a ontologia behaviorista radical e sugere-se que o relacionismo substancial seja a posição mais coerente.

ScPdZn and ScPtZn with YAlGe type structure: group-subgroup relation and 45Sc solid state NMR spectroscopy

The intermetallic compounds ScPdZn and ScPtZn were prepared from the elements by high-frequency melting in sealed tantalum ampoules. Both structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: YAlGe type, Cmcm, a = 429.53(8), b = 907.7(1), c = 527.86(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0375, 231 F2 values, for ScPdZn and a = 425.3(1), b = 918.4(2), c = 523.3(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0399, 213 F2 values for ScPtZn with 14 variables per refinement. The structures are orthorhombically distorted variants of the AlB2 type. The scandium and palladium (platinum atoms) build up ordered networks Sc3Pd3 and Sc3Pt3 (boron networks) which are slightly shifted with respect to each other. These networks are penetrated by chains of zinc atoms (262 pm in ScPtZn) which correspond to the aluminum positions, i.e. Zn(ScPd) and Zn(ScPt). The corresponding group-subgroup scheme and the differences in chemical bonding with respect to other AlB2-derived REPdZn and REPtZn compounds are discussed. 45Sc solid state NMR spectra confirm the single crystallographic scandium sites. From electronic band structure calculations the two compounds are found metallic with free electron like behavior at the Fermi level. A larger cohesive energy for ScPtZn suggests a more strongly bonded intermetallic than ScPdZn. Electron localization and overlap population analyses identify the largest bonding for scandium with the transition metal (Pd, Pt).

Irradiación radical convencional e hiperfraccionada del carcinoma de cabeza y cuello localmente avanzado : ensayos predictivos de toxicidad mediante estudios de radiosensibilidad de linfocitos in vitro y estudio de calidad de vida : tesis doctoral

Programa de Doctorado: Cáncer: Biología y Clínica

Constitutive gene expression profile segregates toxicity in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with high-dose hyperfractionated radical radiotherapy

[EN] Breast cancer patients show a wide variation in normal tissue reactions after radiotherapy. The individual sensitivity to x-rays limits the efficiency of the therapy. Prediction of individual sensitivity to radiotherapy could help to select the radiation protocol and to improve treatment results. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between gene expression profiles of ex vivo un-irradiated and irradiated lymphocytes and the development of toxicity due to high-dose hyperfractionated radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Raw data from microarray experiments were uploaded to the Gene Expression Omnibus Database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ (GEO accession GSE15341). We obtained a small group of 81 genes significantly regulated by radiotherapy, lumped in 50 relevant pathways. Using ANOVA and t-test statistical tools we found 20 and 26 constitutive genes (0 Gy) that segregate patients with and without acute and late toxicity, respectively. Non-supervised hierarchical clustering was used for the visualization of results. Six and 9 pathways were significantly regulated respectively. Concerning to irradiated lymphocytes (2 Gy), we founded 29 genes that separate patients with acute toxicity and without it. Those genes were gathered in 4 significant pathways. We could not identify a set of genes that segregates patients with and without late toxicity. In conclusion, we have found an association between the constitutive gene expression profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the development of acute and late toxicity in consecutive, unselected patients. These observations suggest the possibility of predicting normal tissue response to irradiation in high-dose non-conventional radiation therapy regimens. Prospective studies with higher number of patients are needed to validate these preliminary results.

Synthetic and mechanistic investigation of new radical processes: reaction of organic azides with group-XIII Lewis acids

Dichloroindium hydride revealed to be a valid alternative to tributyltin hydride for radical reduction of organic (alkyl, aryl, acyl, solfonyl) azides. The new approach entails mild reaction conditions and provides high yields of the corresponding amines and amides, also showing high degrees of selectivity. The system dichloroindium hydride / azides can be utilised in fivemembered ring closures of g-azidonitriles, as a new source of aminyl radicals for the attractive synthesis of interesting amidine compounds in the absence of both toxic reagents and tedious purification procedures. Allylindium dichloride seems a good substitute for dichloroindium hydride for generation of indium centred radicals under photolytic conditions, since it allows allylation of electrophilic azides (e.g. phenylsulfonyl azide) and halogen or ester δ-substituted azides, the latter through a 1,5-H transfer rearrangement mechanism. Evidences of the radical nature of the reactions mechanism were provided by ESR spectroscopy, furthermore the same technique, allowed to discover that the reaction of azides with indium trichloride and other group XIII Lewis acids, in particular gallium trichloride, gives rise to strongly coloured, persistent paramagnetic species, whose structure is consistent with the radical cation of the head-to-tail dimer of the aniline corresponding to the starting azide.

