Acrylic resin cytotoxicity for denture base - Literature review

Acrylic resin is a widely used material in clinical practice, and a satisfactory biocompatibility is essential. When the resin polymerization reaction is incomplete, residual monomers are released into the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a literature review, the cytotoxicity caused by the denture base acrylic resin used, and its components. The selection of published studies was performed on the Pubmed database from January 2008 to July 2013. The keywords used were: cytotoxicity and acrylic resins, cytotoxicity and denture base resins and cytotoxicity and oral prosthesis. Inclusion criteria were: in vitro studies and literature reviews published in English that evaluated the acrylic resin cytotoxicity for denture base and its components. Studies with no reference to the search strategy were excluded. A total of 182 articles were found. Among these, only 13 were included for writing this review. The MTT test is the most common test used to evaluate acrylic resin cytotoxicity. Auto-polymerized resin is more cytotoxic than heat-polymerized resin because of its higher quantity of residual monomers which cause cell and tissue changes in the oral mucosa. However, more studies are necessary for the development of biocompatible materials.

Examining the use of terms "Conservation" "Restoration" and "Preservation" between Natural Resource Professionals and Literature Reviews

ABSTRACT This thesis will determine if there is a discrepancy between how literature defines conservation, preservation, and restoration, and how natural resource professionals define these terms. Interviews were conducted with six professionals from six different agencies that deal with natural resources. These agencies consisted of both government and non-government groups. In addition to interviewing these professionals regarding how they define the terms, they were asked where their work fits into the context of these terms. The interviewees’ responses were then compared with the literature to determine inconsistencies with the use of these terms in the literature and real world settings. The literature and the interviewees have agreed on the term conservation. There are some different points of view about preservation, some see it as ‘no management’ and some others see it as keeping things the same or ‘static.’ Restoration was the term where both the literature and professionals thought of moving an ecosystem from one point of succession or community, to another point on a continuum. The only thing in which they disagree on is the final goal of a restoration project. The literature would suggest restoring the ecosystem to a past historic condition, where the interviewees said to restore it to the best of their abilities and to a functioning ecosystem.

Alternatives exist: analysis of scientific literature in two Brazilian journals about the pedagogical work of Physical Education

Considering that the process of teacher training in universities takes into account the confrontation of knowledge produced by the scientific methods, the current study intended to identify what are the main contributions of the Brazilian scientific production of Physical Education teaching. Therefore, an exploratory study was done from the articles published on the subject in the two main periodicals of the area. The data analyzes allowed us to verify the relevancy of the knowledge produced and to suggest alternatives to its inclusion in the docent training programs.

TRANSLATION AND CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF THE GLOBAL APPRAISAL OF INDIVIDUAL NEEDS - INITIAL

The objective of this study was to perform the translation on and cultural adaptation of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs - Initial instrument, and calculate its content validity index. This is a methodological study designed for the cultural adaptation of the instrument. The instrument was translated into Portuguese in two versions that originated the synthesis of the translations, which were then submitted to the evaluation of four judges, experts in the field of alcohol and other drugs. After the suggested changes were made, the instrument was back-translated and resubmitted to the judges and authors of the original instrument, resulting in the final version of the instrument, Avaliacao Global das Necessidades Individuais - Inicial. The content validity index of the instrument was 0.91, considered valid according to the literature. The instrument Avaliacao Global das Necessidades Individuais - Inicial was culturally adapted to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil; however, it was not submitted to tests with the target population, which suggests further studies should be performed to test its reliability and validity.

