Spectral Color Appearance Modeling

Kuvien laatu on tutkituimpia ja käytetyimpiä aiheita. Tässä työssä tarkastellaan värin laatu ja spektrikuvia. Työssä annetaan yleiskuva olemassa olevista pakattujen ja erillisten kuvien laadunarviointimenetelmistä painottaen näiden menetelmien soveltaminen spektrikuviin. Tässä työssä esitellään spektriväriulkomuotomalli värikuvien laadunarvioinnille. Malli sovelletaan spektrikuvista jäljennettyihin värikuviin. Malli pohjautuu sekä tilastolliseen spektrikuvamalliin, joka muodostaa yhteyden spektrikuvien ja valokuvien parametrien välille, että kuvan yleiseen ulkomuotoon. Värikuvien tilastollisten spektriparametrien ja fyysisten parametrien välinen yhteys on varmennettu tietokone-pohjaisella kuvamallinnuksella. Mallin ominaisuuksien pohjalta on kehitetty koekäyttöön tarkoitettu menetelmä värikuvien laadunarvioinnille. On kehitetty asiantuntija-pohjainen kyselymenetelmä ja sumea päättelyjärjestelmä värikuvien laadunarvioinnille. Tutkimus osoittaa, että spektri-väri –yhteys ja sumea päättelyjärjestelmä soveltuvat tehokkaasti värikuvien laadunarviointiin.

The genetic basis of color-related local adaptation in a ring-like colonization around the Mediterranean.

Uncovering the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and the population history under which it established is key to understand the trajectories along which local adaptation evolves. Here, we investigated the genetic basis and evolutionary history of a clinal plumage color polymorphism in European barn owls (Tyto alba). Our results suggest that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic in a ring-like manner around the Mediterranean and meet in secondary contact in Greece. Rufous coloration appears to be linked to a recently evolved nonsynonymous-derived variant of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene, which according to quantitative genetic analyses evolved under local adaptation during or following the colonization of Central Europe. Admixture patterns and linkage disequilibrium between the neutral genetic background and color found exclusively within the secondary contact zone suggest limited introgression at secondary contact. These results from a system reminiscent of ring species provide a striking example of how local adaptation can evolve from derived genetic variation.

