Effects of non-specific immunopotentiators in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection: II. Corynebacterium parvum

The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on host protection, tissue reaction and "in vivo" chemotaxis in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were studied. The C. parvum was given intraperitoneally using a dose of 0.7 mg, twice a week (for 4 weeks), thirty days before (prophylactic treatment) or after infection (curative treatment). The host protection was evaluated through the recovery of adult worms by liver perfusion and was lower in the prophylactic group as compared to the control group (p = 0.018), resulting in 44% protection. The "in vivo" leukocyte response in both prophylactic and curative groups was higher as compared to the infected/non treated group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively). Tissue reactions were described in the experimental and control groups, but there were not remarkable differences among them. The possible biological implications and relevance of the findings for the defensive response of the host and control of schistosomiasis are discussed.

Distributed Energy Resources Management using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as a Fuel-Shifting Demand Response Resource

In the smart grids context, distributed energy resources management plays an important role in the power systems’ operation. Battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles should be important resources in the future distribution networks operation. Therefore, it is important to develop adequate methodologies to schedule the electric vehicles’ charge and discharge processes, avoiding network congestions and providing ancillary services. This paper proposes the participation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in fuel shifting demand response programs. Two services are proposed, namely the fuel shifting and the fuel discharging. The fuel shifting program consists in replacing the electric energy by fossil fuels in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles daily trips, and the fuel discharge program consists in use of their internal combustion engine to generate electricity injecting into the network. These programs are included in an energy resources management algorithm which integrates the management of other resources. The paper presents a case study considering a 37-bus distribution network with 25 distributed generators, 1908 consumers, and 2430 plug-in vehicles. Two scenarios are tested, namely a scenario with high photovoltaic generation, and a scenario without photovoltaic generation. A sensitivity analyses is performed in order to evaluate when each energy resource is required.

Intake of milk, but not total dairy, yogurt, or cheese, is negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between dairy product consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, but this relation is relatively unexplored in adolescents. We hypothesized that a higher dairy product intake is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in adolescents. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 494 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness. We also calculated homeostatic model assessment and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. For each one of these variables, a z score was computed using age and sex. A cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was constructed by summing up the z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered to exist when an individual had at least 1 SD from this score. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the intake of total dairy (included milk, yogurt, and cheese), milk, yogurt, and cheese was categorized as low (equal to or below the median of the total sample) or “appropriate” (above the median of the total sample).The association between dairy product intake and CMRS was evaluated using separate logistic regression, and the results were adjusted for confounders. Adolescents with high milk intake had lower CMRS, compared with those with low intake (10.6% vs 18.1%, P = .018). Adolescents with appropriate milk intake were less likely to have high CMRS than those with low milk intake (odds ratio, 0.531; 95% confidence interval, 0.302-0.931). No association was found between CMRS and total dairy, yogurt, and cheese intake. Only milk intake seems to be inversely related to CMRS in adolescents.

O conhecimento sobre o medicamento e a literacia em Saúde - Um estudo em adultos, utentes de farmácias do concelho de Lisboa