Cost-effectiveness of introducing the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the universal immunisation of infants in Brazil

Background Cost-effectiveness studies have been increasingly part of decision processes for incorporating new vaccines into the Brazilian National Immunisation Program. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in the universal childhood immunisation programme in Brazil. Methods A decision-tree analytical model based on the ProVac Initiative pneumococcus model was used, following 25 successive cohorts from birth until 5 years of age. Two strategies were compared: (1) status quo and (2) universal childhood immunisation programme with PCV10. Epidemiological and cost estimates for pneumococcal disease were based on National Health Information Systems and literature. A 'top-down' costing approach was employed. Costs are reported in 2004 Brazilian reals. Costs and benefits were discounted at 3%. Results 25 years after implementing the PCV10 immunisation programme, 10 226 deaths, 360 657 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 433 808 hospitalisations and 5 117 109 outpatient visits would be avoided. The cost of the immunisation programme would be R$10 674 478 765, and the expected savings on direct medical costs and family costs would be R$1 036 958 639 and R$209 919 404, respectively. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$778 145/death avoided and R$22 066/DALY avoided from the society perspective. Conclusion The PCV10 universal infant immunisation programme is a cost-effective intervention (1-3 GDP per capita/DALY avoided). Owing to the uncertain burden of disease data, as well as unclear long-term vaccine effects, surveillance systems to monitor the long-term effects of this programme will be essential.

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial experience in Brazil and a review of the literature

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Partial nephrectomy has become the standard of care for renal tumors less than 4 cm in diameter. Controversy still exists, however, regarding the best surgical approach, especially when minimally invasive techniques are taken into account. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN) has emerged as a promising technique that helps surgeons achieve the standards of open partial nephrectomy care while offering a minimally invasive approach. The objective of the present study was to describe our initial experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and extensively review the pertinent literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2009 and February 2010, eight consecutive selected patients with contrast enhancing renal masses observed by CT were submitted to RALPN in a private institution. In addition, we collected information on the patients' demographics, preoperative tumor characteristics and detailed operative, postoperative and pathological data. In addition, a PubMed search was performed to provide an extensive review of the robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy literature. RESULTS: Seven patients had RALPN on the left or right sides with no intraoperative complications. One patient was electively converted to a robotic-assisted radical nephrectomy. The operative time ranged from 120 to 300 min, estimated blood loss (EBL) ranged from 75 to 400 mL and, in five cases, the warm ischemia time (WIT) ranged from 18 to 32 min. Two patients did not require any clamping. Overall, no transfusions were necessary, and there were no intraoperative complications or adverse postoperative clinical events. All margins were negative, and all patients were disease-free at the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a feasible and safe approach to small renal cortical masses.Further prospective studies are needed to compare open partial nephrectomy with its minimally invasive counterparts.

An insight into the populations of blainville's and curvier's beaked whales off El Hierro (Canary Islands)

Trabajo realizado por: Reyes, C., Schiavi, A., Aguilar del Soto,

Letteratura e realia. Le espressioni culturo-specifiche nelle traduzioni italiane della Wendeliteratur

Il presente lavoro affronta il problema della traduzione dei termini culturo-specifici nella letteratura contemporanea di lingua tedesca ambientata nella DDR. L’analisi della produzione narrativa della Wendeliteratur consente di osservare come il lessico e le espressioni tipiche della DDR vengano utilizzati nelle opere letterarie in funzione citazionale per denotare e connotare la realtà della Germania dell’Est. Attraverso un approccio integrato che coniuga i contributi teorici degli studi sulla traduzione con gli aspetti della pratica traduttiva il lavoro indaga il tema dei realia attraverso una presentazione delle ricerche esistenti, propone una classificazione specifica per i realia della DDR e procede a una ricognizione delle strategie e dei procedimenti traduttivi concreti, che consente di evidenziare le diverse scelte adottate dai traduttori. Attraverso un’analisi ermeneutica dei testi e lo strumento dell’isotopia come indicatore di coerenza le traduzioni italiane delle opere della Wendeliteratur sono oggetto di un’analisi critica. I risultati dell’analisi vengono infine utilizzati come riferimento per la traduzione dei realia nel racconto di F.C. Delius, Die Birnen von Ribbeck.

Epos orale russo tra oralità e scrittura: problemi e proposte di traduzione

In the present thesis, I discuss the role of orality in translation, taking into account the problems arising while translating Russian folk epics. I investigate the meaning of orality in the context of folkloristic translation, trying to define a concept of oral poetry, and exploring its consequences for translation. In the first chapter, I try to identify the main differences between written literature and oral modes of expression, with special reference to folklore. Oral verbal art is performed, sung or recited, and based on a vital and dynamic interrelation between kinesics, sound, speech and gestures. According to Muhawi (2006), performance provides an interpretive frame enabling a correct interpretation of the message conveyed beyond the literal meaning. Transposing certain performance elements into print is one of the most controversial problems in folklore studies. However, formulas and formal stylistic devices may be rendered in transcription, building a bridge between oral and written elements. In the translation of oral poetry in transcription, this interconnection between orality and literacy might be emphasized, thus creating a hybrid dimension where oral and literary features coexist. In the second chapter, I introduce and describe the genre of Russian folk epics, transmitted orally, and transcribed between the 19th and 20th centuries, from a historical, linguistic and stylistic point of view. In the third and fourth chapters, I explore the issue of translation of Russian oral poetry. I first analyse existing Italian translations of Russian epics, and then present and discuss my own translation, based on a philological, scholarly approach. Thus, in my translation, which is followed by a rich commentary, I try to focus on the rendering of formulas as one of the most relevant aspects of Russian epics. At the same time, oral devices combine with literary features, thus creating a sort of frozen orality.

Tradurre la letteratura russa contemporanea per l'infanzia

Questo lavoro affronta la traduzione della letteratura per l'infanzia. La prima parte teorica si divide tra l'analisi di cosa si intenda per traduzione per l'infanzia, quali siano le problematiche e le particolarità che la caratterizzano, e un'analisi delle specificità della traduzione dal russo all'italiano, con un approfondimento della letteratura russa contemporanea per l’infanzia. La seconda parte, pratica, analizza le traduzioni della stessa dottoranda per calare in esempi pratici le possibilità teoriche analizzate nella prima parte. Vengono affrontati brani dei maggiori scrittori contemporanei, come G. Oster, M. Moskvina, M. Borodickaja, Ju. Nečiporenko e altri. Caratteristiche fondanti la letteratura per l’infanzia sono l’interazione tra parola e immagine, il ruolo della lettura a voce alta e l’importanza del suono, i nomi parlanti, il doppio destinatario, l’adattamento, il rispetto dei canoni morali e estetici imposti dalla società, il carattere pedagogico. Gli aspetti teorici esaminati sono il traduttore come lettore e la ricerca di un equivalente funzionale come strategia traduttiva. This thesis is about translation of children’s literature. In the first section, I explore the meanings of translating for children, and which are its issues and peculiarities; the specificities in translation from Russian into Italian; the background of contemporary Russian Children’s Literature (G. Oster, M. Moskvina, M. Boroditskaya, Yu. Nechiporenko). In the second part I analyze my translations, in order to give some practical examples of the theoretical strategies I explored in the first section. Relevant characteristic of children’s literature are: its pedagogical character, interaction between word and image, double addressee, the importance of reading aloud, adaptation, respect of moral and aesthetic canons imposed by the society. The theoretical aspects examined in this thesis involve the issue of the translator seen as reader, and the search of functional equivalents as dominant translation strategy.

3D-Cryo-Elektronenmikroskopie des 4x6-Hämocyanins der Vogelspinne Eurypelma californicum unter Oxy- und Deoxybedingungen

