E-government e participação política em Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado em MPA - Administração Pública

Envolvimento parental no desporto

O presente conjunto de investigações pretendeu estudar o envolvimento parental na competição desportiva de crianças e jovens. Baseado no modelo do envolvimento parental no desporto (Teques & Serpa, 2009), o estudo permitiu concretizar dois objectivos fundamentais. Primeiro, desenvolver um conjunto de escalas válidas e fidedignas para aceder aos constructos incluídos no modelo teórico. Segundo, testar as hipóteses fundamentadas na estrutura conceptual do modelo com o propósito de compreender (1) a razão porque os pais se envolvem no desporto dos filhos, (2) quais os comportamentos utilizados pelos pais durante o envolvimento, e (3) como é que o envolvimento influencia o contexto de realização do jovem atleta. No total, participaram voluntariamente 1620 pais e 1665 jovens atletas de vários desportos individuais e coletivos, com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 18 anos. A prossecução dos objectivos teve por base uma série de três estudos independentes. Os resultados do primeiro estudo sugerem que as crenças do papel parental, a auto-eficácia, a perceção das invocações oriundas do treinador e do jovem atleta, o tempo e energia disponíveis, e os conhecimentos e competências relacionam-se com as atividades de envolvimento dos pais. No segundo estudo, os resultados demonstraram que as perceções dos comportamentos parentais de encorajamento, reforço, instrução, e modelagem medeiam a relação entre os comportamentos reportados pelos pais e as variáveis psicológicas de auto-eficácia, auto-eficácia social, motivação intrínseca, e estratégias de autorregulação dos jovens. Os resultados do terceiro estudo indicam que as perceções dos comportamentos dos pais relacionam-se com a realização desportiva através dos efeitos de mediação da auto-eficácia, autoeficácia social e das estratégias de autorregulação. Implicações para a intervenção, limitações e direções futuras para a investigação são também discutidas.

Estudio de parámetros de calidad de la carne

El objetivo general del trabajo es estudiar, mediante la espectrofotometría de reflectancia, los diversos factores que influyen sobre el desarrollo del color de los productos elaborados a base de carne de origen bovino y porcino. El proceso de fabricación de embutidos crudo-curados es muy antiguo. El conocimiento, basado en la metodología científica del proceso y de dichos fenómenos permitirá la estandarización del mismo y su mejora. En una primera etapa se trabajó sobre la parte magra de la pasta cárnica que se forma durante la elaboración de productos, asignando prioridad al estudio de las primeras operaciones del proceso de fabricación, en las cuales ocurren fenómenos bioquímicos y biológicos relacionados con el desarrollo del color. El trabajo se planteó mediante un diseño factorial contemplando los diferentes tratamientos que permitirán conocer el efecto individual de los factores básicos y de sus interacciones. Las determinaciones de color se realizaron por medio de espectrofotometría de reflectancia, usando el espacio de color CIELAB, el iluminante D65 y el observador 10º. Los parámetros de color serán L* (luminosidad), a* (rojo-verde) y b* (amarillo-azul), a partir de las cuales se calcularán las magnitudes psicofísicas H* (tono) y C* (croma), el cociente a*/b* y las diferencias de color (∆E*).

Extranjeros y diferentes: las formas de la discriminación en la escuela (programa de investigación, docencia y proyección social. inclusión educativa: la mirada en las aulas)

