Corruption and individual ethics: insights from a public procurement auction

This article proposes an auction model where two firms compete for obtaining the license for a public project and an auctioneer acting as a public official representing the political power, decides the winner of the contest. Players as firms face a social dilemma in the sense that the higher is the bribe offered, the higher would be the willingness of a pure monetary maximizer public official to give her the license. However, it implies inducing a cost of reducing all players’ payoffs as far as our model includes an endogenous externality, which depends on bribe. All players’ payoffs decrease with the bribe (and increase with higher quality). We find that the presence of bribe aversion in either the officials’ or the firms’ utility function shifts equilibrium towards more pro-social behavior. When the quality and bribe-bid strategy space is discrete, multiple equilibria emerge including more pro-social bids than would be predicted under a continuous strategy space.

Bargaining over strategies of non-cooperative games

We propose a bargaining process supergame over the strategies to play in a non-cooperative game. The agreement reached by players at the end of the bargaining process is the strategy profile that they will play in the original non-cooperative game. We analyze the subgame perfect equilibria of this supergame, and its implications on the original game. We discuss existence, uniqueness, and efficiency of the agreement reachable through this bargaining process. We illustrate the consequences of applying such a process to several common two-player non-cooperative games: the Prisoner’s Dilemma, the Hawk-Dove Game, the Trust Game, and the Ultimatum Game. In each of them, the proposed bargaining process gives rise to Pareto-efficient agreements that are typically different from the Nash equilibrium of the original games.

Krav på e-infrastrukturer inom transportområdet : Vägverkets hantering av tjälrestriktioner

Detta examensarbete redovisar en förstudie som genomförts med målet att belysa nuvarande hantering av tjälrestriktioner inom Vägverket, utforma ett förslag till en verksgemensam metodbeskrivning och föreslå en fortsatt verksamhet inom området för att komma tillrätta med identifierade problem och utvecklingsbehov. Syftet har varit att med denna verksamhet som grund belysa vilka krav som bör ställas på en e-infrastruktur som ska stödja verksamhetsprocesser inom transportområdet.Arbetet har genomförts genom intervjuer med ansvariga för verksamheten vid Vägverkets regioner och vid Vägverkets huvudkontor. IT-frågor har diskuterats med förvaltare av olika system och med ansvariga för utvecklingsprojekt i anslutning till området. Under arbetet har ett antal dokument insamlats och studerats. Analys av verksamheten har skett med stöd av metoden Förändringsanalys enligt FA/SIMM, främst verksamhets-, problem-, mål- och styrkeanalys. Resultatet av arbetet utgörs av ett förslag till metodbeskrivning med motiveringar. Ett dilemma i metodutvecklingen har varit problemet att skapa en metod som är både juridiskt korrekt och praktiskt hanterbar. Det finns ett behov av att se över regelverket kring hanteringen av föreskrifter för att skapa ett regelverk som fungerar i verkligheten.Hanteringen av tjälrestriktioner är mobil till sin karaktär, vilket gäller i all verksamhet inom transportområdet. En annan viktig aspekt är interorganisatoriskt samarbete och datautbyte, vilket ställer krav på standardiserade IT-lösningar och kommunikation. Att få verksamheter inom transportområdet att flyta på som fungerande helheter med interorganisatoriska samarbeten, krav på (mobil) realtidskommunikation och heterogena system inom och utanför de organisatoriska gränserna är en verklig utmaning för framtiden.

A new Home, far from Home : The assimilation process of women involved in intercultural marriages based on Internet meeting