Arthropodenhämocyanine und Molluskenhämocyanine, die extrazellulären Atmungsproteine der Arthropoden und Mollusken, unterscheiden sich grundsätzlich im Aufbau, besitzen aber ähnliche aktive Zentren, welche in ihrer oxydierten Form für die Blaufärbung der Hämocyanine verantwortlich sind. Sauerstoff wird im Bindungszentrum zwischen zwei, von sechs Histidinen ligandierten, Kupfer(I)Ionen gebunden. Arthropodenhämocyanine bauen sich artspezifisch aus 1, 2, 4, 6, oder 8 Hexameren mit D3-Symmetrie auf. Die Untereinheiten von je ca. 75 kDa falten sich in drei Domänen unterschiedlicher Funktionen. Der komplexe, hierarchische Zusammenbau der Arthropodenhämocyanine hängt von der Heterogenität der Untereinheiten ab. Die 7 verschieden Sequenzen des 4x6-Hämocyanins von Eurypelma californicum (EcHc) sind biochemisch in der Quartärstruktur lokalisiert. Bislang fehlte noch ein unabhängig erstelltes 3D-Modell der geometrischen Gesamtstruktur welche die hexamere und monomere Topographie eindeutig zeigt. Dessen Erstellung war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit, in Verbindung mit der Zielsetzung, die 3D-Rekonstruktion in den beiden extremen physiologischen Zuständen, mit und ohne gebundenen Sauerstoff, zu erzeugen. Dazu wurden in einer eigens entwickelten Atmosphären-Präparationskammer die Proteine in Lösung schockgefrorenen und mittels Cryo-3D-Elektronenmikroskopie gemessen. Aus den daraus gewonnen Projektionsbildern ließen sich mit der ”Single Particle Analyse“ die 3D-Informationen zurückberechnen. Die 3D-Rekonstruktionen wurden mit der publizierten Röntgenkristallstruktur des hexameren Referenz-Hämocyanins der Languste Panulirus interruptus verifiziert. Die Rekonstruktionen erlaubten die eindeutige Messung diverser in der Literatur diskutierter Parameter der Architektur des 4x6-EcHc und darüber hinaus weiterer geometrischer Parameter, welche hier erstmals veröffentlicht werden. SAXS-Daten sagen extreme Translationen und Rotationen von Teilquartärstrukturen zwischen oxy- und deoxy-EcHc voraus, was von den 3D-Rekonstruktionen der beiden Zustände nicht bestätigt werden konnte: Die 16 Å Rekonstruktion der Deoxyform weicht geometrisch nicht von der 21 Å Rekonstruktion der Oxyform ab. Die Einpassung der publizierten Röntgenstruktur der Untereinheit II des Hämocyanin des Pfeilschwanzkrebses Limulus polyphemus in die Rekonstruktionen unterstützt eine auf der hexameren Hierarchieebene lokalisierte Dynamik der Oxygenierung. Mittels Einpassung modellierter molekularer Strukturen der EcHc-Sequenzen konnte eine erste Vermutung zur Lokalisation der beiden zentralen Linker-Untereinheiten b und c des 4x6-Moleküls gemacht werden: Demnach würde Untereinheit b in den exponierten Hexameren des Moleküls liegen. Aussagen über die Quartärstrukturbindungen auf molekularer Ebene aufgrund der Einpassung modellierter molekularer Daten in die Rekonstruktionen sind als spekulativ einzustufen: a) Die Auflösung der Rekonstruktion ist verbesserungswürdig. b) Es gibt keine adäquate Vorlage für eine verlässliche Strukturvorhersage; die verschiedenen EcHc-Sequenzen liegen nur als Modellierung vor. c) Es wäre eine flexible Einpassung notwendig, um Ungenauigkeiten in den modellierten Strukturen durch Sekundärstrukturanpassung zu minimieren.

Development Aid to Water Management in Mali: The Actors, ‘Global’ Paradigms, and ‘Local’ Translations