Este proyecto se desarrolla en el marco del Programa de Investigación, Docencia y Proyección Social denominado Inclusión educativa: La mirada en las aulas; y constituye el germen inicial de la articulación de proyectos que aborden lo educativo como espacio para la inclusión social, cultural, económica, política. La investigación ha avanzado en la identificación de ciertas inconsistencias en el discurso de docentes primarios entre una valoración positiva de los alumnos pertenecientes a comunidades extranjeras y una opinión desfavorable hacia la migración en general. Esa inconsistencia se origina en creencias subyacentes sobre el carácter indeseable de las migraciones desde países vecinos, que son compartidas por fracciones importantes de la sociedad en general, no solo de nuestro país sino también en la mayoría de los centros globales de recepción de migrantes. Estas creencias se corporizan en expresiones abiertas de prejuicio hacia extranjeros ante situaciones puntuales, como aumento del desempleo, de la inseguridad, o bien cuando los medios o figuras públicas ponen el tema en agenda. La identificación a través de entrevistas de estas inconsistencias llevó al diseño de un instrumento estándar para evaluar de manera sistemática las actitudes de los docentes primarios de Córdoba hacia los extranjeros y sus comunidades de pertenencia. Aunque se dispone de una escala que evalúa prejuicio latente y manifiesto (Pettigrew y Meertens, 1995), se trata de un instrumento que aún está en discusión (Espelt, Javaloy y Cornejo, 2006) y que no se adecúa completamente a nuestros interrogantes, por lo que se decidió construir una escala original dirigida a medir aspectos del prejuicio hacia los migrantes, tanto en términos generales como el ámbito de la escuela. Durante el año 2011, ese instrumento fue construido y validado en una muestra de 115 docentes, se observó su estructura factorial (Bologna, Faas y Ergo, 2011) y se alcanzó la versión definitiva. Actualmente (noviembre 2011) se está desarrollando el operativo de campo, que consiste en aplicar un cuestionario que, además de la escala diseñada, incluye ítems sobre creencias acerca de la migración actual hacia Argentina y una pregunta que distingue posiciones más próximas a valores materialistas o postmaterialistas. Esta última pregunta permite comparaciones con otros estudios internacionales, como la encuesta mundial de valores (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/). Ademas, el estudio indaga por la existencia de alumnos pertenecientes a comunidades extranjeras y de acciones específicas que la escuela desarrolle. Se ha completado el trabajo de campo en escuelas privadas y se está desarrollando en este momento en provinciales y municipales.

EFECTOS DE LA MELATONINA EXÓGENA Y LA SUBNUTRICIÓN SOBRE EL DESARROLLO EMBRIONARIO TEMPRANO EN OVINOS DURANTE EL ANESTRO ESTACIONAL

Debido a que la subnutrición afecta la eficiencia reproductiva en las ovejas, disminuyendo las tasas de gestación y/o causando un retraso en el desarrollo embrionario; y conociendo que, la melatonina es la hormona mediadora de los efectos entre la estacionalidad y el eje reproductivo, actuando con efectos beneficiosos tanto a nivel embrionario como del tracto reproductivo, nuestra hipótesis de partida plantea que el tratamiento con melatonina exógena podría ser una herramienta útil para paliar o revertir los efectos adversos que causa la subnutrición sobre la supervivencia embrionaria en las explotaciones ovinas. El presente trabajo investigará los efectos de la melatonina exógena sobre la competencia oocitaria y la viabilidad embrionaria (tanto in vivo como in vitro), así como también sobre la población de receptores esteroideos en el endometrio, en ovejas subnutridas durante el anestro estacional. El experimento se realizará en Río Cuarto (33º 08’S, 64º 20’O), utilizando 30 ovejas adultas Corriedale. Durante el anestro, la mitad de ellas serán implantadas con melatonina. Luego de 45 días, las ovejas serán asignadas a una de dos dietas con diferentes niveles energéticos: dieta control (C) y dieta baja (B). De esta forma se establecerán 4 grupos de acuerdo a su nivel nutricional y a la presencia o no del implante de melatonina en un diseño factorial 2x2, con todos los grupos balanceados por peso y condición corporal. El día del inicio del consumo de las dietas experimentales, se sincronizarán los celos de todas las ovejas (progestágeno+eCG), luego de lo cual se cubrirán todas las ovejas en celo. Desde los 15 días previos a la sincronización de celos y hasta la ovulación, se realizarán ecografías ováricas diariamente, para evaluar la dinámica de la población folicular y luteal. Cada 3 días, se obtendrán muestras de sangre de todas las ovejas para determinar los niveles plasmáticos de metabolitos y hormonas. El día 5 tras el celo, se procederá a la recuperación de los embriones por laparotomía ventral y lavado uterino. Inmediatamente después se realizará una ovariohisterectomía en cada una de las ovejas. Los ovarios serán procesados para la obtención y maduración de ovocitos, y su posterior fecundación in vitro. Además se obtendrán muestras de útero para realizar el estudio de la población de receptores esteroideos y la expresión de los mismos en el tejido por inmunohistoquímica. No existe mucha información en la literatura respecto a los efectos combinados del tratamiento con melatonina y del plano de alimentación sobre los parámetros reproductivos. No obstante, en la especie ovina y en el hemisferio norte, se han descrito algunos aspectos realmente interesantes en la mejora de la eficiencia reproductiva, particularmente en situaciones en las que está disminuida, por lo cual seria importante evaluar y caracterizar los efectos del uso de la melatonina exógena sobre la viabilidad embrionaria en Argentina.

