A critical review of both the synthesis approach and the receptor profile of the 8-chloro-1-(2′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide and analogue derivatives

We thank European Commission (project “PET BRAIN: Mapping the brain with PET radiolabeled cannabinoid CB1 ligands”; FP7-People-2009-IAPP; Grant Agreement N.25142).

Gas/particle partitioning of carbonyls in the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

A new denuder-filter sampling technique has been used to investigate the gas/particle partitioning behaviour of the carbonyl products from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. A series of experiments was performed in two atmospheric simulation chambers at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of NOx and at a relative humidity of approximately 50%. The denuder and filter were both coated with the derivatizing agent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to enable the efficient collection of gas- and particle-phase carbonyls respectively. The tubes and filters were extracted and carbonyls identified as their oxime derivatives by GC-MS. The carbonyl products identified in the experiments accounted for around 5% and 10% of the mass of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene respectively. Experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficients were determined for a wide range of carbonyl products formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and compared with the theoretical values based on standard absorptive partitioning theory. Photooxidation products with a single carbonyl moiety were not observed in the particle phase, but dicarbonyls, and in particular, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, exhibited gas/particle partitioning coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than expected theoretically. These findings support the importance of heterogeneous and particle-phase chemical reactions for SOA formation and growth during the atmospheric degradation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons.

Monthly Arctic sea ice lead fraction in 0.5° x 0.5° resolution from SARAL/Altika altimeter, link to datasets in NetCDF 4 format

Sea ice leads play an essential role in ocean-ice-atmosphere exchange, in ocean circulation, geochemistry, and in ice dynamics. Their precise detection is crucial for altimetric estimations of sea ice thickness and volume. This study evaluates the performance of the SARAL/AltiKa (Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa) altimeter to detect leads and to monitor their spatio-temporal dynamics. We show that a pulse peakiness parameter (PP) used to detect leads by Envisat RA-2 and ERS-1,-2 altimeters is not suitable because of saturation of AltiKa return echoes over the leads. The signal saturation results in loss of 6-10% of PP data over sea ice. We propose a different parameter-maximal power of waveform-and define the threshold to discriminate the leads. Our algorithm can be applied from December until May. It detects well the leads of small and medium size from 200 m to 3-4 km. So the combination of the high-resolution altimetric estimates with low-resolution thermal infra-red or radiometric lead fraction products could enhance the capability of remote sensing to monitor sea ice fracturing.

E-RUN version 1.0: Observational gridded runoff estimates for Europe, link to data in NetCDF format (68 MB)

River runoff is an essential climate variable as it is directly linked to the terrestrial water balance and controls a wide range of climatological and ecological processes. Despite its scientific and societal importance, there are to date no pan-European observation-based runoff estimates available. Here we employ a recently developed methodology to estimate monthly runoff rates on regular spatial grid in Europe. For this we first collect an unprecedented collection of river flow observations, combining information from three distinct data bases. Observed monthly runoff rates are first tested for homogeneity and then related to gridded atmospheric variables (E-OBS version 11) using machine learning. The resulting statistical model is then used to estimate monthly runoff rates (December 1950-December 2014) on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. The performance of the newly derived runoff estimates is assessed in terms of cross validation. The paper closes with example applications, illustrating the potential of the new runoff estimates for climatological assessments and drought monitoring.

Levobupivacaina al 0.5 por ciento sin epinefrina en anestesia de plexo braquial por via axilar con neuroestimulador. Hospitales Vicente Corral y José Carrasco, Cuenca 2007

Objetivo: cuantificar duración de bloqueo sensitivo, bloqueo motor, pulso, presión sanguínea, efectos secundarios y complicaciones de la anestesia de plexo braquial por vía axilar con L-Bupivacaína. Materiales y método. Con un diseño descriptivo longitudinal se incluyeron 101 pacientes ASA I-II, a quienes se administró 150 mg de L-Bupivacaína al 0,5% (30 ml) por vía axilar luego de identificar el plexo con neuroestimulador. Resultados: el 92,1% (n = 92) de bloqueos fueron exitosos. El 65,6% (n = 61) de los intervenidos fueron varones. En un rango de 18 a 79 años la mediana de edad fue de 39 años. La mitad de la muestra tuvo entre 25 y 48 años (P25 y P75). Según índice de masa corporal (IMC) el 43% de los pacientes tuvo sobrepeso. Obreros (32,3%) y oficinistas (29%) fueron las principales ocupaciones. Los casados fueron el 57%. Las constantes basales fueron: pulso 75,1 ± 12,2 latidos/min, PAS 145,8 ± 22,7 mm Hg, PAD 79,6 ± 9,8 mm Hg y SpO2 94,1 ± 2,3%. La presión sanguínea trans y postoperatoria varió entre un 0,6 y 4.7% con respecto del promedio basal. La SpO2 se modificó no más del 2,5% y las variaciones del pulso tampoco fueron importantes. Hubo analgesia por 578,9 ± 114,4 min (rango 360 a 840 min) y bloqueo motor por 154, 5 ± 116,5 min (rango 30 a 460 min) para un tiempo promedio de cirugía de 61,5 ± 25,7 min (rango 25 a 140 min). No se registraron complicaciones ni efectos secundarios. Discusión: como señala la literatura médica especializada, la estabilidad hemodinámica y la ausencia de complicaciones convierten a la anestesia de plexo braquial por vía axilar en un método de elección para cirugía del miembro superior porque evita los trastornos fisiológicos y la respuesta del estrés quirúrgico asociados al uso de la anestesia general