Carne y mito: representaciones de la mujer desviada en el naturalismo radical y en el degeneracionismo

Programa de doctorado: Literatura y Teoría de la Literatura

Tropospheric photochemistry of ozone, its precursors and the hydroxyl radical

Zusammenfassung Ein 3-dimensionales globales Modell der unterenAtmosphäre wurde für die Untersuchung derOzonchemie, sowie der Chemie des Hydroxylradikals (OH) undwichtiger Vorläufersubstanzen, wie reaktiverStickstoffverbindungen und Kohlenwasserstoffe, verwendet.Hierfür wurde die Behandlung vonNicht-Methan-Kohlenwasserstoffen (NMKW) hinzugefügt,was auch die Entwicklung einer vereinfachten Beschreibungihrer Chemie, sowie die Erfassung von Depositionsprozessenund Emissionen erforderte. Zur Lösung der steifengewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen der Chemie wurdeeine schnelles Rosenbrock-Verfahren eingesetzt, das soimplementiert wurde, dass die Modell-Chemie fürzukünftige Studien leicht abgeändert werden kann. Zur Evaluierung des Modells wurde ein umfangreicherVergleich der Modellergebnisse mit Bodenmessungen, sowieFlugzeug-, Sonden- und Satelliten-Daten durchgeführt.Das Modell kann viele Aspekte der Beobachtungen derverschieden Substanzen realistisch wiedergeben. Es wurdenjedoch auch einige Diskrepanzen festgestellt, die Hinweiseauf fehlerhafte Emissionsfelder oder auf die Modell-Dynamikund auch auf fehlende Modell-Chemie liefern. Zur weiteren Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedenerStoffgruppen wurden drei Läufe mit unterschiedlichkomplexer Chemie analysiert. Durch das Berücksichtigender NMKW wird die Verteilung mehrerer wichtiger Substanzensignifikant beeinflusst, darunter z.B. ein Anstieg desglobalen Ozons. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die biogene SubstanzIsopren etwa die Hälfte des Gesamteffekts der NMKWausmachte (mehr in den Tropen, weniger anderswo). In einer Sensitivitätsstudie wurden die Unsicherheitenbei der Modellierung von Isopren weitergehend untersucht.Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Unsicherheit beiphysikalischen Aspekten (Deposition und heterogene Prozesse)ebenso groß sein kann, wie die aus dem chemischenGasphasen-Mechanismus stammende, welche zu globalbedeutsamen Abweichungen führte. Lokal können sichnoch größere Abweichungen ergeben. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die numerischenStudien dieser Arbeit neue Einblicke in wichtige Aspekte derPhotochemieder Troposphäre ergaben und in Vorschläge fürweiter Studien mündeten, die die wichtigsten gefundenenUnsicherheiten weiter verringern könnten.

5-substituted triazolinyls as novel counter radicals in controlled radical polymerization

The work is devoted to synthesis of new triazolinyl stable radical derivatives with different substituents at the 5-position of the triazolinyl ring. Obtained results showed great influence of these substituents on the stability of the radical. Electron-rich aromatic substituents at this position stabilize the radical while electron-poor aromatics decrease the stability of the triazolinyl. The triazolinyl radicals synthesized were used as additives for kinetic investigations of controlled radical polymerization of styrene and methylmethacrylate (MMA). The studies performed showed that the more stable radicals provide better control for the polymerization of styrene. In the same time certain instability of the radical is required for realization of controlled polymerization of methylmethacrylate. Based on the kinetic investigations controlled radical polymerization of a variety of monomers including 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), ethylmethacrylate (EMA), 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (FEMA) and n-butylmethacrylate (BMA)was successfully carried out. Polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate macroinitiators prepared by triazolinyl mediated controlled radical polymerization were efficiently reinitiated in the presence of a variety of monomers leading to the formation of block copolymers. Using this method PS-b-P-4-VP, PMMA-b-PS, PMMA-b-PBMA, PMMA-b-PFEMA, and PMMA-b-Poly-tert-butylacrylate were successfully synthesized. The results obtained during this work showed the efficiency and flexibility of the method allowing preparation of a range of advanced macromolecular structures.