Hidroquímica do rio Solimões na região entre Manacapuru e Alvarães: Amazonas - Brasil

Este trabalho discute as características físico-químicas das águas dos rios Solimões, Purus e seus afluentes, coletadas em novembro de 2004 no Estado do Amazonas, entre as cidades de Manacapuru-Alvarães e Anamã-Pirarauara. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas (temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO4(2-), Cl-), de elementos-traço (Li, B, Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb, La, Ce e U) e isótopos de estrôncio. Os parâmetros analisados e a composição química mostram que as águas dos rios e igarapés da região central da Amazônia são quimicamente distintas entre si. As águas brancas do Solimões são cálcicas-bicarbonatadas e as do Purus bicarbonatadas, os respectivos afluentes são sódico-potássico-bicarbonatados e sódico-potássico-sulfatados. Isso acarreta águas brancas fracamente ácidas a neutras e mais condutivas, enquanto as pretas são menos mineralizadas, mais ácidas, especialmente as do Purus. O Ba, Sr, Cu, V e As mais elevados diferenciam as águas brancas do Solimões das do Purus, bem como os afluentes do primeiro em relação ao segundo. Esse conjunto de características indicam que tanto o Solimões, como o Purus e os respectivos afluentes, estão submetidos a condições geológicas/ambientais distintas. A influência do aporte de sedimentos dos Andes é diluída ao longo da bacia do Solimões e se reflete na formação das várzeas dos Solimões e Purus. Por outro lado as rochas crustais, representadas pelos escudos das Guianas e Brasileiro também contribuem, mas em menor proporção.

Multi-stacks of epitaxial GeSn self-assembled dots in Si: Structural analysis

We report on the growth and structural and morphologic characterization of stacked layers of self-assembled GeSn dots grown on Si (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy at low substrate temperature T = 350 °C. Samples consist of layers (from 1 up to 10) of Ge0.96Sn0.04 self-assembled dots separated by Si spacer layers, 10 nm thick. Their structural analysis was performed based on transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Raman scattering. We found that up to 4 stacks of dots could be grown with good dot layer homogeneity, making the GeSn dots interesting candidates for optoelectronic device applications.

Electrochromic devices incorporating biohybrid electrolytes doped with a lithium salt, an ionic liquid or a mixture of both

The sol-gel method was employed in the synthesis of di-urethane cross-linked poly( caprolactone) (PCL(530)/siloxane biohybrid ormolytes incorporating either a mixture of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) and the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim]BF4), or solely with [Emim]BF4 or LiCF3SO3. The ormolyte doped with [Emim]BF4 is thermally more stable and exhibits higher ionic conductivity (4 x 10-4 and 2 x 10-3 S cm-1 at 36 and 98 ºC, respectively) than those containing the LiCF3SO3/[Emim]BF4 mixture or just LiCF3SO3. The three ormolytes were employed in the production of glass/ITO/ormolyte/WO3/ITO/glass electrochromic devices (ECDs) designated as ECD@Y with Y = Li-[Emim]BF4, [Emim]BF4 and Li. The three ECDs displayed fast switching speed (ca. 30 s). ECD@Li-[Emim]BF4 exhibited an electrochromic contrast of 18.4 % and an optical density change of 0.11 in the visible region, the coloration efficiency attained at 555 nm was 159 and 80.2 cm-2 C-1 in the “on” and “off” states, respectively, and the open circuit memory was 48 hours. In the “on” state the CIE 1931 color space coordinates were x = 0.29 and y = 0.30, corresponding to blue color.

Titanium oxide adhesion layer for high temperature annealed Si/Si3N4/TiOx/Pt/LiCoO2 battery structures

This work describes the influence of a high annealing temperature of about 700C on the Si(substrate)/Si3N4/TiOx/Pt/LiCoO2 multilayer system for the fabrication of all-solid-state lithium ion thin film microbatteries. Such microbatteries typically utilize lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) as cathode material with a platinum (Pt) current collector. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is used to act as a barrier against Li diffusion into the substrate. For a good adherence between Si3N4 and Pt, commonly titanium (Ti) is used as intermediate layer. However, to achieve crystalline LiCoO2 the multilayer system has to be annealed at high temperature. This post-treatment initiates Ti diffusion into the Pt-collector and an oxidation to TiOx, leading to volume expansion and adhesion failures. To solve this adhesion problem, we introduce titanium oxide (TiOx) as an adhesion layer, avoiding the diffusion during the annealing process. LiCoO2, Pt and Si3N4 layers were deposited by magnetron sputtering and the TiOx layer by thermal oxidation of Ti layers deposited by e-beam technique. Asdeposited and annealed multilayer systems using various TiOx layer thicknesses were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that an annealing process at temperature of 700C leads to different interactions of Ti atoms between the layers, for various TiOx layer thicknesses (25–45 nm).

