Hidrolisados protéicos de mucosa intestinal, levedura e proteína isolada de soja em dietas com leite em pó integral para leitões desmamados

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do farelo de soja (FS) por hidrolisado protéico do conteúdo celular de levedura (HPCCL), proteína isolada de soja (PIS) ou hidrolisado protéico de mucosa intestinal de suínos (HPMIS) em dietas com leite em pó integral (LPI) sobre o desempenho, os níveis séricos de uréia e a incidência de diarréia em leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 40 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas), distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (dietas) e oito repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas em três fases, de acordo com a idade dos animais: fase pré-inicial 1 (21 aos 35 dias de idade): dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja (FS); dieta com 15,0% LPI; dieta com 15,0% LPI + 3,5% HPMIS; dieta com 15,0% LPI + 5,0% de PIS; dieta com 15,0% LPI + 5,0% HPCCL. Na fase pré-inicial 2 (36 aos 49 dias de idade), foi mantida a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja e o LPI foi reduzido para 7,5% em todas as dietas, o HPMIS para 1,5%, a PIS para 4% e o HPCCL foi mantido em 5%. Na fase inicial (50 aos 70 dias de idade), foi mantida a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja, o LPI foi retirado de todas as dietas e os animais que nas fases pré-inicial 1 e 2 foram alimentados com as dietas contendo LPI e LPI + HPMIS passaram a ser alimentados com a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja; a PIS foi reduzida para 3% e o HPCCL para 2,5%. No período de 21 a 35 dias, a dieta LPI + PIS proporcionou maior ganho diário de peso e melhor conversão alimentar. Nas fases seguintes, não houve diferença no desempenho entre as dietas. Até cinco dias após o desmame, os animais alimentados com as rações FS e LPI + PIS apresentaram menor índice de diarréia. Os níveis séricos de uréia não foram influenciados pelas dietas. A utilização de PIS, HPMIS e HPCCL em dietas complexas contendo leite em pó pode consistir em alternativa biologicamente viável em dietas para leitões.

Uma Fundamentação Intervalar Aplicada à Morfologia Matemática

This work present a interval approach to deal with images with that contain uncertainties, as well, as treating these uncertainties through morphologic operations. Had been presented two intervals models. For the first, is introduced an algebraic space with three values, that was constructed based in the tri-valorada logic of Lukasiewiecz. With this algebraic structure, the theory of the interval binary images, that extends the classic binary model with the inclusion of the uncertainty information, was introduced. The same one can be applied to represent certain binary images with uncertainty in pixels, that it was originated, for example, during the process of the acquisition of the image. The lattice structure of these images, allow the definition of the morphologic operators, where the uncertainties are treated locally. The second model, extend the classic model to the images in gray levels, where the functions that represent these images are mapping in a finite set of interval values. The algebraic structure belong the complete lattices class, what also it allow the definition of the elementary operators of the mathematical morphology, dilation and erosion for this images. Thus, it is established a interval theory applied to the mathematical morphology to deal with problems of uncertainties in images

Estimação de Fasores para Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos Baseada em Mínimos Quadrados e Morfologia Matemática

This work proposes a new technique for phasor estimation applied in microprocessor numerical relays for distance protection of transmission lines, based on the recursive least squares method and called least squares modified random walking. The phasor estimation methods have compromised their performance, mainly due to the DC exponential decaying component present in fault currents. In order to reduce the influence of the DC component, a Morphological Filter (FM) was added to the method of least squares and previously applied to the process of phasor estimation. The presented method is implemented in MATLABr and its performance is compared to one-cycle Fourier technique and conventional phasor estimation, which was also based on least squares algorithm. The methods based on least squares technique used for comparison with the proposed method were: forgetting factor recursive, covariance resetting and random walking. The techniques performance analysis were carried out by means of signals synthetic and signals provided of simulations on the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). When compared to other phasor estimation methods, the proposed method showed satisfactory results, when it comes to the estimation speed, the steady state oscillation and the overshoot. Then, the presented method performance was analyzed by means of variations in the fault parameters (resistance, distance, angle of incidence and type of fault). Through this study, the results did not showed significant variations in method performance. Besides, the apparent impedance trajectory and estimated distance of the fault were analysed, and the presented method showed better results in comparison to one-cycle Fourier algorithm

Morfologia radicular e suprimento de potássio às raízes de milheto de acordo com a disponibilidade de água e potássio

O milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) é cultivado em épocas com deficiência hídrica, o que pode afetar a absorção de K. Este trabalho visou quantificar a importância de potenciais de água do solo (-0,03; -0,05; -0,10 e -0,50 MPa), associados a doses de potássio (15 e 120 mg dm-3 de K) na morfologia radicular e nos processos de transporte de K às raízes de milheto. O experimento foi realizado em Botucatu (SP), em casa de vegetação. O milheto foi cultivado até 28 dias após a emergência, quando foram avaliados a fitomassa produzida e os teores de K, assim como a morfologia radicular. Foi estimada a contribuição do fluxo de massa e da difusão para o transporte de K no solo. Independentemente da dose de potássio e do teor de água no solo, a difusão foi o principal mecanismo de transporte de K até as raízes do milheto. Houve maior contribuição relativa do fluxo de massa, que correspondeu a 12 % do absorvido, na menor dose de potássio, contra 4 % na maior dose. Não houve efeito da disponibilidade hídrica nos mecanismos de transporte de K até as raízes do milheto.

Morfologia e propriedades mecânicas da fibra de sisal unidirecional e em sobreposição de compósito com resina epóxi

The composites manufactured with long fibres aligned in a single direction, and overlay has been shown to have better performance than the short fibers randomly distributed. In particular, the lignocellulosic fibers extracted from the sisal leaves, used in conjunction with the epoxy resin has attracted the attention of many researchers because the final properties of the system formed. In this work composites based on epoxy resin reinforced with sisal fibers were manufactured. The sisal fibres were treated with an alkaline solution of 0.06 mol/l NaOH. The treated, and untreated fibres were subjected to tension x extension tests. The composites were manufactured in the "Lossy" mold with the specifications of the samples to be produced (300x20x4 mm). The tension tests were carried out in accordance with the ASTM standards 3039 (for the composite aligned in a single direction) and ASTM D5573 (for composites in overlay), three point bending tests were performed according to ASTM D790. Analyzing the results of the tests of tension and three point bending tests, it was observed that the composites with the configuration of overlapping had the better elastic module in both tests. As to the maximum resistance to tension, the best result was the composites aligned in a single direction. Tests of absorption of water and micrographs are in progress

Aspectos da biologia e morfologia da broca do pedúnculo floral do coqueiro, Homalinotus coriaceus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A broca do pedúnculo floral do coqueiro, Homalinotus coriaceus (Gyllenhal), é uma praga limitante à produção de coco no Brasil, provocando a queda das flores e dos frutos imaturos. Sua biologia é pouco conhecida o que tem dificultado a seu manejo adequado no campo. Dessa forma, foi realizado o estudo da biologia desse inseto no Laboratório de Entomologia da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Tabuleiros Costeiros - CPATC, em Aracaju, SE, à temperatura de 25 ± 2°C, umidade relativa de 70% e fotofase de 12h. Para alimentação e oviposição dos adultos coletados no campo foram utilizados toletes de cana-de-açúcar como substrato, nos quais as fêmeas colocaram ovos individualizados, cujo período de incubação variou de seis a 14 dias. As larvas foram criadas no mesocarpo de coco, desenvolvendo-se em 144 dias em média, passando por cinco a sete ínstares. O período pupal médio foi de 31 dias. A longevidade do adulto variou de 303 a 695 dias para fêmeas e de 246 a 635 dias para machos, sendo o ciclo de ovo a adulto de 181,9 dias para fêmeas e 188,5 para machos. Foram observadas diferenças morfológicas nas pupas e nos adultos, que podem ser utilizadas para separação dos sexos. Ao contrário dos machos, as fêmeas apresentam, na fase de pupa, duas estruturas arredondadas e elevadas situadas na face ventral e final do abdome e, na fase adulta, o penúltimo tergito abdominal projeta-se sobre o último.

