A propósito de una posible escena ritual de caza en el abrigo de Legteitira 5 (Agüenit, Sahara Occidental)

[ES] La presencia de unos personajes humanos con grandes cabezas pintadas en uno de los paneles artísticos del abrigo de Legteitira 5 genera diversas impresiones sobre su significado. A lo extraño de la composición, hay que añadir que se trata, por el momento, de un caso único en el repertorio iconográfico del Occidente del Sahara. La hipótesis de una posible relación con cabezas enmascaradas, en el contexto simbólico de una escena ritual cinegética, pudiera acaso retenerse como argumento explicativo.

“Spantamicus” en Segobriga y “Usseitio” en Clunia

[ES] Breve estudio de dos nombres no celtibéricos del corpus hispanocéltico. El primero, uno de cuyos portadores es quien pagó la pavimentación del foro de Segobriga, es una indicación adjetival de agrupación familiar derivada de un idiónimo que contiene "panto-" ‘dolor’, cuya "p-" es el producto de una "*kw-" inicial. El segundo, cuyo portador fue sepultado en Clunia, nos muestra la misma palatalización que conocemos del celtibérico, pero no la africación del morfema derivacional que se observa en cib. Us(e)izu. A la discusión de "Usseitio" en «Veleia» 28 (González & Gorrochategui 2011) se pueden añadir algunos ejemplos célticos continentales de africación del nexo "-ty-", si bien subrayando que su relación con la forma celtibérica puede explicarse de hasta tres maneras diferentes.

Perspectivas e limites das políticas públicas voltadas à coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos: análise a partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e de gestores de cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis no Município do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho analisa as perspectivas e limites das políticas públicas voltadas à coleta seletiva no que toca as cooperativas de catadores e sua eficácia socioeconômica, apontando oportunidades, dificuldades e possibilidades de mudanças. Analisamos especificamente a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei n. 12.305/2010. Para tal, primeiramente, apresentamos o esquema teórico utilizado para interpretar e discutir as políticas públicas e o policy-making process a partir de trabalhos de autores da área da Ciência Política. Posteriormente procede-se à análise dos contextos social, econômico, político e histórico em que foram criadas as principais políticas públicas ambientais no período 1930-2010, procurando demonstrar a passagem na construção de políticas públicas ambientais, identificando aspectos básicos que evoluíram em cada época pesquisada. Em seguida, realizamos uma análise sobre a PNRS e de políticas de coleta seletiva, particularmente no âmbito do município do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de indicadores estatísticos obtidos junto aos órgãos governamentais e de associações privadas especializadas, além de documentos normativos e programas públicos. Após, realizamos pesquisa de campo junto aos gestores de cooperativas a fim de investigar a percepção dos mesmos sobre as políticas públicas, o cenário, as positividades e negatividades da coleta seletiva, e a interpretamos a partir da Análise do Conteúdo. Enfim, apresentamos uma interpretação, que aponta a PNRS como uma política pública que traz instrumentos que não são percebidos em sua totalidade pelos atores envolvidos, o que implica na sua não pactuação e, por consequência, na não utilização plena das vantagens induzidas pela política. A pesquisa de campo junto aos gestores indica que os mesmos têm pouco conhecimento sobre o conteúdo da PNRS, mas sabem todo o processo técnico da coleta seletiva e da gestão dos resíduos. O cenário envolto às cooperativas compreende aspectos que dificultam o trabalho das cooperativas, a exemplo: o baixo valor de venda dos materiais; a falta de logística adequada; a insuficiência de materiais básicos e infraestrutura à produção; a concorrência com atravessadores; a dificuldade em manter e em aumentar o número de cooperados. Entretanto, há aspectos positivos como: a cultura da partilha e solidariedade; a preocupação com os cooperados; a melhora efetiva da renda; o aumento do volume de materiais para a produção, mas principalmente a visibilidade das cooperativas de catadores no sistema político da gestão pública. O estudo traz sugestões para novas pesquisas, como categorias analíticas novas como processo de pactuação de políticas públicas e desamparo estrutural, assim como indaga os impactos da tecnologia, a burocracia e a participação pública e política das cooperativas no sistema político e no processo decisório. Por fim, situamos que, ainda que saibam a tecnicidade do processo, as cooperativas apresentam conjuntura de desamparo estrutural, que compreende aspectos socioeconômicos e político-institucionais, além de que estão em um ambiente que mais dificulta do que facilita o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho. A PNRS, por efeito, não é pactuada plenamente por todos os atores e, logo, perde a capacidade de inclusão social, por ter o distanciamento entre os gabinetes dos formuladores da política e os galpões da cooperativa.

Distribution patterns of tidepool fishes on a tropical flat reef

Rockpools on a tropical f lat reef off the southeastern coast of Brazil were sampled to determine the influence of pool morphometry and water characteristics on fish community structure. The pool closest to the inner fringe of the reef had lower salinity and higher temperature due to inflow of groundwater. The other pools varied only with respect to their morphometric characteristics, algal cover, and bottom composition. Species with a strong affinity for estuarine- like waters characterized the pool closest to the beach and distinguished its fish community from that of the other pools. Instead of being strongly structured by the physicochemical setting and position in the reef, fish communities of the other pools were determined by behavioral preferences and intra- and interspecific interactions. Differences in community structure were related to pool size (the larger sizes permitting the permanency of schooling species), to algal cover (which allowed camouflage for large predatory species), to bottom composition (which provided substrate for turf flora available to territorial herbivores), and to ecological effects (e.g., competition, territoriality, and predation). Although distribution patterns of tidepool fishes have previously been related to the availability of niches, independent of pool position in the reef, our results show synergistic interactions between water properties, presence or absence of niches, and ecological relationships in structuring tidepool fish communities.