Eco-friendly luminescent hybrid materials based on EuIII and LiI co-doped chitosan

Biopolymer-based materials have been of particular interest as alternatives do synthetic polymers due to their low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Among them, chitosan is one of the most studied ones and has recently been investigated for the application as solid state polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, it can serve as a host for luminescent species such as rare earth ions, giving rise to materials with increased functionality, of particular interest for electrochemical devices. In this study, we investigate chitosan based luminescent materials doped wit Eu3+ and Li+ triflate salts from the structural, photophysical and conductivity points of view. Because the host presents a broad emission band in the blue to green, while Eu3+ emits in the red, fine tuning of emission colour and/or generation of white light is possible by optimizing composition and excitation scheme. Europium lifetimes (5D0) are in the range 270 – 350 µs and quantum yields are as high as 2%. Although Li+ does not interfere with the luminescent properties, it grants ion-conducting properties to the material suggesting that a combination of both properties could be further explored in multifunctional device.

Lithium-doped silk fibroin films for application in electrochromic devices

Silk fibroin (SF) is a commonly available natural biopolymer produced in specialized glands of arthropods, with a long history of use in textile production and also in health cares. The exceptional intrinsic properties of these fibers, such as self-assembly, machinability, biocompatibility, biodegradation or non-toxicity, offer a wide range of exciting opportunities [1]. It has long been recognized that silk can be a rich source of inspiration for designing new materials with tailored properties, enhanced performance and high added value for targeted applications, opening exciting new prospects in the domain of materials science and related technological fields, including bio-friendly integration, miniaturization and multifunctionalization. In recent years it has been demonstrated that fibroin is an excellent material for active components in optics and photonics devices. Progress in new technological fields such as optics, photonics and electronics are emerging [2,3]. The incorporation of polymer electrolytes as components of various devices (advanced batteries, smart windows, displays and supercapacitors) offers significant advantages with respect to traditional electrolytes, including enhanced reliability and improved safety. SF films are particularly attractive in this context. They have near-perfect transparency across the VIS range, surface flatness (together with outstanding mechanical robustness), ability to replicate patterned substrates and their thickness may be easily tailored from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers through spin-casting of a silk solution into subtract. Moreover, fibroin can be added to other biocomponents or salts in order to modify the biomaterial properties leading to optimized and total different functions. Preliminary tests performed with a prototype electrochromic device (ECD) incorporating SF films doped with lithium triflate and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiTFSI and LiBF4, respectively) as electrolyte and WO3 as cathodic electrochromic layer, are extremely encouraging. Aiming to evaluate the performance of the ion conducting SF membranes doped with LiTFSI and LiBF4 (SF-Li), small ECDs with glass/ITO/WO3/SF-Li/CeO2-TiO2/ITO/glass configuration were assembled and characterized. The device exhibited, after 4500 cycles, the insertion of charge at -3.0 V reached –1.1 mC.cm-2 in 15 s. After 4500 cycles the window glass-staining, glass/ITO/WO3/Fibrin-Li salts electrolyte/CeO2-TiO2/ITO/glass configuration was reversible and featured a T  8 % at λ = 686 nm

Disolución, deposición y pasivación de metales: Transferencia de materia

El presente proyecto es continuación del que se viene desarrollando desde hace más de cinco años en el laboratorio. En él se intentan establecer los mecanismos que gobiernan el comportamiento de diversos metales y sus óxidos, su estabilidad y sus propiedades en diversos medios iónicos. Se investigarán los procesos de disolución y pasivación de metales "válvula" (W, Bi, etc.) y metales "batería" (Ag, Cu y Mn) por formación de óxidos y/o sales en soluciones acuosas. Se analizará también la influencia de aditivos orgánicos en procesos de electrodeposición metálica y corrosión. Por otra parte, se continuará el estudio del sistema "disco-menisco" rotante, iniciado más recientemente. Objetivos generales y específicos: Se intenta establecer los mecanismos que gobiernan el comportamiento electroquímico de diversos metales y sus óxidos, su estabilidad y propiedades en diversos medios iónicos, investigándose los procesos de disolución, deposición y pasivación en soluciones acuosas de distinta composición, como así también la cinética de la formación y crecimiento de películas de óxidos y/o sales y sus propiedades conductoras. El conocimiento de estas características, permitirá determinar la posibilidad de aplicación como materiales resistentes a la corrosión, en procesos de electrosíntesis, como materiales activos en baterías secundarias, etc. Por otra parte, se estudiarán distintas reacciones de transferencia de carga empleando el sistema de "disco-menisco rotante" con el objeto de determinar si esta técnica, que ofrece ventajas por su geometría particular, permite la determinación de los parámetros cinéticos

Adecuación de catalizadores zeolíticos para su aplicación en síntesis de productos químicos finos y catálisis ambiental

La catálisis es la ciencia estratégica por excelencia ya que de ella depende todo el desarrollo de la industria. Si se analiza toda la química y la petroquímica en el mundo se verá que el impacto de ésta alcanza al 50 % en ahorro de material, energía y disminución de sustancias peligrosas para el ambiente. En catálisis heterogénea se emplean materiales sólidos o productos químicos sólidos que poseen un elevado valor de mercado en función de su especificidad. La preparación de dichos materiales involucra principalmente la química del estado sólido y fenómenos de adhesión, gas-sólido y líquido-sólido. Asimismo, presentan una textura complicada y un área superficial bien desarrollada cuya manufactura implica la química coloidal y varios fenómenos de interfase relacionados con la adición, difusión y procesos de movilidad en los sólidos o en sus superficies. Algunos científicos consideran que hacer un catalizador, además de ser una ciencia, es un arte. En este sentido, preparar catalizadores con elevada actividad, selectividad y prolongada vida útil, requiere incrementar el conocimiento de las bases científicas para el desarrollo de diferentes métodos de preparación así como también atender a la actividad inherente a sus componentes (composición química), la estructura física del catalizador, la resistencia mecánica (estabilidad) y las condiciones operativas de la reacción. En función de lo antedicho, cabe señalar que los objetivos de esta investigación son: adecuar y modificar catalizadores zeolíticos selectores de forma según la necesidad del proceso a encarar; y aplicarlos a reacciones de síntesis de productos químicos finos y especialidades, y a procesos catalíticos que involucren el mejoramiento de la calidad del medio ambiente. Para la realización de este plan de trabajo se estudiará el efecto de las condiciones de intercambio en el desarrollo de catalizadores con funciones activas del tipo protónico, amonio, Zn, Ga, Mn, Ni, PB, Mo, Cu, W. También, se tendrá en cuenta su caracterización fisicoquímica y aplicación en reacciones de química fina y catálisis ambiental, tales como: sustitución de aromática electrofílica de anilina con metanol; transalquilación de naftaleno con mesitileno; oxidación de 2 metil naftaleno hacia 2 metil 1,4 naftoquinona (vitamina K3); transformación de residuos plásticos (polietileno, polipropileno y copolimero etileno-polipropileno) en hidrocarburos aromáticos; relación naturaleza sitio activo y actividad catalítica.

Festigkeitsverhalten der Al-Si-Gusslegierung AlSi12CuNiMg bei erhöhten Temperaturen

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2011

Impact of casting parameters and chemical composition on the solidification behaviour of Al-Si-Cu hypoeutectic alloy

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2010

Epitaxial growth and properties of AlGaN-based UV-LEDs on Si(111) substrates

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2010

Einstellung der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Mo-Si-B Werkstoffes durch Optimierung der pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2011

Polymerabgeleitete Keramiken im System Si-O-C(-N)-Ta

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Maschinenbau, Diss., 2013

Estudo comparativo das domácias de fôlhas normais e domácias de fôlhas cujas plantas foram cultivadas com deficiências e excessos de micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, Mo, e Cu), em Coffea arabica L. variedade caturra K. M. C.

1. Quanto às características morfológicas, as domácias nas folhas tratadas não apresentaram diferenças apreciáveis, a não ser quanto à forma do orifício de entrada ou bôca, que ora é circular, ora é eliptico. Foram assinalados pelos nas adjacências da domácia. 2. Sob o ponto de vista anatômico, anotei na estrutura pequenas alterações na epiderme que reveste o interior da câmara e canal, constando de diferenças quanto ao tamanho, uniformidade, grau de cutinização e aspectos diversos nas- paredes externas das células. O tecido envolvente apresentou variações no número de camadas e na forma irregular de suas células.

Wachstumsoptimierung und Charakterisierung von MOVPE-basierten GaN Pufferstrukturen auf Si(111) Substraten

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2014