A educação especial do novo homem soviético e a psicologia de L. S. Vigotski: implicações e contribuições para a psicologia e a educação atuais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Helena Antipoff – A educadora ruralista: a construção de um acervo pessoal sua relevância para a educação na atualidade

Este artigo propõe-se a refletir como as trajetórias pessoal e profissional de Helena Antipoff (1892-1974), aliadas às suas convicções de que a intervenção e transformação do real decorrem do conhecimento acumulado, da experiência e do desejo de ampliar o bem comum são elementos que vão construindo acervos pessoais, a partir dessa triangulação. Esta construção se funda mais nas práticas e ações do que na intenção de elaborar um acervo, mas termina por compor a construção de uma memória, articulada à formação do “Centro de Documentação e Pesquisa Helena Antipoff” – Ibirité-MG. Nascida na Rússia e tendo vivido no Brasil no período de 1929-1974, a educadora destacou-se por ações socialmente relevantes fundadas na organização do estudo e da pesquisa nos campos da psicologia, da educação e da educação rural, sendo estas duas últimas objetos de nossa pesquisa documental e análises.

The Challenges of Psychology at Work in Mental Health: the drugs issue.

This article aims to show that the challenges of psychology in working with mental health in the field of drugs is traversed by both the conceptions molded by biopolitical forces (FOUCAULT) as the decadence of modern democracy (AGAMBEN), and visible features in the current treatment given in Brazil to issue of smoking (SILVA), as well as urbanistic projects such as the case of Luz district in São Paulo (LEITE & CASTRO). In this sense, it leads us to question about what is prohibited, about who actually suffers the punishment, in short, about what do we really take care when we take into account the Unheimlich (FREUD) and other social interdicts (BATAILLE).

Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) Off Sakhalin Island, Russia: Seasonal And Annual Patterns Of Occurrence

The annual return, seasonal occurrence, and site fidelity of Korean-Okhotsk or western gray whales on their feeding grounds off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, were assessed by boat-based photo-identification studies in 1994-1998. A total of 262 pods were observed, ranging in size from 1 to 9 whales with an overall mean of 2.0'. Sixty-nine whales were individually identified, and a majority of all whales (71.0%) were observed in multiple years. Annual sighting frequencies ranged from 1 to 18 d, with a mean of 5.4 d. The percentage of whales re-identified from previous years showed a continuous annual increase, reaching 87.0% by the end of the study. Time between first and last sighting of identified individuals within a given year was 1-85 d, with an overall mean of 40.6 d. Annual calf proportions ranged from 4.3% (1997) to 13.2% (1998), and mother-calf separations generally occurred between July and September. The seasonal site fidelity and annual return of whales to this part of the Okhotsk Sea emphasize its importance as a primary feeding ground for this endangered population.

IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA

The North American West is a culturally and geographically diverse region that has long been a beacon for successive waves of human immigration and migration. A case in point, the population of Lincoln, Nebraska -- a capital city on the eastern cusp of the Great Plains -- was augmented during the twentieth century by significant influxes of Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese. Arriving in clusters beginning in 1876, 1941, and 1975 respectively, these newcomers were generally set in motion by dismal economic, social, or political situations in their sending nations. Seeking better lives, they entered a mainstream milieu dominated by native-born Americans -- most part of a lateral migration from Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania -- who only established their local community in 1867. While this mainstream welcomed their labor, it often eschewed the behaviors and cultural practices ethnic peoples brought with them. Aware but not overly concerned about these prejudices, all three groups constructed or organized distinct urban villages. The physical forms of these enclaves ranged from homogeneous neighborhoods to tight assemblies of relatives, but each suited a shared preference for living among kinspeople. These urban villages also served as stable anchors for unique peoples who were intent on maintaining aspects of their imported cultural identities. Never willing to assimilate to mainstream norms, urban villagers began adapting to their new milieus. While ethnic identity constructions in Lincoln proved remarkably enduring, they were also amazingly flexible. In fact, each subject group constantly negotiated their identities in response to interactions among particular, cosmopolitan, and transnational forces. Particularism refers largely to the beliefs, behaviors, and organizational patterns urban villagers imported from their old milieus. Cosmopolitan influences emanated from outside the ethnic groups and were dictated largely but not exclusively by the mainstream. Transnationalism is best defined as persistent, intense contact across international boundaries. These influences were important as the particularism of dispersed peoples was often reinforced by contact with sending cultures. Adviser: John. R. Wunder

Psychology and psychoanalysis in Brazil - From cultural syncretism to the collapse of liberal individualism

This paper focuses first on cultural syncretism, used to characterize Brazilian culture. The other aspect of this socially and racially blended culture is the unfinished assimilation of liberalism in politics and the economy, which defines Brazilian society. The increased assimilation and dissemination of psychology may be linked with these in cultural and social aspects. During the military period (1964-1974) the major expansion in university-level studies in psychology contributed ideologically to the dissemination of psychology throughout Brazilian society. This introduced a type of psychology that was related primarily to clinical practice and developed in opposition to social work practice. This paper examines the ideological bases for this conflict between clinical and social work. Criteria for understanding the cultural dissemination of psychoanalysis are then discussed, and it is argued that cultural incorporation of psychoanalysis involves the development of discourse complexes to reflect particular aspects of Brazilian society. The criteria (a non-totalitarian society and the displacement of a magical and religious interpretation of mental disturbance by psychiatric interpretation) are evaluated in relation to the peculiarities of Brazilian syncretism. The paper argues that cultural syncretism and the incomplete assimilation of liberal ideology must be included as criteria in understanding the particular cultural incorporation of psychoanalysis in Brazil.