Optimisation of a surface mount technology process using a SnAgCu lead-free alloy

The impending introduction of lead-free solder in the manufacture of electrical and electronic products has presented the electronics industry with many challenges. European manufacturers must transfer from a tin-lead process to a lead-free process by July 2006 as a result of the publication of two directives from the European Parliament. Tin-lead solders have been used for mechanical and electrical connections on printed circuit boards for over fifty years and considerable process knowledge has been accumulated. Extensive literature reviews were conducted on the topic and as a result it was found there are many implications to be considered with the introduction of lead-free solder. One particular question that requires answering is; can lead-free solder be used in existing manufacturing processes? The purpose of this research is to conduct a comparative study of a tin-lead solder and a lead-free solder in two key surface mount technology (SMT) processes. The two SMT processes in question were the stencil printing process and the reflow soldering process. Unreplicated fractional factorial experimental designs were used to carry out the studies. The quality of paste deposition in terms of height and volume were the characteristics of interest in the stencil printing process. The quality of solder joints produced in the reflow soldering experiment was assessed using x-ray and cross sectional analysis. This provided qualitative data that was then uniquely scored and weighted using a method developed during the research. Nested experimental design techniques were then used to analyse the resulting quantitative data. Predictive models were developed that allowed for the optimisation of both processes. Results from both experiments show that solder joints of comparable quality to those produced using tin-lead solder can be produced using lead-free solder in current SMT processes.

Contribuição ao estudo da aplicação do método da diagnose foliar ao algodoeiro (Grossypium hirsutum L., var. I. A. C. 817) II

This paper deal with one experiment carried out in order to study the correlation between petioles analysis and seed cotton yield. A 3X3X3 factorial with respect to N, P2 0(5) and K2 O was installed in a sandy soil with low potash content and medium amounts of total N and easily extractable P. Two kinds of petioles, newly mature were collected for analysis: those attached to fruit hearing branches, and petioles located on the stem; the first group is conventionally named "productive petioles"; The second one is called "not productive petioles". Petioles' sampling was done when the first blossoms appeared. Yield date showed a marked response to potash, both nitrogen and phosphorus having no effect. Very good correlation was found between petioles potash and yield. Both types of petioles samples were equally good indicators of the potash status of the plants. By mathematical treatment of the date it followes that the highed yield which was possible under experimental conditions, 1.562 kg of seed cotton per hectare would be reacher by using 128 kg of K2O per hectare. With this amount of potash supplied to the plants the following K levels would be expected in the petioles: "productive petioles" "not productive petioles" 1,93 % K 1,85 % K

Efeitos de diferentes níveis de N, P e K sôbre cacaueiros jovens (Theorema cacao L.) em solução nutritiva

Cocoa seedlings were grown in nutrient solution in order to find out the effects of the levels of N, P, K in the substrate on growth, symptoms and chemical composition of the leaves. A 3x3x3 factorial design was used. The following conclusions can be drawn. 5.1. Among the three elements under study, only nitrogen had a positive, significant effect on growth as measured by height and dry weight. 5.2. The level of a given elements in the leaves did increase when its level in the nutrient solution was raised. On the other hand the N content was positively affected by the concentration of P in the substrate. 5.3. A decrease in the N/P and K/P rations in the leaves was observed when the nutrient solutions had, res-respectively, absence of K and N and high level both of K and N. The N/K ratio increased with the level of P in the substrate. 5.4 A highly significant positive correlation was found between N content in the leaves and dry weight. This was not the case however, insofar P and K are considered - no correlation whatsoever was observed.

The relation of the concentration of macronutrients in the substrate and in the foliage to cell wall thickness and cellulose concentration in the xylem of slash pine (Pinus elliotti)

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.

Getting in touch: segregated somatosensory what and where pathways in humans revealed by electrical neuroimaging.