Development aid involves a complex network of numerous and extremely heterogeneous actors. Nevertheless, all actors seem to speak the same ‘development jargon’ and to display a congruence that extends from the donor over the professional consultant to the village chief. And although the ideas about what counts as ‘good’ and ‘bad’ aid have constantly changed over time —with new paradigms and policies sprouting every few years— the apparent congruence between actors more or less remains unchanged. How can this be explained? Is it a strategy of all actors to get into the pocket of the donor, or are the social dynamics in development aid more complex? When a new development paradigm appears, where does it come from and how does it gain support? Is this support really homogeneous? To answer the questions, a multi-sited ethnography was conducted in the sector of water-related development aid, with a focus on 3 paradigms that are currently hegemonic in this sector: Integrated Water Resources Management, Capacity Building, and Adaptation to Climate Change. The sites of inquiry were: the headquarters of a multilateral organization, the headquarters of a development NGO, and the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. The research shows that paradigm shifts do not happen overnight but that new paradigms have long lines of descent. Moreover, they require a lot of work from actors in order to become hegemonic; the actors need to create a tight network of support. Each actor, however, interprets the paradigms in a slightly different way, depending on the position in the network. They implant their own interests in their interpretation of the paradigm (the actors ‘translate’ their interests), regardless of whether they constitute the donor, a mediator, or the aid recipient. These translations are necessary to cement and reproduce the network.

A projection into the ideas and technologies of "non-place" and "space of flow" in urban context

The meaning of a place has been commonly assigned to the quality of having root (rootedness) or sense of belonging to that setting. While on the contrary, people are nowadays more concerned with the possibilities of free moving and networks of communication. So, the meaning, as well as the materiality of architecture has been dramatically altered with these forces. It is therefore of significance to explore and redefine the sense and the trend of architecture at the age of flow. In this dissertation, initially, we review the gradually changing concept of "place-non-place" and its underlying technological basis. Then we portray the transformation of meaning of architecture as influenced by media and information technology and advanced methods of mobility, in the dawn of 21st century. Against such backdrop, there is a need to sort and analyze architectural practices in response to the triplet of place-non-place and space of flow, which we plan to achieve conclusively. We also trace the concept of flow in the process of formation and transformation of old cities. As a brilliant case study, we look at Persian Bazaar from a socio-architectural point of view. In other word, based on Robert Putnam's theory of social capital, we link social context of the Bazaar with architectural configuration of cities. That is how we believe "cities as flow" are not necessarily a new paradigm.

La traduzione interculturale nell’Austria-Ungheria della Jahrhundertwende Analisi critica delle traduzioni in tedesco e in italiano del romanzo ungherese I ragazzi della Via Pál di Ferenc Molnár

Riconoscendo l’importanza delle traduzioni all’interno della cosiddetta repubblica democratica dell’infanzia, il lavoro analizza le prime traduzioni tedesche e italiane del classico della letteratura per l’infanzia I ragazzi della Via Pál di Ferenc Molnár, al fine di metterne in luce i processi non solo prettamente traduttivi, ma anche più ampiamente culturali, che hanno influenzato la prima ricezione del romanzo in due contesti linguistici spesso legati per tradizione storico-letteraria alla letteratura ungherese. Rispettando la descrizione ormai comunemente accettata della letteratura per ragazzi come luogo di interazione tra più sistemi – principalmente quello letterario, quello pedagogico e quello sociale –, il lavoro ricostruisce innanzitutto le dinamiche proprie dei periodi storici di interesse, focalizzando l’attenzione sulla discussione circa l’educazione patriottica e militare del bambino. In relazione a questa tematica si approfondisce l’aspetto della “leggerezza” nell’opera di Molnár, ricostruendo attraverso le recensioni del tempo la prima ricezione del romanzo in Ungheria e presentando i temi del patriottismo e del gioco alla guerra in dialogo con le caratteristiche linguistico-formali del romanzo. I risultati raggiunti – una relativizzazione dell’intento prettamente pedagogico a vantaggio di una visione critica della società e del militarismo a tutti i costi – vengono messi alla prova delle traduzioni. L’analisi critica si basa su un esame degli elementi paratestuali, sull’individuazione di processi di neutralizzazione dell’alterità culturale e infine sull’esame delle isotopie del “gioco alla guerra” e dei “simboli della patria”. Si mostra come, pur senza un intervento censorio o manipolazioni sensibili al testo, molte traduzioni italiane accentuano l’aspetto patriottico e militaresco in chiave pedagogica. Soprattutto in Italia, il romanzo viene uniformato così al contesto letterario ed educativo dell’epoca, mentre in area tedesca la ricezione nell’ambito della letteratura per ragazzi sembra aprire al genere del romanzo delle bande.