Using productivity and susceptibility indices to assess the vulnerability of United States fish stocks to overfishing

Assessing the vulnerability of stocks to fishing practices in U.S. federal waters was recently highlighted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as an important factor to consider when 1) identifying stocks that should be managed and protected under a fishery management plan; 2) grouping data-poor stocks into relevant management complexes; and 3) developing precautionary harvest control rules. To assist the regional fishery management councils in determining vulnerability, NMFS elected to use a modified version of a productivity and susceptibility analysis (PSA) because it can be based on qualitative data, has a history of use in other fisheries, and is recommended by several organizations as a reasonable approach for evaluating risk. A number of productivity and susceptibility attributes for a stock are used in a PSA and from these attributes, index scores and measures of uncertainty are computed and graphically displayed. To demonstrate the utility of the resulting vulnerability evaluation, we evaluated six U.S. fisheries targeting 162 stocks that exhibited varying degrees of productivity and susceptibility, and for which data quality varied. Overall, the PSA was capable of differentiating the vulnerability of stocks along the gradient of susceptibility and productivity indices, although fixed thresholds separating low-, moderate-, and highly vulnerable species were not observed. The PSA can be used as a flexible tool that can incorporate regional-specific information on fishery and management activity.

Age-specific movement patterns of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in Alaska

Over 34,000 age 0–2 juvenile sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were tagged and released in southeast Alaska waters during 1985–2005. The data set resulting from this tagging study was unusual because of its time span (20 years) and because age could be reliably inferred from release length (i.e., tagged and released fish were of known age); thus, age-specific movement patterns could be examined. The depth- and area-related recovery patterns supported the concepts that sablefish move to deeper water with age and migrate counterclockwise in the Gulf of Alaska. Availability to the fishery increased rapidly for fish of younger ages, peaked at age 5 to 6, and then gradually declined as sablefish moved deeper with age. Decreased availability with age may occur because of lower fishing effort in deep water and could have substantial implications for sablef ish stock assessments because “domeshaped” availability influences the reliability of abundance estimates. The area-related recovery pattern was not affected by year-class strength; i.e., there was no significant densitydependent relationship.

Validation of back-calculation equations for juvenile bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) with the use of tetracycline-marked otoliths

In recent years, a decrease in the abundance of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) has been observed (Fahay et al., 1999; Munch and Conover, 2000) that has led to increased interest in a better understanding the life history of the species. Estimates of several young-of-the-year (YOY) life history characteristics, including the importance and use of estuaries as nursery habitat (Kendall and Walford, 1979) and size-dependant mortality (Hare and Cowen, 1997), are reliant upon the accuracy of growth determination. By using otoliths, it is possible to use back-calculation formulae (BCFs) to estimate the length at certain ages and stages of development for many species of fishes. Use of otoliths to estimate growth in this way can provide the same information as long-term laboratory experiments and tagging studies without the time and expense of rearing or recapturing fish. The difficulty in using otoliths in this way lies in validating that 1) there is constancy in the periodicity of the increment formation, and 2) there is no uncoupling of the relationship between somatic and otolith growth. To date there are no validation studies demonstrating the relationship between otolith growth and somatic growth for bluefish. Daily increment formation in otoliths has been documented for larval (Hare and Cowen, 1994) and juvenile bluefish (Nyman and Conover, 1988). Hare and Cowen (1995) found ageindependent variability in the ratio of otolith size to body length in early age bluefish, although these differences varied between ontogenetic stages. Furthermore, there have been no studies where an evaluation of back-calculation methods has been combined with a validation of otolithderived lengths for juvenile bluefish.

Parameterizing probabilities for estimating age-composition distributions for mixture models

When estimating parameters that constitute a discrete probability distribution {pj}, it is difficult to determine how constraints should be made to guarantee that the estimated parameters { pˆj} constitute a probability distribution (i.e., pˆj>0, Σ pˆj =1). For age distributions estimated from mixtures of length-at-age distributions, the EM (expectationmaximization) algorithm (Hasselblad, 1966; Hoenig and Heisey, 1987; Kimura and Chikuni, 1987), restricted least squares (Clark, 1981), and weak quasisolutions (Troynikov, 2004) have all been used. Each of these methods appears to guarantee that the estimated distribution will be a true probability distribution with all categories greater than or equal to zero and with individual probabilities that sum to one. In addition, all these methods appear to provide a theoretical basis for solutions that will be either maximum-likelihood estimates or at least convergent to a probability distribut

Joanes Erauskinen aditz taulak: azterketa gramatikografiko eta linguistikoa

Gotzon Aurrekoetxea, Jesus Mari Makazaga & Patxi Salaberri Muñoa (eds.)