Whether the somatosensory system, like its visual and auditory counterparts, is comprised of parallel functional pathways for processing identity and spatial attributes (so-called what and where pathways, respectively) has hitherto been studied in humans using neuropsychological and hemodynamic methods. Here, electrical neuroimaging of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) identified the spatio-temporal mechanisms subserving vibrotactile processing during two types of blocks of trials. What blocks varied stimuli in their frequency (22.5 Hz vs. 110 Hz) independently of their location (left vs. right hand). Where blocks varied the same stimuli in their location independently of their frequency. In this way, there was a 2x2 within-subjects factorial design, counterbalancing the hand stimulated (left/right) and trial type (what/where). Responses to physically identical somatosensory stimuli differed within 200 ms post-stimulus onset, which is within the same timeframe we previously identified for audition (De Santis, L., Clarke, S., Murray, M.M., 2007. Automatic and intrinsic auditory "what" and "where" processing in humans revealed by electrical neuroimaging. Cereb Cortex 17, 9-17.). Initially (100-147 ms), responses to each hand were stronger to the what than where condition in a statistically indistinguishable network within the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulated hand, arguing against hemispheric specialization as the principal basis for somatosensory what and where pathways. Later (149-189 ms) responses differed topographically, indicative of the engagement of distinct configurations of brain networks. A common topography described responses to the where condition irrespective of the hand stimulated. By contrast, different topographies accounted for the what condition and also as a function of the hand stimulated. Parallel, functionally specialized pathways are observed across sensory systems and may be indicative of a computationally advantageous organization for processing spatial and identity information.

Two's company, three's a crowd: experimental evaluation of the evolutionary maintenance of trioecy in Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae).

Trioecy is an uncommon sexual system in which males, females, and hermaphrodites co-occur as three clearly different gender classes. The evolutionary stability of trioecy is unclear, but would depend on factors such as hermaphroditic sex allocation and rates of outcrossing vs. selfing. Here, trioecious populations of Mercurialis annua are described for the first time. We examined the frequencies of females, males and hermaphrodites across ten natural populations and evaluated the association between the frequency of females and plant densities. Previous studies have shown that selfing rates in this species are density-dependent and are reduced in the presence of males, which produce substantially more pollen than hermaphrodites. Accordingly, we examined the evolutionary stability of trioecy using an experiment in which we (a) indirectly manipulated selfing rates by altering plant densities and the frequency of males in a fully factorial manner across 20 experimental plots and (b) examined the effect of these manipulations on the frequency of the three sex phenotypes in the next generation of plants. In the parental generation, we measured the seed and pollen allocations of hermaphrodites and compared them with allocations by unisexual plants. In natural populations, females occurred at higher frequencies in denser patches, a finding consistent with our expectations. Under our experimental conditions, however, no combination of plant densities and male frequencies was associated with increased frequencies of females. Our results suggest that the factors that regulate female frequencies in trioecious populations of M. annua are independent of those regulating male frequencies (density), and that the stable co-existence of all three sex phenotypes within populations is unlikely.

Male dominance linked to size and age, but not to 'good genes' in brown trout (Salmo trutta).

BACKGROUND: Males that are successful in intra-sexual competition are often assumed to be of superior quality. In the mating system of most salmonid species, intensive dominance fights are common and the winners monopolise most mates and sire most offspring. We drew a random sample of mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta) from two wild populations and determined their dominance hierarchy or traits linked to dominance. The fish were then stripped and their sperm was used for in vitro fertilisations in two full-factorial breeding designs. We recorded embryo viability until hatching in both experiments, and juvenile survival during 20 months after release into a natural streamlet in the second experiment. Since offspring of brown trout get only genes from their fathers, we used offspring survival as a quality measure to test (i) whether males differ in their genetic quality, and if so, (ii) whether dominance or traits linked to dominance reveal 'good genes'. RESULTS: We found significant additive genetic variance on embryo survival, i.e. males differed in their genetic quality. Older, heavier and larger males were more successful in intra-sexual selection. However, neither dominance nor dominance indicators like body length, weight or age were significantly linked to genetic quality measured as embryo or juvenile survival. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that females can improve their offspring's genetic viability by mating with large and dominant males. If there still were advantages of mating with dominant males, they may be linked to non-genetic benefits or to genetic advantages that are context dependent and therefore possibly not revealed under our experimental conditions - even if we found significant additive genetic variation for embryo viability under such conditions.