GENETIC ARCHITECTURE, EVOLUTION AND MAINTENANCE OF A COLOR CLINE AT A CONTINENTAL SCALE

On a geological time scale the conditions on earth are very variable and biological patterns (for example the distributions of species) are very dynamic. Understanding large scale patterns of variation observed today thus requires a deep understanding of the historical factors that drove their evolution. In this thesis, we reevaluated the evolution and maintenance of a continental color cline observed in the European barn owl (Tyto alba) using population genetic tools. The colour cline spans from south-est Europe where most individual have pure white underparts to north and east Europe where most individuals have rufous-brown underparts. Our results globally showed that the old scenario, stipulating that the color cline evolved by secondary contact of two color morphs (white and rufous) that evolved in allopatry during the last ice age has to be revised. We collected samples of about 700 barn owls from the Western Palearctic to establish the first population genetic data set for this species. Individuals were genotyped at 22 microsatellites markers, at one mitochondrial gene, and at a candidate color gene. The color of each individuals was assessed and their sex determined by molecular methods. We first showed that the genetic variation in Western Europe is very limited compared to the heritable color variation. We found no evidences of different glacial lineages, and showed that selection must be involved in the maintenance of the color cline (chapter 1). Using computer simulations, we demonstrated that the post-glacial colonization of Europe occurred from the Iberian Peninsula and that the color cline could not have evolved by neutral demographic processes during this colonization (chapter 2). Finally we reevaluated the whole history of the establishment of the Western Palearctic variation of the barn owl (chapter 3): This study showed that all Western European barn owls descend from white barn owls phenotypes from the Middle East that colonized the Iberian Peninsula via North-Africa. Following the end of the last ice age (20'000 years ago), these white barn owls colonized Western Europe and under selection a novel rufous phenotype evolved (during or after the colonization). An important part of the color variation could be explained by a single mutation in the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene that appeared during or after the colonization. The colonization of Europe reached until Greece, where the rufous birds encountered white ones (which reached Greece from the Middle East over the Bosporus) in a secondary contact zone. Our analyses show that white and rufous barn owls in Greece interbreed only to a limited extent. This suggests that barn owls are at the verge of becoming two species in Greece and demonstrates that European barn owls represent an incipient ring species around the Mediterranean. The revisited history of the establishment of the European barn owl color cline makes this model system remarkable for several aspects. It is a very clear example of strong local adaptation that can be achieved despite high gene flow (strong color and MC1R differentiation despite almost no neutral genetic differentiation). It also offers a wonderful model system to study the interactions between colonization processes and selection processes which have, for now, been remarkably understudied despite their potentially ubiquitous importance. Finally it represents a very interesting case in the speciation continuum and appeals for further studying the amount of gene flow that occurs between the color morphs in Greece. -- Sur l'échelle des temps géologiques, les conditions sur terre sont très variables et les patrons biologiques (telle que la distribution des espèces) sont très dynamiques. Si l'on veut comprendre des patrons que l'on peut observer à large échelle aujourd'hui, il est nécessaire de d'abord comprendre les facteurs historiques qui ont gouverné leur établissement. Dans cette thèse, nous allons réévaluer, grâce à des outils modernes de génétique des populations, l'évolution et la maintenance d'un cline de couleur continental observé chez l'effraie des clochers européenne (Tyto alba). Globalement, nos résultats montrent que le scenario accepté jusqu'à maintenant, qui stipule que le cline de couleur a évolué à partir du contact secondaire de deux morphes de couleur (blanches et rousses) ayant évolué en allopatrie durant les dernières glaciations, est à revoir. Afin de constituer le premier jeu de données de génétique des populations pour cette espèce, nous avons récolté des échantillons d'environ 700 effraies de l'ouest Paléarctique. Nous avons génotypé tous les individus à 22 loci microsatellites, sur un gène mitochondrial et sur un autre gène participant au déterminisme de la couleur. Nous avons aussi mesuré la couleur de tous les individus et déterminé leur sexe génétiquement. Nous avons tout d'abord pu montrer que la variation génétique neutre est négligeable en comparaison avec la variation héritable de couleur, qu'il n'existe qu'une seule lignée européenne et que de la sélection doit être impliquée dans le maintien du cline de couleur (chapitre 1). Grâce à des simulations informatiques, nous avons démontré que l'ensemble de l'Europe de l'ouest a été recolonisé depuis la Péninsule Ibérique après les dernières glaciations et que le cline de couleur ne peut pas avoir évolué par des processus neutre durant cette colonisation (chapitre 2). Finalement, nous avons réévalué l'ensemble de l'histoire postglaciaire de l'espèce dans l'ouest Paléarctique (chapitre 3): l'ensemble des effraies du Paléarctique descendent d'effraie claire du Moyen-Orient qui ont colonisé la péninsule ibérique en passant par l'Afrique du nord. Après la fin de la dernière glaciation (il y a 20'000 ans), ces effraies claires ont colonisé l'Europe de l'ouest et ont évolués par sélection le phénotype roux (durant ou après la colonisation). Une part importante de la variation de couleur peut être expliquée par une mutation sur le gène MC1R qui est apparue durant ou juste après la colonisation. Cette vague de colonisation s'est poursuivie jusqu'en Grèce où ces effraies rousses ont rencontré dans une zone de contact secondaire des effraies claires (qui sont remontées en Grèce depuis le Moyen-Orient via le Bosphore). Nos analyses montrent que le flux de gènes entre effraies blanches et rousses est limité en Grèce, ce qui suggère qu'elles sont en passe de former deux espèces et ce qui montre que les effraies constituent un exemple naissant de spéciation en anneaux autour de la Méditerranée. L'histoire revisitée des effraies des clochers de l'ouest Paléarctique en fait un système modèle remarquable pour plusieurs aspects. C'est un exemple très claire de forte adaptation locale maintenue malgré un fort flux de gènes (différenciation forte de couleur et sur le gène MC1R malgré presque aucune structure neutre). Il offre également un très bon système pour étudier l'interaction entre colonisation et sélection, un thème ayant été remarquablement peu étudié malgré son importance. Et il offre finalement un cas très intéressant dans le « continuum de spéciation » et il serait très intéressant d'étudier plus en détail l'importance du flux de gènes entre les morphes de couleur en Grèce.

Geração e controle das cores luz primárias em vidros para dispositivos "full color"

We are working in a new multi-doped glassy material to generate simultaneously the three primary light color (by addition) of the visible spectrum, with the control of the intensity of each one, allowing the simulation of any color: a full-color generator device. Tm+3, Tb+3 and Eu+3 ions were used (0.01 to 5,0 mol%) as blue, green and red narrow line emitters. A wide color gamut was obtained under ultraviolet excitation by varying the material composition. The chromaticity diagram is covered, including the white simulation.

Trompa interestelar : el color sonoro de la trompa en la "llamada interestelar" de O. Messiaen

Mi trabajo versa sobre la obra de O. Messiaen "Des Canyons aux etoiles" (De los cañones a las estrellas), y en particular de uno de los movimientos de la obra: "Appel Interestellaire" -N.VI- (Llamada Interestelar) -para trompa sola-. Se estructura en dos partes. La primera se centra en su contexto histórico -como, cuando y para quien fue compuesta-; análisis formal, armónico, melódico, rítmico; y aspectos estéticos. La segunda parte está vinculada con la interpretación de la obra. Se realiza un análisis para la interpretación -técnica de la trompa, efectos sonoros, timbres-; se hace una comparación entre la interpretación de 2 diferentes trompistas, y por último, aporto mi propuesta de interpretación. El trabajo se cierra con una conclusión, bibliografía, y un extracto con anexos (esquema, partitura y datos o imágenes de interés).

Color ad spectral image assessment using novel quality and fidelity techniques

The ongoing development of the digital media has brought a new set of challenges with it. As images containing more than three wavelength bands, often called spectral images, are becoming a more integral part of everyday life, problems in the quality of the RGB reproduction from the spectral images have turned into an important area of research. The notion of image quality is often thought to comprise two distinctive areas – image quality itself and image fidelity, both dealing with similar questions, image quality being the degree of excellence of the image, and image fidelity the measure of the match of the image under study to the original. In this thesis, both image fidelity and image quality are considered, with an emphasis on the influence of color and spectral image features on both. There are very few works dedicated to the quality and fidelity of spectral images. Several novel image fidelity measures were developed in this study, which include kernel similarity measures and 3D-SSIM (structural similarity index). The kernel measures incorporate the polynomial, Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) and sigmoid kernels. The 3D-SSIM is an extension of a traditional gray-scale SSIM measure developed to incorporate spectral data. The novel image quality model presented in this study is based on the assumption that the statistical parameters of the spectra of an image influence the overall appearance. The spectral image quality model comprises three parameters of quality: colorfulness, vividness and naturalness. The quality prediction is done by modeling the preference function expressed in JNDs (just noticeable difference). Both image fidelity measures and the image quality model have proven to be effective in the respective experiments.

Development of Color Difference Equations Matching to Human Vision System

Research on color difference evaluation has been active in recent thirty years. Several color difference formulas were developed for industrial applications. The aims of this thesis are to develop the color density which is denoted by comb g and to propose the color density based chromaticity difference formulas. Color density is derived from the discrimination ellipse parameters and color positions in the xy , xyY and CIELAB color spaces, and the color based chromaticity difference formulas are compared with the line element formulas and CIE 2000 color difference formulas. As a result of the thesis, color density represents the perceived color difference accurately, and it could be used to characterize a color by the attribute of perceived color difference from this color.

Fluxos de óxido nitroso em solos com cobertura de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana na Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro

Soil fluxes of N2O were determined over one year in montane tropical rainforest of southeastern Brazil with average annual rainfall of 2.8 m. Annual mean (± standard deviation) and median N2O fluxes were 3.0 ± 1.4 and 2.7 µg N m-2 h-1, respectively, is 5-10 times lower than mean values reported in literature for tropical rainforest soils in the Amazon basin. N2O fluxes varied spatially and seasonally, were about twice as high during summer as in winter, and significantly influenced by both monthly precipitation and soil temperature.

Preliminary data on Brazilian monofloral honey from the northeast region using FT-IR ATR spectroscopic, palynological, and color analysis

Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR ATR) spectroscopy was used to determine 14 different measurands in northeast Brazilian honey samples. Nine different honey samples (six monofloral and three polyfloral) from 2009 obtained from the company CEARAPI underwent FT-IR ATR, palynological, color, and sensorial analysis to obtain preliminary results for these types of honey. The results showed that there are five monofloral, three bifloral, and one extrafloral honey, and also that mid-infrared spectrometry can be used as a screening method for the routine analysis of Brazilian honey, with the advantages of being rapid, nondestructive, and accurate.

Viabilidade de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum após a solarização do solo na presença de cobertura morta

O efeito de diferentes temperaturas no solo e de diversas palhas sobre o solo na viabilidade dos escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum foi estudado em estufa. Em três ensaios de campo, estudou-se a solarização do solo associada à presença de palha de milho (Zea mays) sobre o solo na viabilidade de escleródios, durante três meses. Ensaios de campo foram realizados em Piracicaba e em Brasília. Escleródios foram produzidos em meio cenoura+fubá, e incorporados ao solo (ensaios em estufa), ou acondicionados em invólucros, e enterrados no solo a 5, 10 e 30 cm (ensaios no campo). Os tratamentos de solo no campo foram: solarizado (S), não solarizado (NS) e solarizado com adição de palha de milho (PS). Foram feitas avaliações a cada 30 dias, em meio NEON, observando a viabilidade e a presença de contaminantes nos escleródios. O aquecimento do solo em estufa a 50 e 60 ºC com diversas palhas inativou os escleródios, que tiveram maior incidência de contaminantes. No campo, o efeito da solarização do solo foi significativo, inviabilizando os escleródios enterrados a diferentes profundidades: em S após 90 dias, nas três profundidades, e em PS, após 60 dias, a 5 e 10 cm de profundidade. A incidência de escleródios contaminados em solos solarizados foi maior em S, seguido de PS. A maior variabilidade de contaminantes, porém, foi observada em PS. As temperaturas do solo em PS foram maiores quando comparadas aos outros tratamentos na mesma profundidade. Este fator proporcionou a redução do tempo da inativação dos escleródios de 90 dias em S, para 60 dias em PS.

Efeito do teor de matéria orgânica do solo, cultura de cobertura e sistema de plantio no controle de Pratylenchus brachyurus em soja

No controle do nematoide das lesões (Pratylenchus brachyurus), têm sido indicadas algumas estratégias visando redução dos níveis populacionais, e outras que estimulam o desenvolvimento radicular, assim, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, identificar os benefícios das interações entre culturas de cobertura, teor de matéria orgânica do solo e sistemas de plantio. Foram escolhidas 2 áreas com infestação natural do nematoide e implantadas as culturas de cobertura Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum (milheto ADR 300), Brachiaria decumbens, milho (híbrido 'Formula'), além de tratamentos com e sem capina química. A testemunha foi o alqueive (capina periódica). O plantio das coberturas foi realizado no dia 22/02/2010, e, no dia 3/11/2010, foi implantada a cultura da soja. Cada ensaio contou com parcelas de 6 m e 10 linhas (espaçamento de 0,45 m). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Como sub parcelas, foram utilizados o plantio direto e o convencional da soja e das coberturas, com a utilização de uma grade aradora. As avaliações constaram de massa seca de culturas de cobertura, níveis populacionais de nematoides, massa verde de raízes, massa seca de parte aérea e rendimento de grãos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a matéria orgânica do solo apresentou benefícios, com diminuição da taxa de multiplicação de P. brachyurus, além disso, houve interação com a cultura de cobertura e o método de plantio. O plantio convencional reduziu os níveis de infecção nas avaliações até 40 dias após a emergência (40 DAE), contudo, na avaliação seguinte (70 DAE), os níveis no plantio direto foram menores, evidenciando atributos positivos desta técnica de plantio. Dentre as culturas de cobertura, C. spectabilis apresentou maior antagonismo a P. brachyurus. A testemunha capinada e a capina química evitaram a multiplicação, mas o nematoide manteve níveis suficientes para causar prejuízos.

A Technique for Digital Color Image Watermarking Using ICA

With the increase of use of digital media the need for the methods of multimedia protection becomes extremely important. The number of the solutions to the problem from encryption to watermarking is large and is growing every year. In this work digital image watermarking is considered, specifically a novel method of digital watermarking of color and spectral images. An overview of existing methods watermarking of color and grayscale images is given in the paper. Methods using independent component analysis (ICA) for detection and the ones using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) are considered in more detail. A novel method of watermarking proposed in this paper allows embedding of a color or spectral watermark image into color or spectral image consequently and successful extraction of the watermark out of the resultant watermarked image. A number of experiments have been performed on the quality of extraction depending on the parameters of the embedding procedure. Another set of experiments included the test of the robustness of the algorithm proposed. Three techniques have been chosen for that purpose: median filter, low-pass filter (LPF) and discrete cosine transform (DCT), which are a part of a widely known StirMark - Image Watermarking Robustness Test. The study shows that the proposed watermarking technique is fragile, i.e. watermark is altered by simple image processing operations. Moreover, we have found that the contents of the image to be watermarked do not affect the quality of the extraction. Mixing coefficients, that determine the amount of the key and watermark image in the result, should not exceed 1% of the original. The algorithm proposed has proven to be successful in the task of watermark embedding and extraction.

