An��lisis prospectivo del despliegue de redes de comunicaciones m��viles LTE en nuevas bandas de frecuencia mediante el desarrollo de modelos tecnoecon��micos

El est��ndar LTE se ha posicionado como una de las claves para que los operadores de telecomunicaci��n puedan abordar de manera eficiente en costes el crecimiento de la demanda de tr��fico m��vil que se prev�� para los pr��ximos a��os, al ser una tecnolog��a m��s escalable en el n��cleo de la red y m��s flexible en la interfaz radio que sus predecesoras. En este sentido, es necesario tambi��n que los reguladores garanticen un acceso al espectro radioel��ctrico adecuado, equitativo y no discriminatorio, que permita un entorno estable para el despliegue de redes de comunicaciones m��viles avanzadas. Adem��s de la flexibilizaci��n del marco regulador del espectro radioel��ctrico en Europa, que ha permitido el despliegue de nuevas tecnolog��as en las bandas de frecuencia hist��ricas de GSM, se ha puesto a disposici��n espectro adicional para sistemas IMT en nuevas bandas de frecuencia, lo que ha planteando a su vez nuevos retos para la tecnolog��a y la regulaci��n. La fragmentaci��n del espectro disponible para comunicaciones m��viles ha impulsado el desarrollo de t��cnicas de agregaci��n de portadoras en las nuevas versiones del est��ndar LTE, que permiten explotar mejor los recursos radio en su conjunto. No obstante, el espectro inferior a 1 GHz sigue siendo escaso, ya que el tr��fico m��vil aumenta y la banda de 900 MHz a��n se utiliza para servicios GSM, lo que no ha conseguido sino agravar la disputa entre los servicios de radiodifusi��n terrestre y de comunicaciones m��viles por la parte superior de la banda UHF. En concreto, la banda de 700 MHz se perfila como una de las pr��ximas para aumentar el espectro disponible para los servicios en movilidad, si bien su liberaci��n por parte de las actuales redes de Televisi��n Digital Terrestre presenta no pocas dificultades en los Estados miembros en los que ��sta es la principal plataforma audiovisual de acceso gratuito, abriendo un debate sobre el modelo audiovisual a largo plazo en Europa. Por otro lado, las pol��ticas p��blicas de promoci��n del acceso a la banda ancha r��pida y ultrarr��pida de la presente d��cada han establecido objetivos ambiciosos para el a��o 2020, tanto en el ��mbito europeo como en los diferentes Estados miembros. La universalizaci��n del acceso a redes de banda ancha de al menos 30 Mbps constituye uno de los principales retos. Las expectativas generadas por la tecnolog��a LTE y la puesta a disposici��n de nuevas bandas de frecuencia hace posible que los servicios de acceso fijo inal��mbrico adquieran especial relevancia ante los objetivos de pol��tica p��blica establecidos que, como ha sido reconocido en diversas ocasiones, no podr��n lograrse sino con un compendio de diferente tecnolog��as. Para esta Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado una serie modelos tecnoecon��micos con el objetivo de realizar un an��lisis prospectivo que eval��a tres casos de especial relevancia en el despliegue de redes LTE: en primer lugar, la valoraci��n econ��mica de la banda de 700 MHz; en segundo lugar, la evaluaci��n de modelos de negocio y reducci��n de costes considerando tecnolog��as femtocelulares; y finalmente, la viabilidad de las redes LTE de acceso fijo inal��mbrico para el cierre de la brecha digital en el acceso a la banda ancha de 30 Mbps. En relaci��n con la aplicaci��n del an��lisis tecnoecon��mico para la valoraci��n del espectro de 700 MHz, los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, la necesidad de asignar a los operadores m��s espectro para satisfacer las previsiones de demanda de tr��fico m��vil a medio plazo. En segundo, existe una diferencia notable en los costes de despliegue de una red LTE cuando se dispone de espectro en frecuencias inferiores a 1 GHz y cuando no, pero esta diferencia de costes disminuye a medida que se a��ade nuevo espectro sub-1GHz. De esta manera, la atribuci��n de la banda de 700 MHz a servicios de comunicaciones m��viles supone una reducci��n relevante en los costes de despliegue si el operador no dispone de espectro en la banda de 800 MHz, pero no as�� si ya dispone de espectro en bandas bajas para el despliegue. En este sentido, puede concluirse que el precio que los operadores estar��n dispuestos a pagar por el espectro de la banda de 700 MHz depender�� de si ya tienen disponible espectro en la banda de 800 MHz. Sin embargo, dado que la competencia por ese espectro ser�� menor, los ingresos