The internet has revolutionized the way we socialize, and as a consequence the way to love. The new communication technologies have facilitated intercultural relationships. Nowadays family relations are one of the major factors in immigration to European countries. Family relations means persons who arrive as family dependents and in accordance with laws regulating family reunification. This thesis aims to apply the classical assimilation theory stated by Milton Gordon (1964), which formulates a series of assimilation stages through which an individual must pass in order to be completely assimilated. In accordance with this theory, marriage is the final phase for a newcomer to fully incorporate into the host society. Thus, based on this presumption and other contemporary theories, the present study has analysed how women who get involved in intercultural marriages based on internet meeting experience these assimilation stages and evaluated the resources used by respondents to incorporate themselves into Swedish society.The main goal of the study was to determine if jumping to the last stage of assimilation does assure the incorporation in the social or/and labour spheres and the findings demonstrate that even though husbands are a valuable resource for assimilation, several cultural issues in Swedish society make it difficult to assure success for the newcomers.On the other hand, Sweden is a country with a strong national sentiment and the assimilation of immigrants still is an important issue to deal with. The Swedish Integration Board has disappeared and major projects for integration have been left in the hands of the municipalities or the Migration Board, institutions that still do not know how to deal with this dilemma.

How to avoid Copenhagen : An experimental economic approach to climate negotiations

This study got its origin in the failed climate negotiations in the Copenhagen 2009 summit. By conducting a public good game, with participants from China and Sweden, my study indicates that previous studies on public good games can predict the outcome of the game to a quit large extent even though most of my statistical tests came out statistically insignificant. My study also indicates that by framing the game as climate negotiations there were no statistical significant difference on the level of contributions in comparison to the unframed versions of the game. The awareness of the issues with emissions, global warming and other environmental problems are pretty high but even so when push comes to shove gains in the short run are prioritized to gains in the long run. There are however hypothetical willingness to come to term with the environmental issues. The results of the study indicate that the outcome of the Copenhagen summit can be avoidable but would need additional experiments made on cultural differences and behavior.

Styrning och ideologiska dilemman i Skolverkets skolutveckling : exemplet ANDT-undervisning

Governing and ideological dilemmas in drug education Drug education (ANT) in Swedish schools has a history over decades. Here, the pedagogical approaches fluctuated between transfer of solid knowledge from the teacher to the pupil, and working with values and have a more pupil-driven teaching – a classic dichotomy. Rhetoric about the school’s way of teaching has thus always been ambivalent and subject to reexamination. The study analyses various textual material on ANT education. As a methodological tool Billigs concept Ideological dilemmas is used, which is a fruitful way to identify the rhetorical building blocks of (school) politics, but also to analyse political talk in more detail. The article analyses the ideological dilemmas under three dichotomies: Knowledge vs. values, teacher control vs. learner control, and prevention vs. promotion. Throughout we can see this question of how teaching could be successful, given the tension between authority and democracy. The article concludes by relating this basic ideological dilemma in a wider discursive context of governance in our time. 

Initiation into engineering : stability and change in gender orders

This article examines processes of doing gender during the initiation of students into engineering programs at university level in Sweden. The article draws on interviews with students, focusing on their understandings of gender. The aim is to explore difficulties with and challenges to traditional gender roles in an academic male dominated arena, by using theories of doing and undoing gender. The empirical material reveals the initiation period or ‘reception’ as a phenomenon both reinforcing and challenging traditional orders. The attempts to challenge norms meet resistance, revealing two paradoxes and one dilemma. In the first paradox the formal purpose of the reception (inclusion) is partly at odds with its informal consequence (exclusion of deviations). The second paradox concerns the contradictory effects of the reception. Even though the reception ensures participation of women, it reinforces existing hierarchies including gender inequality. This results in a dilemma, since in order to protect individual safety, there is a taboo on harassing women which then reproduces stable gender stereotypes. So while harassment taints the respect senior students must earn during the reception, the fact that female students exist in the engineering field challenges the established order and opens the way for change.

Pro-premiär eller pro-president? : Om distinktionen mellan parlamentarism, presidentialism och semi-presidentialism

Propremiar or pro-president? On the distinction between parliamentarism, presitentialism and semi-presidentialism. From comparative research on the constitutional development in Central and Eastern Europe and also from the longstanding debate on whether parliamentarism or presidentialism best facilitates democracy, it is apparent that there has been and continues to be, a certain degree of confusion concerning the concepts of semi-presidentialism and presidentialism. Different scholars mean different things by the terms and therefore classify countries differently. In this article I argue that the conceptual dichotomy between pro-premiär (premier-presidentialism) and pro-president systems (presidentparliamentary systems) provide the best solution to several of the problems related to categorising constitutional types, most importantly perhaps to the presidential power dilemma. I, furthermore, employ these concepts on the post-communist constitutional systems and try to reveal patterns with regard to presidential power, geographical region and democratisation.