Mapeamento do uso e da cobertura atual da terra para indicação de áreas disponíveis para reservas legais: estudo em nove municípios da região Amazônica

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de indicar as áreas disponíveis para manutenção de reserva legal, com a finalidade de fornecer subsídios à discussão sobre a extensão das reservas legais na Amazônia brasileira. A metodologia empregada foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira envolveu a delimitação das áreas originais de ocorrência de formações florestais e de cerrado e a identificação das áreas sobre as quais recai a obrigatoriedade de manutenção de reserva legal; a segunda envolveu a identificação dos remanescentes vegetais disponíveis para manutenção de reservas legais, bem como das áreas que foram alteradas, realizada a partir do mapeamento do uso e da cobertura atual das terras, utilizando técnicas de processamento digital de imagens e geoprocessamento. O estudo foi aplicado em nove municípios da Amazônia Oriental (quatro municípios no Pará e cinco no Maranhão). Os resultados obtidos com base nas imagens TM Landsat do ano de 1999 mostram que todos os municípios estudados apresentaram valores inferiores a 80% de florestas remanescentes. Os municípios do Pará apresentaram sua área de remanescentes florestais um pouco superior a 60%, enquanto os do Maranhão apresentaram valores mais baixos, inferiores a 50%, chegando a 6,46% em Itinga do Maranhão.

Manejo mecânico e cultura de cobertura na entrelinha da seringueira (PB 235 e RRIM 701) e os atributos físicos de um latossolo vermelho no Planalto Paulista

Objetivou-se avaliar o manejo do solo na entrelinha da seringueira de forma mecânica com grade e roçadora e com cultura de cobertura sobre as propriedades físicas do solo. Para isto, implantou-se a seringueira (PB 235 e RRIM 701) em Latossolo Vermelho em Jaboticabal-SP, em 1992, de forma que a área da entrelinha da cultura foi manejada com gradagem, roçadora e cultura de cobertura kudzu-tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides). Após 8 anos de cultivo, foram analisados alguns atributos físicos do solo (densidade, macro, micro e porosidade total, granulometria e argila dispersa em água), na entrelinha da cultura. O manejo mecânico e o de culturas de cobertura na entrelinha da seringueira afetaram as propriedades físicas do solo, especialmente a porosidade e a densidade, entretanto não influenciaram significativamente a granulometria do solo. As maiores alterações físicas em função do manejo da entrelinha da seringueira manifestaram-se especialmente na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). O manejo com roçadora reduziu significativamente a porosidade do solo (0,08-0,04 m³/m³) e aumentou a sua densidade (1,4-1,5 kg/dm³), ao passo que o manejo com grade não degradou as propriedades físicas do solo, comparado com roçadora e a cultura de cobertura com kudzu tropical.

Levantamento da cobertura florestal natural da microrregião de Viçosa, MG, utilizando-se imagens de Landsat 5

Este trabalho aborda o levantamento da cobertura florestal natural da microrregião de Viçosa, MG, realizado em 1998, utilizando-se imagens do Landsat 5. Verificou-se que: a) a cobertura florestal natural abrange 57.310 ha (24,27% da área total), dos quais 24.184,80 ha (10,24%) correspondem a mata e 33.125,31 (14,03%) a capoeira; b) os municípios que possuem cobertura florestal natural abaixo de 20% são Cajuri, Coimbra, Canaã e São Miguel do Anta e os acima de 20%, Pedra do Anta, Ervália, Viçosa, Paula Cândido, Teixeiras, Porto Firme e Araponga; c) Cajuri é o município com a menor taxa de crescimento florestal e Araponga, com a maior; d) Araponga é o município com a maior área florestal e Coimbra, com a menor; e e) a área de cobertura florestal natural teve incremento de 13,60%, de 1994 a 1998.