Estudos recentes realizados nas farmácias portuguesas evidenciaram elevadas percentagens de indivíduos que não aderem à terapêutica. Em consequência não controlam adequadamente o seu problema de saúde e geram desperdício do medicamento. A utilização do medicamento requer conhecimento, competências e motivação por parte do indivíduo-utilizador. A informação sobre o medicamento é disponibilizada de forma verbal e escrita, desconhecendo-se até hoje, na população portuguesa, em que medida as competências de literacia da saúde permitem a sua obtenção, o uso e a compreensão quando perante a necessidade de utilizar medicamentos. Foi objectivo do presente estudo medir o conhecimento sobre o medicamento numa amostra de utentes de farmácia com idades compreendidas entre os 45 e os 64 anos, analisando de que forma está associado a competências de literacia da saúde. Realizou-se um estudo analítico transversal com a colaboração voluntária de farmácias do concelho de Lisboa que recolheram os dados mediante inquérito por entrevista quando o utente se encontrava na farmácia a adquirir a sua terapêutica. A amostra estudada foi constituída por 233 utentes com uma idade média de 57 anos (dp=5,7), maioritariamente do género feminino, activos, com uma escolaridade igual ou inferior ao 9º ano e com hábitos gerais de leitura referindo ler frequentemente (26%) ou muito frequentemente (30%). Em média responderam correctamente a 10,48 perguntas num total de 13 (dp=1,779), sendo este conhecimento independente do sexo (p=0,791) e da idade (p=0,131). O número de respostas correctas é, no entanto, maior quanto maior grau de escolaridade (p=0,000), a categoria profissional exercida (p=0,000), os hábitos de leitura (p=0,000), o índice de compreensão de informação (p=0,003), intensidade de leitura de informação sobre saúde ou medicamento (p=0,005), facilidade de utilização do folheto informativo do medicamento (p=0,027), intensidade de cálculo (p=0,018) e tempo de utilização do medicamento (p=0,047). Do conjunto de indicadores de literacia analisados, o grau de escolaridade, o índice de compreensão da informação transmitida pelos profissionais de saúde e a intensidade de leitura de materiais escritos relacionados com o medicamento ou saúde, são os que mais contribuem para o conhecimento sobre o medicamento, embora se revelem fracamente preditivos do nível de conhecimento (R2=0,013). Evidencia-se neste estudo que o conhecimento que os indivíduos possuem sobre o medicamento é influenciado de forma positiva por competências de literacia em saúde. Em consequência, as intervenções que visam melhorar a utilização do medicamento e as estratégias de comunicação em saúde, tanto verbal como escrita, devem ter em consideração o nível de literacia em saúde da população.

Replication vs erasure coding in data centric storage for wireless sensor networks

In-network storage of data in wireless sensor networks contributes to reduce the communications inside the network and to favor data aggregation. In this paper, we consider the use of n out of m codes and data dispersal in combination to in-network storage. In particular, we provide an abstract model of in-network storage to show how n out of m codes can be used, and we discuss how this can be achieved in five cases of study. We also define a model aimed at evaluating the probability of correct data encoding and decoding, we exploit this model and simulations to show how, in the cases of study, the parameters of the n out of m codes and the network should be configured in order to achieve correct data coding and decoding with high probability.

Novel optical PVC probes for on-site detection/determination of fluoroquinolones in a solid/liquid interface: Application to the determination of Norfloxacin in aquaculture water

A novel optical disposable probe for screening fluoroquinolones in fish farming waters is presented, having Norfloxacin (NFX) as target compound. The colorimetric reaction takes place in the solid/liquid interface consisting of a plasticized PVC layer carrying the colorimetric reagent and the sample solution. NFX solutions dropped on top of this solid-sensory surface provided a colour change from light yellow to dark orange. Several metals were tested as colorimetric reagents and Fe(III) was selected. The main parameters affecting the obtained colour were assessed and optimised in both liquid and solid phases. The corresponding studies were conducted by visible spectrophotometry and digital image acquisition. The three coordinates of the HSL model system of the collected image (Hue, Saturation and Lightness) were obtained by simple image management (enabled in any computer). The analytical response of the optimised solid-state optical probe against concentration was tested for several mathematical transformations of the colour coordinates. Linear behaviour was observed for logarithm NFX concentration against Hue+Lightness. Under this condition, the sensor exhibited a limit of detection below 50 μM (corresponding to about 16 mg/mL). Visual inspection also enabled semi-quantitative information. The selectivity was ensured against drugs from other chemical groups than fluoroquinolones. Finally, similar procedure was used to prepare an array of sensors for NFX, consisting on different metal species. Cu(II), Mn(II) and aluminon were selected for this purpose. The sensor array was used to detect NFX in aquaculture water, without any prior sample manipulation.