Barnmorskans uppfattning om indikationer och effekter av förlossning med elektiva kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation utifrån arbetslivserfarenhet : En intervjustudie

Bakgrund: Statistik visar på ökat antal elektiva kejsarsnitt internationellt och nationellt. Ett kejsarsnitt kan rädda liv på mor och barn om komplikationer uppstår, elektivt kejsarsnitt är även liksom andra stora operationer förenat med risker för komplikationer. Antalet elektiva kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation har ökat i Sverige och cirka 17 % av alla förlossningar sker via kejsarsnitt. Att vårda och stödja kvinnor före, under och efter en förlossning med kejsarsnitt hör till barnmorskans arbete. Syftet med studien var att beskriva barnmorskors uppfattning om indikationer och effekter av förlossning med elektiva kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation belyst utifrån arbetslivserfarenheter. Metod: kvalitativ metod: semistrukturella intervjuer med nio barnmorskor. Materialet analyserades via fenomenografisk analys i sju steg. Resultat: Fyra beskrivningskategorier framkom, Elektivt kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation är ett etiskt dilemma, Elektivt kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation är en stor operation, Elektivt kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation påverkar organisation och barnmorskans arbetsmiljö och Elektivt kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation påverkar kvinnans förlossningsupplevelse. Vidare framkom nio kategorier som beskriver barnmorskors uppfattningar. Slutsats Barnmorskor uppfattar elektiva kejsarsnitt som något komplext, att de med sina yrkeskunskaper värnar det naturliga vid kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation och att de har brist på mandat att stödja och stärka kvinnors informerade val om elektivt kejsarsnitt på humanitär indikation. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Resultatet kan användas vid undervisning kring barnmorskans stödjande och vårdande arbete i samband med förlossning via kejsarsnitt. Vidare kan resultatet vara underlag till diskussioner inom mödrahälsovård och förlossning i syfte att ge barnmorskor stärkt mandat till sina stödjande och informativa uppgifter.

Heteronormen - hur ser den ut i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen på en jämställdcertifierad låg- och mellanstadieskola?

Sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen handlar idag mycket om jämställdhetsarbete, normer och människors lika värde. Kunskapsområdet ska integreras i alla skolans ämnen för att alla elever ska känna sig inkluderade i undervisningen. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på hur lärarna på låg- och mellanstadiet arbetar med sin egen medvetenhet angående heteronormen samt att ta reda på hur de kommunicerar detta med eleverna. Studien har samlat kvalitativ data genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med sex lärare på en jämställdhetscertifierad skola i Sverige. Studiens resultat visar genom lärarnas resonemang att de arbetar aktivt med normer och jämställdhet, vilket de kopplar till skolans certifikat. Lärarna beskriver att de lyfter och diskuterar dessa frågor i kollegiet samt granskar det undervisningsmaterial de använder sig av i verksamheten. Lärarna pratar om normer och jämställdhet med eleverna och är noggranna med att det ska ske på ett sätt som inkluderar alla elever och inte pekar ut hbt-personer som annorlunda, något som de anser kan vara ett dilemma. Lärarna berättar att de ibland kan känna att kunskapen brister angående hbt-frågor, men direkt när eleverna kränker någon eller har frågor som grundar sig i heteronormen diskuteras det med eleverna. Skolan har i och med sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen ett stort ansvar i jämställdhetsarbetet.