The Analysis of Accounting Multipliers: The NAMEA Approach in the Case of Catalonia

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the Catalan economy (2001) with the use of a National Accounting Matrix with environmental accounts (NAMEA) for the Catalan economy with 2001 data. We will focus on the analysis of the emission multipliers and we will also analyse the impact of a 10% reduction in greenhouse emissions on emission multipliers. This emission-reduction percentage would bring the Catalan economy into compliance with the maximum emissions level allowed by the Kyoto Protocol. We consider three possible scenarios that would allow this goal to be met. First, we will simulate a 10% reduction in regional emissions and a 5% drop in the endogenous income of the multipliers' model (production, factorial and private income). Second, we will simulate a 10% reduction in emissions and a 10% increase in endogenous income. Finally, we will simulate a 10% reduction in emissions and a 5% increase in endogenous income. Additionally, we will analyse the decomposition of the emission multipliers into own effects, open effects and circular effects to capture the different channels of the emission generation process. Keywords: NAMEA, emission multipliers, Kyoto Protocol.

Determinantes del crecimiento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en España (1990-2007)

La evolución de los gases de efecto invernadero en España se está distanciando notablemente del objetivo marcado por el Protocolo de Kyoto. En el presente trabajo se analizan los diferentes factores que han contribuido al importante aumento experimentado en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero provenientes del consumo de energía en España en el período 1990-2007. La metodología de descomposición factorial utilizada permite hacer una distribución exacta (sin residuos) de la variación de emisiones en diferentes efectos (efecto carbonización, efecto transformación, efecto intensidad y efecto escala). Los resultados muestran claramente que el efecto escala -la variación en el nivel de producción- ha sido determinante en explicar el aumento de emisiones, mientras que la contribución de los otros efectos, que deberían ser los que cambiaran la tendencia de crecimiento de emisiones, no ha permitido moderar su aumento. Una contribución especialmente negativa es la atribuible al efecto intensidad, que refleja la variación en la intensidad energética final del PIB, ya que incluso habría contribuido a aumentar las emisiones. En sentido opuesto, el efecto transformación, el impacto atribuible a la transformación energética, habría contribuido a moderar el aumento de las emisiones totales. El trabajo discute las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos.

Paclitaxel-eluting biodegradable synthetic vascular prostheses: a step towards reduction of neointima formation?

BACKGROUND: Clinical small-caliber vascular prostheses are unsatisfactory. Reasons for failure are early thrombosis and late intimal hyperplasia. We thus prepared biodegradable small-caliber vascular prostheses using electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) with slow-releasing paclitaxel (PTX), an antiproliferative drug. METHODS AND RESULTS: PCL solutions containing PTX were used to prepare nonwoven nanofibre-based 2-mm ID prostheses. Mechanical morphological properties and drug loading, distribution, and release were studied in vitro. Infrarenal abdominal aortic replacement was carried out with nondrug-loaded and drug-loaded prostheses in 18 rats and followed for 6 months. Patency, stenosis, tissue reaction, and drug effect on endothelialization, vascular remodeling, and neointima formation were studied in vivo. In vitro prostheses showed controlled morphology mimicking extracellular matrix with mechanical properties similar to those of native vessels. PTX-loaded grafts with suitable mechanical properties and controlled drug-release were obtained by factorial design. In vivo, both groups showed 100% patency, no stenosis, and no aneurysmal dilatation. Endothelial coverage and cell ingrowth were significantly reduced at 3 weeks and delayed at 12 and 24 weeks in PTX grafts, but as envisioned, neointima formation was significantly reduced in these grafts at 12 weeks and delayed at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Biodegradable, electrospun, nanofibre, polycaprolactone prostheses are promising because in vitro they maintain their mechanical properties (regardless of PTX loading), and in vivo show good patency, reendothelialize, and remodel with autologous cells. PTX loading delays endothelialization and cellular ingrowth. Conversely, it reduces neointima formation until the end point of our study and thus may be an interesting option for small caliber vascular grafts.