Consulta de Diabetes Ocular. Primeiros Resultados do Rastreio da Retinopatia Diabética por Câmara Não Midriática

Introdução: a retinopatia diabética (RD) é, nos países industrializados, uma das principais causas de cegueira. A perda de visão na RD diminui com o diagnóstico precoce e instituição terapêutica2 adequada possibilitados por programas de rastreio sistemático. O rastreio efectuado por fotografias do polo posterior com câmara não midriática é simples e apresenta boa sensibilidade e especificidade3. Material e Métodos: estudo prospectivo, observacional, dos doentes diabéticos sem seguimento oftalmológico regular, seguidos na consulta de Medicina do Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central desde Setembro de 2008 a Julho de 2009. Incluíram-se 86 doentes. Um ortoptista fez a aquisição de imagens do polo posterior com uma câmara não midriática e a impressão de fotografias compostas, coloridas, que foram posteriormente analisadas por um oftalmologista da consulta de Diabetes Ocular. Resultados: foram excluídos 7 olhos (4,2%) por não existir qualidade de imagem. Identificou-se a existência de RD em 26% dos 165 olhos incluídos ( 28% dos doentes), apresentando 21% RD não proliferativa e 5% proliferativa. Apurou-se uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a existência de RD, a idade (p= 0,253 x 10-1) e a duração da diabetes (p= 7,16 x 10-5). Relativamente ao encaminhamento, 57,8% foram referenciados para rastreio anual e 42,2% para a Consulta Geral de Oftalmologia. Todos os excluídos foram igualmente encaminhados para a Consulta Geral de Oftalmologia. Conclusões: a percentagem de doentes rastreados que apresentou RD foi elevada (28%). O rastreio sistemático da população diabética com câmara não midriática pareceu-nos ser um método simples e eficaz no despiste da RD.

Formation Control Driven by Cooperative Object Tracking

In this paper we introduce a formation control loop that maximizes the performance of the cooperative perception of a tracked target by a team of mobile robots, while maintaining the team in formation, with a dynamically adjustable geometry which is a function of the quality of the target perception by the team. In the formation control loop, the controller module is a distributed non-linear model predictive controller and the estimator module fuses local estimates of the target state, obtained by a particle filter at each robot. The two modules and their integration are described in detail, including a real-time database associated to a wireless communication protocol that facilitates the exchange of state data while reducing collisions among team members. Simulation and real robot results for indoor and outdoor teams of different robots are presented. The results highlight how our method successfully enables a team of homogeneous robots to minimize the total uncertainty of the tracked target cooperative estimate while complying with performance criteria such as keeping a pre-set distance between the teammates and the target, avoiding collisions with teammates and/or surrounding obstacles.

Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon

The objective of this survey was to assess the relationships between intestinal parasitism, nutritional status and hemoglobin level in children with Indian ascendancy living in an urban area in Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional survey obtaining anthropometric, parasitological and socioeconomic data, and hemoglobin measurements of children aged six to 84 months. Anthropometric data were expressed as z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper circumference for age (MUACZ) parameters. Parasitological examinations were performed through Ritchie (n = 307), Kato-Katz (n = 278), Baermann-Moraes (n = 238) and Safranin-methylene blue methods (n = 307). Hemoglobin measurements were obtained with a Hemocue® photometer (n = 282). Socioeconomic data were used in order to classify children in three family income strata (n = 242). Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent interactions between Giardia lamblia and WAZ (beta = -0.195, SE = 0.138, p = 0.003), WHZ (beta = -0.161, SE = 0.133, p = 0.018) and MUACZ (beta = -0.197, SE = 0.143, p = 0.011), controlling for age, sex, family income, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm infection. Also, the multivariate model showed that the only variable associated with hemoglobin levels was age. Intestinal parasitism control should increase children's possibilities of full development in the studied area.

Revalorization of spent coffee residues by a direct agronomic approach

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) represent a high-volume food waste worldwide, and several reuse approaches have been attempted. Herein, a greenhouse field experiment was carried out by cultivating Batavia lettuce with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% (v/v) espresso SCG directly composted in the soil. Healthy vegetables were obtained for all treatments, without yield loss for up to 10% SCG. A progressive increment of green color intensity with increasing SCG content was observed, corroborated by the increase of their photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids). Furthermore, total ascorbic acid and tocopherols showed statistical significant increases (p < 0.001) between control and all tested groups. Marked variations of nutritionally relevant minerals, particularly potassium, phosphorous and sodium were also revealed at higher percentage treatments (20% and 30%). This approach constitutes a clean, direct, simple and cost-effective measure to produce value-added vegetables, while reducing food waste disposal.

Estudo comparativo do conceito de Mulligan e a aplicação de kinesio taping na epicondilite lateral

Introdução: A epicondilite lateral (EL) é uma das lesões mais comuns que afeta o membro superior, caracterizada pela dor lateral do cotovelo. Na literatura são descritas diferentes opções de tratamento para a EL mas sem existir consenso sobre a estratégia de intervenção com maior eficácia. A mobilização com movimento (MWM) e aplicação de kinesio taping (KT) tem apresentado bons resultados na melhoria da dor e funcionalidade e no aumento de força de preensão. No entanto, não existe estudos a comparar a efectividade das duas técnicas. Objetivo(s): Analisar e comparar os efeitos da técnica mobilização com movimento (MWM) em relação à aplicação de kinesio taping (KT), na dor, na força de preensão e na funcionalidade em indivíduos com EL. Métodos: Foram incluídos 39 participantes com EL, divididos em três grupos, um grupo de controlo (GC) e dois grupos experimentais, sendo um grupo submetido a uma das técnicas do conceito de Mulligan (GEM) e um grupo submetido a uma aplicação de KT (GEKT). Foram avaliadas a intensidade da dor através da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), a força de preensão isométrica através de um dinamómetro digital e a funcionalidade através do questionário Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE). Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre o momento inicial e o momento final de intervenção em todos os grupos em estudo (p≤0,018). Ao analisar a EVA, a força de preensão e o questionário PRTEE, os grupos experimentais obtiveram melhores resultados relativamente ao GC (p<0,001). Comparando os dois grupos experimentais, o GEM apresentou melhores resultados na dor (p=0,012) e na funcionalidade (p=0,001). Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas estudadas promovem melhorias na sintomatologia em indivíduos com EL. Contudo, os resultados sugerem que a aplicação da técnica de Mulligan produz um maior efeito na diminuição da dor e no aumento da funcionalidade, comparativamente à aplicação de KT.

Novas Vacinas

Introdução: As vacinas previnem mais casos de doença do que qualquer tratamento médico. A informação sobre novas vacinas introduzidas no mercado e não incluídas no Programa Nacional de Vacinação (PNV) é no entanto por vezes pouco divulgada, e o seu conhecimento limitado. Objectivos: Avaliar o conhecimento, geral e específico, dos pais de crianças saudáveis relativamente a três vacinas não incluídas no PNV: pneumocócica (PCV7), varicela (Var) e rotavírus (RV). Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado sob a forma de inquérito, aplicado de forma aleatória aos pais de crianças observadas em três centros de saúde de Portugal (Lisboa, Porto e Queluz), entre Março e Abril de 2007. Analisaram-se parâmetros sociodemográficos, grau de conhecimento (a existência e tipo de doença prevenível pelas as três vacinas), sua realização ou intenção de realização e disponibilidade de aquisição das mesmas por parte dos pais. Análise estatística pelos testes Qui-quadrado e t-Student (IC>95%). Considerou-se p <0,05 com significado estatístico. Resultados: Entrevistaram-se pais de 187 crianças com uma idade mediana de 13 meses. A maioria (82%) tinha ensino secundário incompleto e rendimento mensal médio de 1256€. Em 83% das entrevistas os pais conheciam pelo menos uma das vacinas: pneumocócica (72%), varicela (42%) e rotavírus (1,3%) e pela mesma ordem o tipo de doença que cada vacina prevenia: 118/135 (87%), 83/84 (99%) e 21/24 (87,5%). Em 80% dos casos a informação fora disponibilizada aos pais por profissionais de saúde: pediatra (67) e médico assistente (49). A maioria (96%) considerou a PCV7 a vacina mais importante. Das crianças avaliadas, o PNV estava actualizado em 93% dos casos; adicionalmente 39% tinham a vacina pneumocócica, 0,5% da varicela e 3% do rotavírus. O conhecimento sobre a vacina da varicela e rotavírus associou-se a um maior nível de escolaridade dos pais(40vs46,p=0,018; 8vs16,p=0,026) e a realização da vacina pneumocócica e do rotavírus a um melhor rendimento familiar (1506€vs1144€ p=0,04) e (2283€vs1162€; p=0,04). Conclusão: Á excepção da PCV7 as restantes vacinas são ainda insuficientemente conhecidas. Compete aos profissionais de saúde, divulgar informação e motivar as famílias para a vacinação.