Musilian Concept of Modern Man

German-Austrian Robert Musil (1880-1942) is considered an artist with an extremely unorthodox conception of art to a basic human problem. In his time, there existed a dissociation of substance from social values. Musil actually started with this foundation in considering the taunting dilemma that the accelerating technology of the century is overstepping each day the ability of the human mind to adjust to it. Musil maintained that social organization, patterns of thought and cherished ideals correspond to a reality that no longer exists

AFRODITE: ambiente de simulação baseado em agentes com emoções

Este trabalho está relacionado às áreas de Sistemas Multiagentes, Simulação Computacional e Emoções. A partir do estudo destas áreas de pesquisa, foi proposto e desenvolvido um protótipo para um ambiente de simulação baseado em agentes com emoções. Os sistemas multiagentes têm sido utilizados nas mais diversas áreas de pesquisa, não apenas para a área acadêmica, mas também para fins comerciais. Isso ocorre devido a características importantes que estes possuem, como flexibilidade e cooperação. Estas características são úteis para um grande número de aplicações, como para simulação de situações reais, pois os modelos de simulação desenvolvidos utilizando a tecnologia de agentes são muito eficazes e versáteis no estudo dos mais diferentes problemas. Emoções vêm sendo estudadas há algum tempo, pois elas influenciam a tomada de decisão de todas as suas atividades. A tentativa de expressar emoções é algo complexo, dependendo de diversos fatores, tanto sociais como fisiológicos. Objetivando a abrangência das pesquisas na área de sistemas multiagentes, este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de um protótipo para um ambiente de simulação baseado em agentes com emoções, utilizando como base para a estruturação das emoções o modelo OCC. Este novo ambiente é chamado AFRODITE. De forma a melhor definir como o AFRODITE seria implementado, foram estudados quatro ambientes de simulação baseados em agentes existentes - SIEME, SWARM, SeSAm e SIMULA, e alguns aspectos destes foram utilizados na construção do novo ambiente. Para demonstrar como o AFRODITE é utilizado, três exemplos de aplicações de áreas de conhecimentos diferentes foram modelados: o IPD (Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma), da área de Teoria dos Jogos; Simulação de Multidões, da área de Engenharia de Segurança; e Venda de aparelhos celulares com serviço WAP, da área de Telecomunicações. Através dos três exemplos modelados foi possível demonstrar que o ambiente proposto é de fácil utilização e que a tarefa de inserção de emoções nas regras de comportamento pode ser realizada pelo usuário de forma transparente.

Beyond indifferent players: on the existence of prisoners dilemmas in games with amicable and adversarial preferences

Why don’t agents cooperate when they both stand to gain? This question ranks among the most fundamental in the social sciences. Explanations abound. Among the most compelling are various configurations of the prisoner’s dilemma (PD), or public goods problem. Payoffs in PD’s are specified in one of two ways: as primitive cardinal payoffs or as ordinal final utility. However, as final utility is objectively unobservable, only the primitive payoff games are ever observed. This paper explores mappings from primitive payoff to utility payoff games and demonstrates that though an observable game is a PD there are broad classes of utility functions for which there exists no associated utility PD. In particular we show that even small amounts of either altruism or enmity may disrupt the mapping from primitive payoff to utility PD. We then examine some implications of these results.

Nash equilibrium under knightian uncertainty: breaking down backward induction (extensively revised version)

We define Nash equilibrium for two-person normal form games in the presence of uncertainty, in the sense of Knight(1921). We use the fonna1iution of uncertainty due to Schmeidler and Gilboa. We show tbat there exist Nash equilibria for any degree of uncertainty, as measured by the uncertainty aversion (Dow anel Wer1ang(l992a». We show by example tbat prudent behaviour (maxmin) can be obtained as an outcome even when it is not rationaliuble in the usual sense. Next, we break down backward industion in the twice repeated prisoner's dilemma. We link these results with those on cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma obtained by Kreps-Milgrom-Roberts-Wdson(1982), and withthe 1iterature on epistemological conditions underlying Nash equilibrium. The knowledge notion implicit in this mode1 of equilibrium does not display logical omniscience.

Nash equilibrium under knightian uncertainty: breaking-down backward induction

We present two alternative definitions of Nash equilibrium for two person games in the presence af uncertainty, in the sense of Knight. We use the formalization of uncertainty due to Schmeidler and Gilboa. We show that, with one of the definitions, prudent behaviour (maxmin) can be obtained as an outcome even when it is not rationalizable in the usual sense. Most striking is that with the Same definition we break down backward induction in the twice repeated prisoner's dilemma. We also link these results with the Kreps-Milgrom-Roberts-Wilson explanation of cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma.