Trouble du spectre de l’autisme : Une agentivité morale objective, rigoriste et émotionnelle

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White identities:a critical sociological approach

The study of white ethnicities is becoming increasingly important in the social sciences. This book provides a critical introduction to the topic. Whiteness has traditionally been seen as "ethnically transparent" - the marker against which other ethnicities are measured. This analysis is clearly incorrect, but only recently have many race and ethnicity scholars moved away from focusing on ethnic minorities and instead oriented their studies around the construction of white identities. Simon Clarke and Steve Garner's book is designed to guide students as they explore how white identities are forged using both sociological and psycho-social ideas. Including an excellent survey of the existing literature and original research from the UK, this book will be an invaluable guide for sociology students taking modules in race and ethnicity. Show More Show Less

(Table 3) Barium barite and excess comparison, accumulation rates and productivity from surface sediments

Since Dymond et al. (1992, doi:10.1029/92PA00181) proposed the paleoproductivity algorithm based on "Bio-Ba", which relies on a strong correlation between Ba and organic carbon fluxes in sediment traps, this proxy has been applied in many paleoproductivity studies. Barite, the main carrier of particulate barium in the water column and the phase associated with carbon export, has also been suggested as a reliable paleoproductivity proxy in some locations. We demonstrate that Ba(excess) (total barium minus the fraction associated with terrigenous material) frequently overestimates Ba(barite) (barium associated with the mineral barite), most likely due to the inclusion of barium from phases other than barite and terrigenous silicates (e.g., carbonate, organic matter, opal, Fe-Mn oxides, and hydroxides). A comparison between overlying oceanic carbon export and carbon export derived from Ba(excess) shows that the Dymond et al. (1992) algorithm frequently underestimates carbon export but is still a useful carbon export indicator if all caveats are considered before the algorithm is applied. Ba(barite) accumulation rates from a wide range of core top sediments from different oceanic settings are highly correlated to surface ocean 14C and Chlorophyll a measurements of primary production. This relationship varies by ocean basin, but with the application of the appropriate f ratio to 14C and Chlorophyll a primary production estimates, the plot of Ba(barite) accumulation and carbon export for the equatorial Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean converges to a global relationship that can be used to reconstruct paleo carbon export.

Petrologia e geoquímica do magmatismo ediacarano Serra do Caramuru, Rio Grande do Norte, NE do Brasil

The Serra do Caramuru and Tapuio stocks, located in the extreme NE of Rio Piranhas-Seridó Domain (RN), are representative of the Ediacaran-Cambrian magmatism, an important magmatic feature of the Brasilian / Panafrican orogeny of the Borborema Province. These bodies are lithologically similar, intrusive in paleoproterozoic gneiss embasement, being separated by a thin belt of mylonitic orthogneiss. The field relations show a magmatic stratigraphy initiated by dioritic facies that coexists with the porphyritic granitic and equigranular granitic I facies, and less frequently with equigranular granitic II facies. These rocks are crosscut by late granitic dykes and sheets with NE-SW / NNE-SSW orientation. The dioritic facies (diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorites, tonalite and granodiorite) is leucocratic to melanocratic, rich in biotite and hornblende. The granitic facies are hololeucocratic to leucocratic, and have biotite ± hornblende. Petrographic and geochemical (whole rock) data, especially from Serra do Caramuru pluton, suggest fractionation of zircon, apatite, clinopyroxene (in diorites), opaque minerals, titanite, biotite, hornblende, allanite, plagioclase, microcline and garnet (in dykes). The behavior of trace elements such as Zr, La and Yb indicates that the dioritic magma does not constitute the parental magma for the granitic facies. On the other hand, the granitic facies seems to be cogenetic to each other, displaying differentiation trends and very similar rare earth elements (REE) spectra [12.3≤(La/Yb)N≤190.8; Eu/Eu*=0.30-0.68]. Field relationships and REE patterns [6.96≤(La/Yb)N≤277.8; Eu/Eu*=0.18-0.58] demonstrate that the granitic dykes and sheets are not cogenetically related to the Serra do Caramuru magmatism. The dioritic facies is metaluminous (A/CNK = 0.88-0.74) and shoshonitic, whereas the granitic ones are metaluminous to peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.08-0.93) and high potassium calc-alkaline. Dykes and sheets are strictly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.01-1.04). Binary diagrams relating compatible and incompatible trace elements and microtextures indicate the fractional crystallization as the dominant mechanism of magmatic evolution of the various facies. The Serra do Caramuru and Tapuio stocks have well preserved magmatic fabric, do not show metamorphic minerals and are structurally isotropic, showing crosscutting contact with the ductile fabric of the basement. These observations lead to interpretate a stage of relative tectonic stability, consistent with the orogenic relaxation period of the Brasiliano / Pan-African orogeny. Chemical plots involving oxides and trace elements indicate late to post-collisional emplacement. In this context, the assumed better mechanism to describe the stocks emplacement within an extensional T Riedel joint, with ENE-WSW extensional vector. The U-Pb zircon age of 553 ± 10 Ma allows correlating the Serra do Caramuru magmatism to the group of post-collisional bodies, equigranular high potassium calc-alkaline granites of the NE of Rio Piranhas-Seridó Domain.