Desenvolvimento de bionanoconjugados com nanopartículas de ouro e oxidases para a detecção de poluentes ambientais

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Coronary Revascularization Induces a Shift From Cardiac Toward Noncardiac Mortality Without Improving Survival in Vascular Surgery Patient

OBJECTIVE: Although evidence has shown that ischemic heart disease (IHD) in vascular surgery patients has a negative impact on the prognosis after surgery, it is unclear whether directed treatment of IHD may influence cause-specific and overall mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic implication of coronary revascularization (CR) on overall and cause-specific mortality in vascular surgery patients. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery stenosis, or peripheral artery disease in a university hospital in The Netherlands between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. Survival estimates were obtained by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1104 patients were included. Adjusted survival analyses showed that IHD significantly increased the risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.87) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.76). Compared with those without CR, patients previously undergoing CR had similar overall mortality (HR, 1.38 vs 1.62; P = .274) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.83 vs 2.02; P = .656). Nonrevascularized IHD patients were more likely to die of IHD (6.9% vs 35.7%), whereas revascularized IHD patients more frequently died of cardiovascular causes unrelated to IHD (39.1% vs 64.3%; P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the significance of IHD for postoperative survival of vascular surgery patients. CR was associated with lower IHD-related death rates. However, it failed to provide an overall survival benefit because of an increased rate of cardiovascular mortality unrelated to IHD. Intensification of secondary prevention regimens may be required to prevent this shift toward non-IHD-related death and thereby improve life expectancy.

Validation of Two US Risk Scores for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Single-Center Portuguese Population of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

INTRODUCTION: New scores have been developed and validated in the US for in-hospital mortality risk stratification in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty: the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) risk score and the Mayo Clinic Risk Score (MCRS). We sought to validate these scores in a European population with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to compare their predictive accuracy with that of the GRACE risk score. METHODS: In a single-center ACS registry of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, we used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), a graphical representation of observed vs. expected mortality, and net reclassification improvement (NRI)/integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) analysis to compare the scores. RESULTS: A total of 2148 consecutive patients were included, mean age 63 years (SD 13), 74% male and 71% with ST-segment elevation ACS. In-hospital mortality was 4.5%. The GRACE score showed the best AUC (0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.96) compared with NCDR (0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.91, p=0.0003) and MCRS (0.85, 95% CI 0.81-0.90, p=0.0003). In model calibration analysis, GRACE showed the best predictive power. With GRACE, patients were more often correctly classified than with MCRS (NRI 78.7, 95% CI 59.6-97.7; IDI 0.136, 95% CI 0.073-0.199) or NCDR (NRI 79.2, 95% CI 60.2-98.2; IDI 0.148, 95% CI 0.087-0.209). CONCLUSION: The NCDR and Mayo Clinic risk scores are useful for risk stratification of in-hospital mortality in a European population of patients with ACS undergoing coronary angioplasty. However, the GRACE score is still to be preferred.