esperables en las licitaciones de esta nueva banda ser��n en general menores, a pesar de que para algunos operadores este espectro ser��a tan valioso como el de 800 MHz. En segundo lugar, en relaci��n con el despliegue de femtoceldas pueden extraerse algunas conclusiones en t��rminos de ahorro de costes de despliegue y tambi��n de cara a la viabilidad de los modelos de negocio que posibilitan. El ahorro que supone la introducci��n de femtoceldas en el despliegue de una red LTE frente al caso de un despliegue exclusivamente macrocelular se ha demostrado que es mayor cuanto menor es el ancho de banda disponible para la red macrocelular. En esta l��nea, para un operador convergente el despliegue de femtoceldas tiene sentido econ��mico si el ancho de banda disponible es escaso (en torno a 2x10 MHz), que, en el caso de Espa��a, puede reflejar el caso de los operadores del segmento fijo que son nuevos entrantes en el m��vil. Por otro lado, los modelos de acceso abierto son interesantes para operadores exclusivamente m��viles, porque consiguen flexibilizar los costes sustituyendo estaciones base macrocelulares por el despliegue de femtoceldas, pero necesitan desplegarse en zonas con una densidad de poblaci��n relativamente elevada para que ��stas descarguen tr��fico de varios usuarios de la red macrocelular simult��neamente. No obstante, las femtoceldas son beneficiosas en todo caso si es el usuario quien asume los costes de la femtocelda y el backhaul, lo que s��lo parece probable si se integran en el modelo de negocio de comercializaci��n de nuevos servicios. Por tanto, el despliegue de femtoceldas en buena parte de la casu��stica estudiada s��lo tiene sentido si consiguen aumentar los ingresos por usuario comercializando servicios de valor a��adido que necesiten calidad de servicio garantizada y exploten a la vez de esa forma su principal ventaja competitiva respecto a la tecnolog��a WiFi. Finalmente, en relaci��n con el papel de la tecnolog��a LTE para la provisi��n de servicios de acceso fijo inal��mbrico para la banda ancha de 30 Mbps, se ha desarrollado un modelo TD-LTE y mediante la metodolog��a de an��lisis tecnoecon��mico se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo para el caso de Espa��a. Los resultados obtenidos preciden una huella de cobertura de FTTH del 74% para 2020, y demuestran que una red TD-LTE en la banda de 3,5 GHz resulta viable para aumentar la cobertura de servicios de 30 Mbps en 14 puntos porcentuales. Junto con la consideraci��n de la cobertura de otras redes, la cobertura de 30 Mbps de acuerdo a la viabilidad de los despliegues alcanzar��a el 95% en Espa��a en el a��o 2020. Como resumen, los resultados obtenidos muestran en todos los casos la capacidad de la tecnolog��a LTE para afrontar nuevos desaf��os en relaci��n con el aumento del tr��fico m��vil, especialmente cr��tico en las zonas m��s urbanas, y el cierre de la brecha digital en el acceso a la banda ancha r��pida en las zonas m��s rurales. ABSTRACT The LTE standard has been pointed out as one of the keys for telecom operators to address the demand growth in mobile traffic foreseen for the next years in a cost-efficient way, since its core network is more scalable and its radio interface more flexible than those of its predecessor technologies. On the other hand, regulators need to guarantee an adequate, equitable and non-discriminatory access to radio spectrum, which enable a favorable environment for the deployment of advanced mobile communication networks. Despite the reform of the spectrum regulatory framework in Europe, which allowed for the deployment of new technologies in the historic GSM bands, additional spectrum has been allocated to IMT systems in new frequency bands, what in turn has set out new challenges for technology and regulation. The current fragmentation of available spectrum in very different frequency bands has boosted the development of carrier aggregation techniques in most recent releases of the LTE standard, which permit a better exploitation of radio resources as a whole. Nonetheless, spectrum below 1 GHz is still scarce for mobile networks, since mobile traffic increases at a more rapid pace than spectral efficiency and spectrum resources. The 900 MHz frequency band is still being used for GSM services, what has worsen the dispute between mobile communication services and terrestrial broadcasting services for the upper part of the UHF band. Concretely, the 700 MHz frequency band has been pointed out as one of the next bands to be allocated to mobile in order to increase available spectrum. However, its release by current Digital Terrestrial Television networks is challenging in Member States where it constitutes the main free access audiovisual platform, opening up a new debate around the audiovisual model in the long term in Europe. On the other hand, public policies of the present decade to promote fast and ultrafast broadband access has established very ambitious objectives for the year 2020, both at European and national levels. Universalization of 30 Mbps broadband access networks constitutes one of the main challenges. Expectations raised by LTE technology and the allocation of new frequency bands has lead fixed wireless access (FWA) services to acquire special relevance in light of public policy objectives, which will not be met but with a compendium of different technologies, as different involved stakeholders have acknowledged. This PhD Dissertation develops techno-economic models to carry out a prospective analysis for three cases of special relevance in LTE networks��� deployment: the spectrum pricing of the 700 MHz frequency band, an assessment of new business models and cost reduction considering femtocell technologies, and the feasibility of LTE fixed wireless access networks to close the 30 Mbps broadband access gap in rural areas. In the first place and regarding the application of techno-economic analysis for 700 MHz spectrum pricing, obtained results reveal two core issues. First of all, the need to allocate more spectrum for operators in order to fulfill mobile traffic demand in the mid-term. Secondly, there is a substantial difference in deployment costs for a LTE network when there is sub-1GHz spectrum available and when there is not, but this difference decreases as additional sub-1GHz spectrum is added. Thus, the allocation of 700 MHz band to mobile communication services would cause a relevant reduction in deployment costs if the operator does not count on spectrum in the 800 MHz, but not if it already has been assigned spectrum in low frequencies for the deployment. In this regard, the price operators will be willing to pay for 700 MHz spectrum will depend on them having already spectrum in the 800 MHz frequency band or not. However, since competition for the new spectrum will not be so strong, expected incomes from 700 MHz spectrum awards will be generally lower than those from the digital dividend, despite this spectrum being as valuable as 800 MHz spectrum for some operators. In the second place, regarding femtocell deployment, some conclusions can be drawn in terms of deployment cost savings and also with reference to the business model they enable. Savings provided by a joint macro-femto LTE network as compared to an exclusively macrocellular deployment increase as the available bandwidth for the macrocells decreases. Therefore, for a convergent operator the deployment of femtocells can only have economic sense if the available bandwidth is scarce (around 2x10 MHz), which might be the case of fix market operators which are new entrant in mobile market. Besides, open access models are interesting for exclusively mobile operators, since they make costs more flexible by substituting macrocell base stations by femtocells, but they need to be deployed relatively densely populated areas so that they can offload traffic from several macrocell users simultaneously. Nonetheless, femtocells are beneficial in all cases if the user assumes both femtocell and backhaul costs, which only seems probable if they are integrated in a business model commercializing new services. Therefore, in many of the cases analyzed femtocell deployment only makes sense if they increase revenues per user through new added value services which need from guaranteed quality of service, thus exploiting its main competitive advantage compared to WiFi. Finally, regarding the role of LTE technology in the provision of fixed wireless access services for 30 Mbps broadband, a TD-LTE model has been developed and a prospective study has been carried out through techno-economic methodology for the Spanish case. Obtained results foresee a FTTH coverage footprint of 74% households for 2020, and prove that a TD-LTE network in the 3.5 GHz band results feasible to increase 30 Mbps service coverage in additional 14 percentage points. To sum up, obtained results show LTE technology capability to address new challenges regarding both mobile traffic growth, particularly critical in urban zones, and the current digital divide in fast broadband access in most rural zones.

Formas de mensura����o X stewardship: implica����es nos ativos biol��gicos

A aprova����o da norma cont��bil IAS 41- Agriculture em 2001 trouxe uma s��rie de desafios nas pr��ticas cont��beis das empresas, sendo a principal delas o reconhecimento de ganhos/perdas durante o crescimento biol��gico de um ativo e a mensura����o destes ganhos/perdas pelo valor justo. Toda forma de reconhecimento e mensura����o apresenta rela����o com o modelo de neg��cios da empresa e ir�� afetar o relacionamento entre os envolvidos neste contexto e a forma como os usu��rios da informa����o cont��bil avaliam a gest��o dos recursos investidos na entidade, que �� o stewardship. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir quais e como os fatores internos e externos presentes no contexto social das organiza����es, contribu��ram para que a informa����o cont��bil a valor justo atingisse o objetivo de stewardship. Para isto foi realizado um estudo etnogr��fico por meio de entrevistas direcionadas aos respons��veis pela informa����o cont��bil em onze empresas de diferentes segmentos do agroneg��cio. O modelo de analise primeiramente se ateve ao entendimento do Modelo de Mensura����o dos ativos biol��gicos dentro destas empresas, e como esta informa����o �� utilizada para fins de stewardship. Em tr��s empresas, a informa����o cont��bil referente ao ativo biol��gico �� utilizada para fins de avalia����o de performance global e do gestor e para o relacionamento com o credor, que constituem elementos para a proxy do stewardship. O processo de mudan��a nestas empresas, analisado conforme modelo desenvolvido por Miller (1991) se deu primeiramente pela Problematiza����o ocorrida no contexto social destas empresas, em que seu modelo de neg��cios tem a madeira como produto final, bem como no modelo de gest��o que visa em primeiro lugar o retorno do capital investido, mensurado pela valoriza����o da floresta ao longo dos anos. Os atores que agem para que isto se torne numa mudan��a efetiva, denominados de Comunidades Epist��micas, s��o os acionistas e os credores destas empresas. Os acionistas que s��o fundos de investimentos t��m que apresentar aos seus cotistas a valoriza����o destes investimentos, e o credor (em uma das empresas) vincula a garantia dos empr��stimos ao valor da floresta. Tamb��m atua neste processo de uma forma mais distante (A����o �� Dist��ncia) a cultura dos fundos de investimentos, em que a gestora florestal �� respons��vel pela forma����o e venda de novas ��reas florestais, bem como a legisla����o espec��fica da constitui����o destes fundos. Nas outras empresas, al��m de o ativo biol��gico ser um insumo de produ����o no modelo de neg��cios na maioria dos casos analisados, o modelo de gest��o �� baseado na efici��ncia operacional. Desta forma, a mensura����o a ser utilizada deve ser relacionada tanto ao modelo de neg��cios como ao modelo de gest��o da empresa, que s��o fatores que revelam como os ativos est��o sendo geridos, e isto influencia na perspectiva de gera����o de caixa do neg��cio. Apesar da obrigatoriedade que uma norma cont��bil imp��e, a pr��tica cont��bil segue suas pr��prias leis no ��mbito social que operam as empresas, e qualquer altera����o imposta passa por um extenso processo de problematiza����o antes de esta norma ser socialmente aceita.

Risco de mercado na comercializa����o de energia el��trica: uma an��lise estruturada com foco no ambiente de contrata����o livre - ACL.

A motiva����o para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho surge em um momento em que se verifica uma participa����o cada vez mais significativa das fontes energ��ticas renov��veis n��o convencionais no Pa��s. N��o obstante, o cen��rio de evolu����o evidencia que o arcabou��o regulat��rio e as regras de mercado n��o acompanharam as especificidades inerentes �� explora����o dessas fontes. Assim, para que se mantenha adequado ritmo de inser����o na matriz energ��tica, devem ser buscadas op����es para que fontes alternativas sejam cada vez mais competitivas na atual configura����o do mercado energ��tico. A contribui����o dessa pesquisa, portanto, centra-se na an��lise dos riscos de mercado incorridos por esses geradores de fontes intermitentes de energia ao comercializarem energia no ambiente de contrata����o livre. Nessa perspectiva, a Disserta����o foi desenvolvida abordando tipos de gera����o de energia e suas caracter��sticas t��cnicas e econ��micas, legisla����o do setor el��trico, regras de comercializa����o, balan��o energ��tico do sistema, forma����o de pre��os no mercado de curto prazo e precifica����o de contratos no ACL, diferen��a de pre��os entre submercados, requisitos de flexibilidade e sazonalidade nos contratos de venda a consumidores livres e seu impacto na precifica����o de contratos, identifica����o de comportamento energ��tico complementar para mitiga����o de riscos de mercado entre fontes renov��veis e rebatimento na formula����o de mecanismo de hedge, an��lise de portf��lio de contratos e estrat��gia ��tima de contrata����o de energia para agentes geradores atuando no ACL. Como resposta ao desafio de equacionar o impasse surgido na comercializa����o de fontes de produ����o sazonal, prop��e-se um modelo para definir estrat��gias de contrata����o para agentes geradores e comercializadores a partir da complementa����o energ��tica entre diferentes tipos de fontes, de forma a maximizar os ganhos de comercializa����o para um risco estabelecido. Busca-se a composi����o ideal dessas fontes na carteira de um comercializador para minimizar o risco de exposi����o �� volatilidade dos pre��os do mercado de curto prazo. Isso �� poss��vel em virtude das compensa����es energ��ticas feitas entre as diferentes fontes em um portf��lio combinado, mitigando a receita em risco decorrente das varia����es que existem nos pre��os de curto prazo e na produ����o energ��tica. De forma complementar, estruturou-se um modelo de neg��cio no qual uma empresa detentora de ativos de gera����o hidrel��trica compra os direitos de produ����o de uma e��lica e/ou biomassa para incorporar ao seu portf��lio e vender como contrato por quantidade. Determinou-se o volume de energia a ser comprado de cada fonte, o pre��o, a estrat��gia mais indicada de contrata����o e a mitiga����o de fatores de risco contemplados nos contratos de venda, buscando maximizar os ganhos de comercializa����o condicionada a crit��rios de risco pr��-fixados.

FOIA, Inc.

Government transparency is imagined as a public good necessary to a robust democracy. Consistent with that vision, Congress enacted the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to allow oversight and accountability of governmental activities. No actors are more central to the design than journalists, who were not only the prime intended users, but who were intimately involved in crafting the law itself. But this democracy-enhancing ideal is at odds with FOIA���s reality: at some agencies, commercial ��� not public ��� interests dominate the landscape of FOIA requesters. This Article provides the first in-depth academic study of the commercial use of FOIA, drawing on original datasets from six federal agencies. It uses these agencies as case studies to examine the way that businesses derive profit-making value from free or low-cost federal records. Remarkably, these datasets also reveal a cottage industry of companies whose entire business model is to request federal records under FOIA and resell them at a profit. Information resellers are not isolated occurrences, but rather are some of the most frequent FOIA requesters ��� often submitting hundreds or even thousands of requests a year ��� at a variety of federal agencies. Commercial users certainly have legitimate information needs, but, as this Article demonstrates, the volume and character of the current commercial use of FOIA undermines its efficacy as a transparency tool. Private businesses in essence receive a substantial subsidy without any corresponding public good, all while draining agency resources that might otherwise be used to respond to FOIA requests that serve its central oversight and accountability aims. Moreover, information resellers have become the de facto locus for federal records for whole industries, effectively privatizing an important public function. Counter-intuitively, limiting commercial requesting will not solve this problem. Instead, this Article proposes a targeted and aggressive policy of requiring government agencies to affirmatively disclose sets of records that are routinely the subject of FOIA requests ��� a surprisingly large number of the documents sought by commercial requesters. By meeting information needs in a more efficient manner that is available equally to all, affirmative disclosure will enable federal agencies to reclaim public records from the private market and free up resources to better serve FOIA requests that advance its democratic purpose.

FOIA, Inc.

Government transparency is imagined as a public good necessary to a robust democracy. Consistent with that vision, Congress enacted the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to allow oversight and accountability of governmental activities, imagining the prime intended users to be journalists. But this democracy-enhancing ideal is at odds with FOIA���s reality: at some agencies, commercial���not public���interests dominate the landscape of FOIA requesters. This Article provides the first in-depth academic study of the commercial use of FOIA, drawing on original datasets from six federal agencies. It documents how corporations, in pursuit of private profit, have overrun FOIA���s supremely inexpensive processes and, in so doing, potentially crowded out journalists and other government watchdogs from doing what the law was intended to facilitate: thirdparty oversight of governmental actors. It also reveals a cottage industry of companies whose entire business model is to request federal records under FOIA and resell them at a profit, which distorts the transparency system even further. Counterintuitively, limiting commercial requesting will not solve this problem. Instead, this Article proposes a targeted and aggressive policy of requiring government agencies to affirmatively disclose sets of records that are the subject of routine FOIA requests���a surprisingly large number of the documents sought by commercial requesters. By meeting information needs in a more efficient manner that is available equally to all, affirmative disclosure will enable federal agencies to reclaim public records from the private market and free up resources to better serve FOIA requests that advance its democratic purpose.

La crisis del modelo actual. Los MOOC y la b��squeda de un modelo de negocio

La actual crisis econ��mica ha tenido impacto en pr��cticamente todos los sectores socioecon��micos, entre los que se incluye la educaci��n como uno de los grandes perjudicados. En este momento de incertidumbre sobre la viabilidad de la educaci��n tradicional y la supuesta burbuja en la ense��anza (agravada por las tasas de paro juvenil), surgen los MOOC como respuesta a la necesidad de acercamiento entre la formaci��n y la sociedad del conocimiento. Pero que los cursos masivos y abiertos marquen el futuro de la educaci��n depender�� en gran medida de su viabilidad econ��mica. Aunque aun no se haya encontrado un modelo de negocio definitivo, las plataformas de MOOC experimentan con diferentes alternativas que, unidas a la escalabilidad de los proyectos, es previsible que generen grandes resultados.

Augmented and Virtual Reality techniques for footwear

The use of 3D imaging techniques has been early adopted in the footwear industry. In particular, 3D imaging could be used to aid commerce and improve the quality and sales of shoes. Footwear customization is an added value aimed not only to improve product quality, but also consumer comfort. Moreover, customisation implies a new business model that avoids the competition of mass production coming from new manufacturers settled mainly in Asian countries. However, footwear customisation implies a significant effort at different levels. In manufacturing, rapid and virtual prototyping is required; indeed the prototype is intended to become the final product. The whole design procedure must be validated using exclusively virtual techniques to ensure the feasibility of this process, since physical prototypes should be avoided. With regard to commerce, it would be desirable for the consumer to choose any model of shoes from a large 3D database and be able to try them on looking at a magic mirror. This would probably reduce costs and increase sales, since shops would not require storing every shoe model and the process of trying several models on would be easier and faster for the consumer. In this paper, new advances in 3D techniques coming from experience in cinema, TV and games are successfully applied to footwear. Firstly, the characteristics of a high-quality stereoscopic vision system for footwear are presented. Secondly, a system for the interaction with virtual footwear models based on 3D gloves is detailed. Finally, an augmented reality system (magic mirror) is presented, which is implemented with low-cost computational elements that allow a hypothetical customer to check in real time the goodness of a given virtual footwear model from an aesthetical point of view.

La transformaci��n del ecosistema medi��tico espa��ol: el caso de eldiario.es

El ecosistema medi��tico espa��ol se est�� transformando a ritmo vertiginoso, de manera similar a la pol��tica nacional y con muchas claves coincidentes como la participaci��n ciudadana. Tras unos a��os de experimentaci��n en torno a contenidos, organizaci��n y sobre todo modelos de negocio de los nuevos medios, en Espa��a se est��n consolidando proyectos de sumo inter��s. Uno de ellos es eldiario.es, medio nativo digital encabezado por el periodista Ignacio Escolar que se ha colocado entre los medios m��s influyentes del pa��s, entre los m��s visitados en Internet, y ello gracias a un periodismo de calidad especializado en contenidos de pol��tica nacional, aderezados con un toque social. En el presente art��culo se analiza la evoluci��n de los medios nativos digitales en Espa��a durante el ��ltimo lustro, poniendo el foco en el caso aludido por la originalidad de su modelo de negocio y por el impacto de sus contenidos de actualidad pol��tica.

Modelo de negocio para mejorar la competitividad de la cadena productiva del cuy en Lambayeque-Per��

El principal problema que atraviesan los peque��os productores en la regi��n Lambayeque y en su mayor��a a nivel nacional es el bajo nivel de competitividad en sus respectivas cadenas productivas, esto se debe a que no cuentan con una adecuada gesti��n asociativa y empresarial, desconocen t��cnicas en manejos productivo y presentan deficiente articulaci��n comercial teniendo como efecto directo bajos niveles de calidad de vida. La presente investigaci��n tiene como objetivo principal plantear un modelo de negocio para mejorar la competitividad de la cadena productiva del cuy en una organizaci��n cooperativa de productores de cuyes del distrito de M��rrope, identificando los factores que determinan la competitividad, adem��s plasmando los diversos elementos, componentes, estrategias y actividades que se unen para concretar el objetivo principal. Se presentar�� un diagn��stico inicial de la Cooperativa en estudio, los datos obtenidos son resultado de visitas y talleres con los asociados quienes respondieron a una encuesta y entrevistas, as�� mismo para el diagn��stico regional de la cadena del cuy se realiz�� la b��squeda de informaci��n primaria y secundaria, reforzado con entrevistas a especialistas del tema a nivel regional. Finalmente se utiliz�� la herramienta del marco l��gico y del lienzo de modelo de negocio ���Canvas��� para plasmar la propuesta de mejora de la competitividad en beneficio de la cooperativa en estudio y que servir�� como base para replicarse en otras organizaciones siendo acompa��ada de propuestas reales, validadas por especialistas.

What's wrong with Europe's banks? CEPS Commentary, 12 July 2013

In offering his diagnosis of Europe���s ailing banking sector, Daniel Gros finds that it is undercapitalised, too large and populated by too many players without a viable long-term business model. In his view, it is the combination of the last two factors that is the most worrying and he warns that any major problem could overburden public budgets, making the sector, with total liabilities over 250% of GDP, possibly ���too big to be saved���.

The Asset Quality Review and Capital Needs: Why re-capitalise banks with public money? CEPS Policy Brief No. 311, 19 December 2013

It is generally assumed that any capital needs discovered by the Asset Quality Review the ECB is scheduled to finish by the end of 2014 should be filled by public funding (= fiscal backstop). This assumption is wrong, however. Banks that do not have enough capital should be asked to obtain it from the market; or be restructured using the procedures and rules recently agreed. The Directorate-General for Competition at the European Commission should be particularly vigilant to ensure that no further state aid flows to an already oversized European banking system. The case for a public backstop was strong when the entire euro area banking system was under stress, but this is no longer the case. Banks with a viable business model can find capital; those without should be closed because any public-sector re-capitalisation would likely mean throwing good money after bad.

Gazprom's position on the Russian gas market weakening. OSW Commentary No. 70, 2012-02-23

As the difficulties Gazprom has faced in recent years on the European market have multiplied1, so more and more symptoms have appeared which may suggest that the company���s dominant position is deteriorating. The decision made by the Russian government in June 2011 to double the tax Gazprom has to pay on the extraction of gas, which was later approved by parliament, was the first time in many years when the company���s fiscal privileges were withdrawn. The process of Gazprom���s assets being taken over by private companies and business partners from within Vladimir Putin���s closest circle is underway. More and more frequently attempts are being made to challenge the company���s monopoly in areas of key importance for the functioning of the entire gas sector, such as Gazprom���s exclusive right to dispose of the Russian gas transportation system and its exports monopoly. Competition from independent gas producers on the domestic market is growing, and Gazprom is gradually being pushed out of some of that market���s most profitable segments (industrial clients). The emerging tendencies in the Russian gas sector derive from a number of factors ��� from the situation on the European gas market, through difficulties hampering the development of the sector in Russia itself, to the private interests of the current ruling class and its business partners. The plans for a structural reform of the monopoly (including isolating gas transportation system from Gazprom), presented since 2000 by the Ministry for Economic Development and since 2003 by the Russian Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), suggest a direction for the changes necessary to stimulate the sector���s development and improve the efficiency of Gazprom itself. However, the monopolist���s current business model gives the government full control over this strategic enterprise, which is a core of Putin���s concept for developing Russia as a global energy power. Despite Putin���s recent statement that he ���does not rule out privatising Gazprom in the future��� (made at a meeting with political scientists in Moscow on 6 February this year), any structural reform of Gazprom (and consequently, a weakening of the state���s control over it) seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. Still, the developments on the domestic market ��� growing pressure from other gas companies (oil corporations and independent producers) and changes on the European market2 ��� may result in the weakening of Gazprom���s monopoly privileges and a gradual deterioration of its special status within Russia.

Europe's exports superstar - it's the organisation! Bruegel Working Paper 2015/05, 15 July 2015

What explains Germany���s superb export performance? Is Germany���s export behaviour very distinct compared to other European countries? The authors explore the organisational responses to competition of 14,000 exporting firms in seven European countries. The paper examines the export business model of the median exporter and of the top one percent exporters in each country, accounting for 20 percent to 55 percent of total exports. What do these firms do to become superstars? The authors find, first, that the export market share of the median exporter in each of the countries to the world more than tripled (in some cases the export market share increases tenfold) for firms that combine decentralised management with offshoring of production to low-wage countries. Exporters which abstain from any organisational adjustment do very badly. Decentralised management provides incentives for workers for product improvements allowing exporters to compete on quality. Offshoring production to low-wage countries reduces costs allowing exporters to compete on price. Second, we find that Germany is the leading quality exporter in Europe followed by Austria and Spain. Among the top 10 percent of exporters there is no single firm with low quality in Germany and Austria, which suggest that decentralised management has provided incentives for quality in these countries. Third, Germany���s exports are less vulnerable to price increases, while exports from France and Italy respond strongly to price changes, and thus costs reductions via offshoring benefits these countries most.

Disruptive Marketing Strategy - ribaltare i classici modelli di approccio al mercato

Viviamo in un epoca di cambiamenti. Continuamente, giorno dopo giorno, il vecchio scompare per fare spazio al nuovo. La tecnologia permea sempre pi�� in ogni aspetto della vita, conquistando le nostre abitudini, cambiando il nostro modo di vedere il mondo, e, in maniera inevitabile, il nostro modo di agire. L���essere umano ha da sempre cercato di concepire cose che ancora non ci sono, per cambiare la realt�� e modellarla a suo piacimento. Si parte, quindi, da qualcosa che fin dalla nascita �� dentro ognuno di noi, un desiderio che arde nell'animo umano, che si alimenta grazie al soffio dell���immaginazione e che non c����� modo di spegnere. L���innovazione porta novit��. Resistere al cambiamento non �� sempre facile, e se si cerca di ostacolarlo esso ti travolger��. ���Affrontare il cambiamento �� come scalare una colata di fango gi�� per una collina��� - esordisce in ���The Innovator Dilemma���, Clayton M. Christensen - ���Bisogna affrontare qualsiasi cosa per rimanere su di essa, e non appena ci si ferma per prendere fiato si viene seppelliti���. Si intuisce come il cambiamento tecnologico non solo sia di fondamentale evidenza nella vita di ognuno, ma come esso abbia cambiato e stia cambiando il modo di fare business. In questo umile lavoro si �� voluto analizzare come certi tipi di innovazione abbiano il potere di cambiare tutto un sistema di riferimento sul quale prima l���impresa faceva affidamento. Sono le Disruptive Innovation ��� le innovazioni dirompenti ��� quelle innovazioni che ribaltano un modello di business, il modo di vedere un prodotto, la logica dietro a certe operations aziendali, che seppur sembrassero solide, si sgretolano scontrandosi con innovazioni cos�� forti. Vi �� poi una domanda critica a cui si �� cercato di rispondere. Si pu�� fare Disruptive Marketing? Alcuni esempi virtuosi ci mostrano come si possa attuare una strategia di questo genere, e come si possa ���comprendere, creare, comunicare e distribuire valore��� in modo innovativo.

A influ��ncia dos aplicativos m��veis no neg��cio das empresas prestadoras de servi��o de t��xis em S��o Paulo: um estudo de caso

Este estudo pretende identificar as mudan��as relevantes no mercado e qual o valor percebido pelos clientes e taxistas, considerando-se a inser����o das empresas prestadoras de servi��os de t��xis da cidade de S��o Paulo no mundo virtual, atrav��s do uso de aplicativos. Para tanto, explanamos o conceito de cadeia de valor, incluindo cadeia de valor virtual e rede de valor, a fim de um melhor entendimento da estrutura em que se embasam as empresas desse novo ambiente, bem como explicamos os conceitos de modelo de neg��cio e Business Model Canvas. Com esse embasamento te��rico propomos um framework com a finalidade de auxiliar o processo de extra����o e an��lise das informa����es que permitiram identificar as mudan��as relevantes que ocorreram nesse mercado e o valor percebido pelos clientes e taxistas, fazendo uso de um estudo de caso. O tema �� relevante, por se tratar de uma mudan��a significativa na forma como as empresas se relacionam com seus clientes e prestadores; e por permitir observar que valor agregado esse modelo tem propiciado, que fez com que cerca de 30 mil taxistas, dos 35 mil da cidade de S��o Paulo, optassem pelo uso de aplicativos, fazendo com que uma das empresas estudadas nessa disserta����o atingisse mais de 2.5 milh��es de downloads em todo o Brasil. Espera-se, com este estudo, identificar as mudan��as relevantes que a inser����o dos aplicativos trouxeram aos usu��rios e taxistas e apresentar um framework que pode ser utilizado como um facilitador na an��lise da cadeia de valor e cadeia de valor virtual do mercado de presta����o de servi��os de taxis, esclarecendo que esse modelo n��o �� apenas um modismo ao qual se pode atribuir uma s��rie de benef��cios, mas, sim, uma tend��ncia que est�� redefinindo o formato das empresas desse mercado.