Petrologia e geoquímica do magmatismo ediacarano Serra do Caramuru, Rio Grande do Norte, NE do Brasil

The Serra do Caramuru and Tapuio stocks, located in the extreme NE of Rio Piranhas-Seridó Domain (RN), are representative of the Ediacaran-Cambrian magmatism, an important magmatic feature of the Brasilian / Panafrican orogeny of the Borborema Province. These bodies are lithologically similar, intrusive in paleoproterozoic gneiss embasement, being separated by a thin belt of mylonitic orthogneiss. The field relations show a magmatic stratigraphy initiated by dioritic facies that coexists with the porphyritic granitic and equigranular granitic I facies, and less frequently with equigranular granitic II facies. These rocks are crosscut by late granitic dykes and sheets with NE-SW / NNE-SSW orientation. The dioritic facies (diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorites, tonalite and granodiorite) is leucocratic to melanocratic, rich in biotite and hornblende. The granitic facies are hololeucocratic to leucocratic, and have biotite ± hornblende. Petrographic and geochemical (whole rock) data, especially from Serra do Caramuru pluton, suggest fractionation of zircon, apatite, clinopyroxene (in diorites), opaque minerals, titanite, biotite, hornblende, allanite, plagioclase, microcline and garnet (in dykes). The behavior of trace elements such as Zr, La and Yb indicates that the dioritic magma does not constitute the parental magma for the granitic facies. On the other hand, the granitic facies seems to be cogenetic to each other, displaying differentiation trends and very similar rare earth elements (REE) spectra [12.3≤(La/Yb)N≤190.8; Eu/Eu*=0.30-0.68]. Field relationships and REE patterns [6.96≤(La/Yb)N≤277.8; Eu/Eu*=0.18-0.58] demonstrate that the granitic dykes and sheets are not cogenetically related to the Serra do Caramuru magmatism. The dioritic facies is metaluminous (A/CNK = 0.88-0.74) and shoshonitic, whereas the granitic ones are metaluminous to peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.08-0.93) and high potassium calc-alkaline. Dykes and sheets are strictly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.01-1.04). Binary diagrams relating compatible and incompatible trace elements and microtextures indicate the fractional crystallization as the dominant mechanism of magmatic evolution of the various facies. The Serra do Caramuru and Tapuio stocks have well preserved magmatic fabric, do not show metamorphic minerals and are structurally isotropic, showing crosscutting contact with the ductile fabric of the basement. These observations lead to interpretate a stage of relative tectonic stability, consistent with the orogenic relaxation period of the Brasiliano / Pan-African orogeny. Chemical plots involving oxides and trace elements indicate late to post-collisional emplacement. In this context, the assumed better mechanism to describe the stocks emplacement within an extensional T Riedel joint, with ENE-WSW extensional vector. The U-Pb zircon age of 553 ± 10 Ma allows correlating the Serra do Caramuru magmatism to the group of post-collisional bodies, equigranular high potassium calc-alkaline granites of the NE of Rio Piranhas-Seridó Domain.

Doing Research with Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Intravenous Drug Users

Article

Doing Research with Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Intravenous Drug Users

Article

Digitizing dissent: cyborg politics and fluid networks in contemporary Cuban activism

Communication technologies shape how political activist networks are produced and maintain themselves. In Cuba, despite ideologically and physically oppressive practices by the state, a severe lack of Internet access, and extensive government surveillance, a small network of bloggers and cyberactivists has achieved international visibility and recognition for its critiques of the Cuban government. This qualitative study examines the blogger collective known as Voces Cubanas in Havana, Cuba in 2012, advancing a new approach to the study of transnational activism and the role of technology in the construction of political narrative. Voces Cubanas is analyzed as a network of connections between human and non-human actors that produces and sustains powerful political alliances. Voces Cubanas and its allies work collectively to co-produce contentious political discourses, confronting the dominant ideologies and knowledges produced by the Cuban state. Transnational alliances, the act of translation, and a host of unexpected and improvised technologies play central roles in the production of these narratives, indicating new breed of cyborg sociopolitical action reliant upon fluid and flexible networks and the act of writing. 

The Internet as opportunity and challenge in contemporary social movements

This paper explores the relationship between the rise of “new” social movements (15-M and Occupy) and the Internet. The new social media gives rise to new kinds of social movements  which embed this technology from the moment of conception. The future of social movements will be characterised by movinets, which will have the effect of developing new efficient ways of activism. The movinets, with their embedded technology and capacity to circulate ideas among different spheres of reality, have a potential to alter the dynamics of social mobilisation.

Methane Clathrates in the Solar System

We review the reservoirs of methane clathrates that may exist in the different bodies of the Solar System. Methane was formed in the interstellar medium prior to having been embedded in the protosolar nebula gas phase. This molecule was subsequently trapped in clathrates that formed from crystalline water ice during the cooling of the disk and incorporated in this form into the building blocks of comets, icy bodies, and giant planets. Methane clathrates may play an important role in the evolution of planetary atmospheres. On Earth, the production of methane in clathrates is essentially biological, and these compounds are mostly found in permafrost regions or in the sediments of continental shelves. On Mars, methane would more likely derive from hydrothermal reactions with olivine-rich material. If they do exist, martian methane clathrates would be stable only at depth in the cryosphere and sporadically release some methane into the atmosphere via mechanisms that remain to be determined. In the case of Titan, most of its methane probably originates from the protosolar nebula, where it would have been trapped in the clathrates agglomerated by the satellite's building blocks. Methane clathrates are still believed to play an important role in the present state of Titan. Their presence is invoked in the satellite's subsurface as a means of replenishing its atmosphere with methane via outgassing episodes. The internal oceans of Enceladus and Europa also provide appropriate thermodynamic conditions that allow formation of methane clathrates. In turn, these clathrates might influence the composition of these liquid reservoirs. Finally, comets and Kuiper Belt Objects might have formed from the agglomeration of clathrates and pure ices in the nebula. The methane observed in comets would then result from the destabilization of clathrate layers in the nuclei concurrent with their approach to perihelion. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations show that methane-rich clathrate layers may exist on Pluto as well. Key Words: Methane clathrate-Protosolar nebula-Terrestrial planets-Outer Solar System.

La prise en compte de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques publiques de verdissement (2005-2015) : le cas de Montréal

Les connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique (CC) évoluent rapidement. Toutefois, des incertitudes persistent sur l’étendue de ses conséquences, particulièrement dans les milieux urbains, qui subiront des impacts différents de ceux vécus par les milieux ruraux. Les autorités publiques ont récemment commencé à élaborer des politiques publiques d’adaptation au changement climatique (ACC) qui visent à en limiter les conséquences indésirables. En milieu urbain, la littérature suggère qu’un des outils que devraient privilégier ces politiques est le verdissement. Des auteurs signalent que les actions visant l’ACC peuvent se greffer dans des politiques existantes. L’ACC, comme enjeu public, peut donc être réalisée par l’entremise de sa prise en compte dans les politiques publiques de verdissement. Cette prise en compte devrait affecter le contenu (quoi?) et le pilotage (comment?) des différentes étapes des politiques. Le cas de la politique publique de verdissement de la Ville de Montréal, au Québec, nous a permis d’étudier cette prise en compte. En utilisant un cadre d’analyse des politiques publiques développé par Knoepfel et al. (2015), qui porte entre autres sur la mobilisation des ressources par différents acteurs concernés par ces politiques, nous montrons que cette dernière s’est opérée de quelques façons. Premièrement, il y a eu un changement dans l’argumentaire pour le verdissement, outil qui vise à lutter contre les îlots de chaleur urbains et assurer une meilleure gestion des eaux pluviales. Ensuite, le choix de l’échelle d’agglomération pour la prise en compte de l’ACC a entraîné un changement d’échelle dans la gestion du verdissement. La publication d’un plan d’action majeur de verdissement urbain pour l’agglomération, et dont le leitmotiv est l’ACC, le démontre. Quelques modifications réglementaires et l’inclusion de nouveaux acteurs dans la politique témoignent aussi que la prise en compte a eu lieu. Finalement, le plan d’action fournit un cadre pour la mise en œuvre du verdissement dans les zones les plus vulnérables au CC en plus d’une structure de partage des coûts. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du verdissement dans une visée d’ACC n'a pas été évaluée dans la présente étude. Nous avons aussi noté que la biodiversité est un enjeu d’importance qui va de pair avec l’ACC dans la politique de verdissement. Il y a donc une prise en compte, partielle, de l’ACC dans la politique publique de verdissement à Montréal (avec certains écueils). Nous arguons que l’enjeu de l’ACC sert peut-être d’argument supplémentaire pour verdir la ville plutôt que d’être un véritable moteur de transformation de la politique de verdissement.