Morfologia matemática aplicada à detecção de sombras e nuvens em imagens de alta resolução

The spatial resolution improvement of orbital sensors has broadened considerably the applicability of their images in solving urban areas problems. But as the spatial resolution improves, the shadows become even a more serious problem especially when detailed information (under the shadows) is required. Besides those shadows caused by buildings and houses, clouds projected shadows are likely to occur. In this case there is information occlusion by the cloud in association with low illumination and contrast areas caused by the cloud shadow on the ground. Thus, it's important to use efficient methods to detect shadows and clouds areas in digital images taking in count that these areas care for especial processing. This paper proposes the application of Mathematical Morphology (MM) in shadow and clouds detection. Two parts of a panchromatic QuickBird image of Cuiab-MT urban area were used. The proposed method takes advantage of the fact that shadows (low intensity - dark areas) and clouds (high intensity - bright areas) represent the bottom and top, respectively, of the image as it is thought to be a topographic surface. This characteristic allowed MM area opening and closing operations to be applied to reduce or eliminate the bottom and top of the topographic surface.

Effect of ingestion of soy yogurt on intestinal parameters of rats fed on a beef-based animal diet

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Development of praziquantel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and evaluation of intestinal permeation by the everted gut Sac model

Praziquantel has been shown to be highly effective against all known species of Schistosoma infecting humans. Spherical nanoparticles made of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid with controlled size were designed as drug carriers. Praziquantel, a hydrophobic drug, was entrapped into the polymeric nanoparticles with 30% (w/w) of theoretical loading. The nanoparticles size was approximately of 350 nm with 66% of encapsulation efficiency. The everted gut sac model shows to be efficient to evaluate the drug permeation through the intestinal membrane. The results show that free praziquantel presents 4-fold times more permeation than praziquantel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and physical mixture. For this drug, in special, this result can be interesting, since the nanoparticulate system can behave as a drug reservoir and/or to have a more localized effect in intestinal membrane for a prolonged period of time, since great amounts of parasites can be usually found in the mesenteric veins.

LC Evaluation of Intestinal Transport of Praziquantel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Solid dispersions with hydrogenated castor oil increase solubility, dissolution rate and intestinal absorption of praziquantel

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Frequency of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in stool samples examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the São Paulo State University, Araraquara

Blastocystis hominis é um protozoário, causador de infecção intestinal denominada blastocistose humana, cujo diagnóstico é realizado pelo exame coproparasitológico e por meio de técnicas de coloração permanente. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a freqüência da infecção por Blastocystis hominis em habitantes da região de Araraquara/SP, bem como comparar diferentes métodos para a pesquisa desse protozoário em amostras de fezes. Foram estudadas 503 amostras de fezes submetidas ao exame direto a fresco, às técnicas de Faust e cols, Lutz e de Rugai e cols, além das colorações pela hematoxilina férrica, tricrômio e de Kinyoun modificada. Entre as 503 amostras examinadas, 174 (34,6%) apresentaram-se positivas para a presença de parasitas intestinais. O protozoário e o helminto mais freqüentes foram Entamoeba coli (14,6%) e Strongyloides stercoralis (6,7%), respectivamente. Blastocystis hominis foi observado em 23 (4,6%) amostras fecais com consistência predominantemente pastosa, não caracterizando quadro diarréico. Apesar da baixa freqüência de Blastocystis hominis encontrada na região de Araraquara, comparativamente a outras regiões brasileiras, é importante a realização do diagnóstico laboratorial desse protozoário. O encontro de Blastocystis hominis em material fecal é indicativo de contaminação de alimentos e água de consumo, desde que se admita a rota de transmissão oral-fecal desse parasita, o que implica na orientação da população sobre as medidas de saneamento básico e higiene como meio para se controlar problemas de saúde ocasionados pelos enteroparasitas.