Amerindian anthropology and cultural psychology: Crossing boundaries and meeting otherness` worlds

Addressing integrative possibilities between psychology and anthropology, this paper aims to design conceptual linkages between semiotic-cultural constructivist psychology and the anthropological theory of Amerindian perspectivism. From the psychological view, it is the interdependence between the structural and processual dimensions of the personal culture that makes parallels with Amerindian perspectivism fruitful. This anthropological frame proposes an experiment with native conceptions, which I argue similar to what Baldwin (1906) called sembling. Hence, it can be considered an active imitation of otherness` viewpoint in order to approach indigenous worlds. It is supposed that this procedure leads to the emergence of new symbolic elements configuring the cultural action field of each agency in interaction. It is proposed that ""making-believe`` the Amerindian is convergent with the dialogic-hermeneutic approach of semiotic-cultural constructivism. As a result of the present integrative effort, is designed a meta-model that multiplies the genetic process of concrete symbolic objects.

Ethical Cultures in Large Business Organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China

This study focuses on comparison of perceptions of ethical business cultures in large business organizations from four largest emerging economies, commonly referred to as the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), and from the US. The data were collected from more than 13,000 managers and employees of business organizations in five countries. The study found significant differences among BRIC countries, with respondents from India and Brazil providing more favorable assessments of ethical cultures of their organizations than respondents from China and Russia. Overall, highest mean scores were provided by respondents from India, the US, and Brazil. There were significant similarities in ratings between the US and Brazil.

La fortuna della scenografia italiana nella Russia Neoclassica. Il teatro di Pietro Gonzaga a Mosca

La tesi ha come oggetto lo studio dei legami culturali posti in essere tra la Russia e l’Italia nel Settecento effettuato a partire dall’analisi del teatro di Arkhangelskoe (nei pressi di Mosca), ideato da Pietro Gonzaga. Ciò ha consentito di inquadrare l’atmosfera culturale del periodo neoclassico a partire da un’angolazione insolita: il monumento in questione, a dispetto della scarsa considerazione di cui gode all’interno degli studi di storia dell’arte, racchiude diverse ed interessanti problematiche artistiche. Queste ultime sono state tenute in debito conto nel processo dell’organizzazione della struttura del lavoro in relazione ai differenti livelli di analisi emersi in riferimento alla tematica scelta. Ogni capitolo rappresenta un punto di partenza che va utilizzato al fine di approfondire problematiche relative all’arte ed al teatro nei due Paesi, il tutto reso possibile grazie all’applicazione di un originale orientamento analitico. All’interno della tesi vengono infatti adoperati approcci e tecniche metodologiche che vanno dalla storia dell’arte all’analisi diretta dei monumenti, dall’interpretazione iconografica alla semiotica, per arrivare agli studi sociologici. Ciò alla fine ha consentito di rielaborare il materiale già noto e ampiamente studiato in modo convincente ed efficace, grazie al ragionamento sintetico adottato e alla possibilità di costruire paralleli letterari e artistici, frutto delle ricerche svolte nei diversi contesti. Il punto focale della tesi è rappresentato dalla figura di Pietro Gonzaga. Tra i decoratori e gli scenografi italiani attivi presso la corte russa tra il Settecento e l’Ottocento, questi è stato senza dubbio la figura più rilevante ed affascinante, in grado di lasciare una ricca eredità culturale e materiale nell’ambito dell’arte scenografica russa. Dimenticata per lungo tempo, l’opera di Pietro Gonzaga è attualmente oggetto di una certa riconsiderazione critica, suscitando curiosità e interesse da più parti. Guidando la ricerca su di un duplice binario, sia artistico che interculturale, si è quindi cercato di trovare alcune risonanze tra l’arte ed il pensiero di Gonzaga ed altre figure di rilievo non solo del suo secolo ma anche del Novecento, periodo in cui la cultura scenografica russa è riuscita ad affrancarsi dai dettami impartiti dalla lezione settecentesca, seguendo nuove ed originali strade espressive. In questo contesto spicca, ad esempio, la figura di Vsevolod Meyerchold, regista teatrale (uno dei protagonisti dell’ultimo capitolo della tesi) che ha instaurato un legame del tutto originale con i principi della visione scenica comunicati da Pietro Gonzaga. Lo sviluppo dell’argomento scelto ha richiesto di assumere una certa responsabilità critica, basandosi sulla personale sicurezza metodologica ed esperienza multidisciplinare al fine di tener conto dall’architettura, della teoria e della pratica teatrale – dalla conoscenza delle fonti fino agli studi del repertorio teatrale, delle specifiche artistiche locali, del contesto sociale dei due paesi a cavallo tra il ‘700 e l’‘800. Le problematiche toccate nella tesi (tra le quali si ricordano il ruolo specifico rivestito dal committente, le caratteristiche proprie della villa neoclassica russa, il fenomeno di ‘spettacoli muti’, la “teatralità” presente nel comportamento dei russi nell’epoca dei Lumi, la risonanza delle teorie italiane all’interno del arte russa) sono di chiara attualità per quanto concerne le ricerche relative al dialogo storico-artistico tra i due Paesi.