An investigation into complex inorganic materials with Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mössbauer Spektroskopie ist ein unverzichtbares Instrument für die Bestimmung von Oxidationszuständen und für die Analyse von lokalen Ordnungsphänomenen von Mössbauer aktiven Atomen. Weil es sich um eine lokale Methode handelt können sowohl kristalline als auch amorphe Materialien untersucht werden. Die Kombination von lokaler Prüfung mit Mössbauer Spektroskopie und globaler Untersuchung z.B. mit Röntgendiffraktometrie ermöglicht die Studie von Ordnungseffekten von statistisch besetzten Positionen in einer geordneten Matrix. Das wurde hier eingesetzt um die lokale Umgebung in zwei Serien von Heuslerverbindungen, Co2-xFe1+xSi and Co2Mn1-xFexAl zu untersuchen. Für die Co2Mn1-xFexAl Serie wurde eine L21 geordnete Phase in einer insgesamt B2 geordneten Probe detektiert. Ein Wechsel von der AlCu2Mn zu der CuHg2Ti Struktur wurde für die Co2-xFe1+xSi Proben gefunden. Die Transformation von einem Glas zu einem keramischen Material wurde mit 119Sn Mössbauer Spektroskopie untersucht. Die höhere Ordnung in der Keramik wurde von einer kleiner werdenden Mössbauerlinienbreite begleitet. Demzufolge geben die Modifikationen der Sn Umgebungen klar die Transformation des gesamten Materials wieder. Ist die lokale Umgebung von unregelmäßig auftretenden Atomen in einer amorphen Matrix von Interesse, sind lokal prüfende Methoden die zuverlässigsten Methoden die zur Verfügung stehen. In dieser Arbeit wurde 119Sn Mössbauer Spektroskopie eingesetzt um die Oxidationszustände, die lokalen Umgebungen und relativen Intensitäten von Zinn Atomen in einer Silikatmatrix zu bestimmen. Modifikationen dieser Parameter als Funktion von Prozess bestimmenden Parametern wie der Sauerstoffpartialdruck, die Temperatur, die Behandlungsdauer und der Abkühlprozess genauso wie der SnO2 Gehalt sind von Interesse, weil durch Reduktions- und Diffusionsprozesse Änderungen des Koordinations- und des Oxidationszustands der Zinnatome auftreten. Da diese Änderungen in der Glasmatrix verursachen, die das fertige Produkt im industriellen Fertigungsprozess ruinieren können sind diese feinen Veränderungen sehr wichtig. Wenigstens zwei Mössbauerlinien korrespondierend mit zwei verschiedenen Umgebungen für Sn2+ und Sn4+ sind für eine Analyse mit ausreichender Qualität notwendig. Durch Vergleich von den bestimmten Hyperfein Parametern mit den Parametern von Modelsubstanzen werden lokale Umgebungen der Zinnatome entworfen. Für Sn2+ werden zwei auf einer trigonalen Pyramide basierende Umgebungen mit variierender Anzahl von bindenden und nicht-bindenden Sauerstoffatomen formuliert. Für Sn4+ wurde eine tetraedrische und eine oktaedrische Umgebung postuliert. Die relativen Intensitäten der vier Mössbauerlinien wurden um ein Diffusions- und Reaktionsmodell zu entwickeln und um einen Satz von Diffusions- und Transferkoeffizienten zu bestimmen eingesetzt. Die bestimmten Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen mit den Literaturdaten überein. Der Massentransferkoeffizient ist kleiner als der bestimmte Wert, aber immer noch in der gleichen Größenordnung. Im Gegensatz zu den Erwartungen ist der präsentierte Diffusionskoeffizient für Sn4+ bestimmt als der von Sn2+. Das wiederum kann durch Berücksichtigung von Elektronhoppingprozessen erklärt werden.