Morfologia em alta resolução espacial de estrelas de tipo Mira e R Corenae Borealis

Mira and R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) variable stars are evolved objects surrounded by circumstellar envelopes (CSE) composed of the ejected stellar material. We present a detailed high-spatial resolution morfological study of the CSE of three stars: IRC+10216, the closest and more studied Carbon-Rich Mira; o Ceti, the prototype of the Mira class; and RY Sagitarii (RY Sgr), the brightest R CrB variable of the south hemisphere. JHKL near-infrared adaptive optics images of IRC+10216 with high dynamic range and Vband images with high angular resolution and high depth, collected with the VLT/NACO and VLT/FORS1 instruments, were analyzed. NACO images of o Ceti were also analyzed. Interferometric observations of RY Sgr collected with the VLTI/MIDI instrument allowed us to explore its CSE innermost regions (»20 40 mas). The CSE of IRC+10216 exhibit, in near-infrared, clumps with more complex relative displacements than proposed in previous studies. In V-band, the majority of the non-concentric shells, located in the outer CSE layers, seem to be composed of thinner elongated shells. In a global view, the morphological connection between the shells and the bipolar core of the nebulae, located in the outer layers, together with the clumps, located in the innermost regions, has a difficult interpretation. In the CSE of o Ceti, preliminar results would be indicating the presence of possible clumps. In the innermost regions (.110 UA) of the CSE of RY Sgr, two clouds were detected in different epochs, embedded in a variable gaussian envelope. Based on a rigorous verification, the first cloud was located at »100 R¤ (or »30 AU) from the centre, toward the east-north-east direction (modulo 180o) and the second one was almost at a perpendicular direction, having aproximately 2£ the distance of the first cloud. This study introduces new constraints to the mass-loss history of these kind of variables and to the morphology of their innermost CSE regions

Sobre a morfologia dos dúctulos eferentes epididimários no cão (Canis familiaris, L.)

A estrutura dos dúctulos eferentes no epidídimo do cão foi estudada através de microscopia óptica. Os dúctulos eferentes conectam a rede testicular com o segmento inicial do epidídimo. Os eferentes epididimários são revestidos por epitélio baixo do tipo cúbico ou cilíndrico simples, constituído por dois tipos celulares: células ciliadas e não-ciliadas. As características morfológicas dos eferentes são discutidas.

Caracterização de subpopulações de interneurônios imunorreativos para proteínas ligantes de cálcio no córtex pré-frontal do Sagui (Callithrix jacchus): distribuição e morfologia

Cortical interneurons are characterized by their distinct morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, acting as modulators of the excitatory activity by pyramidal neurons, for example. Various studies have revealed differences in both distribution and density of this cell group throughout distinct cortical areas in several species. A particular class of interneuron closely related to cortical modulation is revealed by the immunohistochemistry for calcium binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinina (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Despite the growing amount of studies focusing on calcium binding proteins, the prefrontal cortex of primates remains relatively little explored, particularly in what concerns a better understanding of the organization of the inhibitory circuitry across its subdivisions. In the present study we characterized the morphology and distribution of neurons rich in calcium-binding proteins in the medial, orbital and dorsolateral areas of the prefrontal cortex of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Using both morphometric and stereological techniques, we found that CR-reactive neurons (mainly double bouquet and bipolar cells) have a more complex dendritic arborization than CB-reactive (bitufted and basket cells) and PV-reactive neurons (chandelier cells). The neuronal densities of CR- and CB-reactive cells are higher in the supragranular layers (II/III) whilst PV-reactive neurons, conversely, are more concentrated in the infragranular layers (V/VI). CR-reactive neurons were the predominant group in the three regions evaluated, being most prevalent in dorsomedial region. Our findings point out to fundamental differences in the inhibitory circuitry of the different areas of the prefrontal cortex in marmoset