La prise en compte de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques publiques de verdissement (2005-2015) : le cas de Montréal

Les connaissances scientifiques sur le changement climatique (CC) évoluent rapidement. Toutefois, des incertitudes persistent sur l’étendue de ses conséquences, particulièrement dans les milieux urbains, qui subiront des impacts différents de ceux vécus par les milieux ruraux. Les autorités publiques ont récemment commencé à élaborer des politiques publiques d’adaptation au changement climatique (ACC) qui visent à en limiter les conséquences indésirables. En milieu urbain, la littérature suggère qu’un des outils que devraient privilégier ces politiques est le verdissement. Des auteurs signalent que les actions visant l’ACC peuvent se greffer dans des politiques existantes. L’ACC, comme enjeu public, peut donc être réalisée par l’entremise de sa prise en compte dans les politiques publiques de verdissement. Cette prise en compte devrait affecter le contenu (quoi?) et le pilotage (comment?) des différentes étapes des politiques. Le cas de la politique publique de verdissement de la Ville de Montréal, au Québec, nous a permis d’étudier cette prise en compte. En utilisant un cadre d’analyse des politiques publiques développé par Knoepfel et al. (2015), qui porte entre autres sur la mobilisation des ressources par différents acteurs concernés par ces politiques, nous montrons que cette dernière s’est opérée de quelques façons. Premièrement, il y a eu un changement dans l’argumentaire pour le verdissement, outil qui vise à lutter contre les îlots de chaleur urbains et assurer une meilleure gestion des eaux pluviales. Ensuite, le choix de l’échelle d’agglomération pour la prise en compte de l’ACC a entraîné un changement d’échelle dans la gestion du verdissement. La publication d’un plan d’action majeur de verdissement urbain pour l’agglomération, et dont le leitmotiv est l’ACC, le démontre. Quelques modifications réglementaires et l’inclusion de nouveaux acteurs dans la politique témoignent aussi que la prise en compte a eu lieu. Finalement, le plan d’action fournit un cadre pour la mise en œuvre du verdissement dans les zones les plus vulnérables au CC en plus d’une structure de partage des coûts. Cependant, la mise en oeuvre du verdissement dans une visée d’ACC n'a pas été évaluée dans la présente étude. Nous avons aussi noté que la biodiversité est un enjeu d’importance qui va de pair avec l’ACC dans la politique de verdissement. Il y a donc une prise en compte, partielle, de l’ACC dans la politique publique de verdissement à Montréal (avec certains écueils). Nous arguons que l’enjeu de l’ACC sert peut-être d’argument supplémentaire pour verdir la ville plutôt que d’être un véritable moteur de transformation de la politique de verdissement.

Validación de criterio concurrente del sistema de observación de tiempo de instrucción de condición física – SOFIT- para la medición de la actividad física durante las clases de educación física en escolares de 1º A 9º de Bogotá, Colombia

Determinar la validez concurrente del Sistema de Observación de Tiempo de Instrucción de Condición Física (SOFIT) a través de acelerometría, como método para medir los niveles de actividad física (AF) de los escolares de 1º a 9º durante la clase de educación física en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá, Colombia. Estudio transversal entre Octubre de 2014 y Marzo de 2015. La medición se realizó en tres colegios públicos de Bogotá. Participaron 48 estudiantes (25 niñas; 23 niños), entre 5 y 17 años, seleccionados de acuerdo al protocolo de SOFIT. El resultado se categoriza en porcentaje de tiempo en comportamiento sedentario, AF moderada, AF vigorosa, y AF moderada a vigorosa. Se validó utilizando como patrón de oro la acelerometría en las mismas categorías. Se realizó diferencia de medias, regresión lineal y modelo de efectos fijos. La correlación entre SOFIT y acelerometría fue buena para AF moderada (rho=,958; p=0,000), AF vigorosa (rho=,937; p=0,000) y AF de moderada a vigorosa (rho=0,962; p=0,000). Al igual que utilizando un modelo de efectos fijos, AF moderada (β1=0,92; p=0,00), vigorosa (β1=0,94; p=0,00) y AF de moderada a vigorosa (β1=0,95; p=0,00), mostrando ausencia de diferencias significativas entre los dos métodos para la medición de los niveles de AF. El comportamiento sedentario correlacionó positivamente en Spearman (rho=,0965; p=0,000), El sistema SOFIT demostró ser válido para medir niveles de AF en clases de educación física, tras buena correlación y concordancia con acelerometría. SOFIT es un instrumento de fácil acceso y de bajo costo para la medición de la AF durante las clases de educación física en el contexto escolar y se recomienda su uso en futuros estudios.