Measuring the impact of quality infrastructure in Latin America: Experiences, achievements and limitations

This document, which is partly based on by the study Impacto de la Infraestructura de la Calidad en América Latina, is a second joint effort by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the German National Metrology Institute (PTB) to move towards a more detailed understanding of the role played by the Quality Infrastructure in opening up possibilities for the countries in the region to innovate and compete. Through methodological analysis and the realization of case studies at the national level in certain countries in the region, the document seeks to offer a more comprehensive picture of the impact of the Quality Infrastructure and its importance for the economic and social development of countries. The document analyzes various QI related aspects, with particular emphasis on a review of conceptual elements, the role of the QI in the innovation systems of countries and a brief analysis of a set of case studies in Latin American countries. It also identifies a series of challenges and limitations for carrying out impact studies. These elements are taken up again in the final conclusions of the book, where a number of policy recommendations are outlined.

Análise setorial: o caso da privatização do modal ferroviário brasileiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Infra-estrutura de esgoto sanitário no município de Belém: cobrança por serviços de esgotamento sanitário nas bacias hidrográficas do Reduto e do Una

A remuneração dos serviços de esgotamento sanitário no Brasil é feita geralmente através de tarifas calculadas proporcionalmente ao consumo de água, e empregada para a realização de serviços de operação e manutenção da coleta e tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, e também como fonte de recursos para provisão dessa importante infra-estrutura. O percentual varia de concessionária e corresponde ao volume de esgoto gerado após o consumo de água. Com esse critério de cobrança as concessionárias de saneamento têm demonstrado de forma indireta, o grau de utilização diferenciada que cada usuário faz do sistema de esgoto, porém também tem levantado questionamentos se o valor cobrado na tarifa de esgoto, com base num percentual do consumo de água, corresponde realmente à contribuição efetiva de esgoto às redes coletoras. Por outro lado, não se tem conhecimento de quais fatores interferem na cobrança por serviços de esgotamento sanitário e de como os diferentes percentuais adotados representam efetivamente a contribuição de esgoto à rede coletora, o que levou ao questionamento sobre sua legitimidade, já que nem toda água consumida retorna ao meio ambiente na forma de esgoto. O estudo realizado nesta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar quais os fatores e de que forma podem interferir na cobrança pela utilização de serviços de esgotamento sanitário. Foram adotados indicadores urbanísticos, técnicos e ambientais relacionados ao sistema de cobrança pelos serviços de esgotamento sanitário nas bacias do Reduto e do Una em Belém. Para analisar tais fatores, foram utilizados dados obtidos sobre a estrutura tarifária da concessionária estadual de saneamento, referentes ao serviço de esgoto, associados a índices urbanísticos adotados pelo planejamento urbano em Belém. Os resultados sustentaram a influência dos fatores identificados neste estudo na forma de cobrança por serviços de esgotamento, relacionados à contribuição de esgoto, a existência de sistema de tratamento e a cobrança pelo uso da água, não sustentando totalmente enquanto relacionados ao uso e ocupação do solo.

Fractional fermion charges induced by axial-vector and vector gauge potentials and parity anomaly in planar graphenelike structures

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Demochargia: Dilma Rousseff e seu primeiro ano de mandato pelas charges jornalísticas

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

O equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão de rodovias federais e estaduais sob a égide da Lei 8.987/95

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Charges: um olhar estereotipado dos professores

O presente trabalho de conclusão de curso, intitulado Charges um olhar estereotipado dos professores, é o resultado de um interesse sobre esse tipo de arte gráfica desde a adolescência atrelada à curiosidade sobre a imagem construída historicamente sobre os professores e sobre sua vida profissional. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os estereótipos que são atribuídos aos professores nas charges procurando observar características de gênero, de vestuário e de caráter psicológico. Para atingir esse objetivo, teve-se o intuito de utilizar como material de pesquisa as charges do autor italiano Francesco Tonucci que publicou mais de mil charges na Itália e na Espanha. Esse autor procura abordar em seus desenhos temas que mostram a educação formal e informal em seu país, criticando à forma como a educação é tratada, essas realidades se encaixam com a do Brasil em muitos aspectos, e são estes aspectos que forneceram dados para analise. Para desenvolver essa pesquisa se utilizara a abordagem qualitativa, seguindo a metodologia de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Neste trabalho foram observados os estereótipos atribuídos aos professores e discutiu-se que imagem é transmitida desse profissional por esse suporte de leitura tão popular. Para aprofundar a questão dos estereótipos se realizou leituras de artigos que abordaram a questão dos estereótipos no contexto educacional, além de fontes que forneceram explicações sobre o fundamento histórico que deram razões para que esses estereótipos acontecessem. Quanto às charges se realizou um breve apanhado histórico de como esse tipo de arte gráfica surgiu e porque faz tanto sucesso nos meios de comunicação

Socioeconomic, financial and production infrastructure profile of farmers in rural settlements in the western region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Family agriculture, mostly represented by rural settlements especially in the state of São Paulo, makes up rural establishments in Brazil. Current investigation collects, analyzes and compares data on farmers on two rural settlements in the western region of the state of São Paulo, specifically in the municipality of Rancharia, with regard to their socioeconomic, financial and productive infrastructure profile, coupled to information on eventual restrictions to rural credit, by an analysis based on descriptive statistics. Results show that there are different factors between farmers and production systems, which cause loan restrictions due to such differences as age, agricultural and cattle-breeding activity, technical assistance and management. The valorization of these differences should be taken into account for the construction of new events, without extremes, and work for situations featuring demand-based development and characteristics of the locality

Infrastructure Support for Controlled Experimentation with Software Testing and Regression Testing Techniques

Where the creation, understanding, and assessment of software testing and regression testing techniques are concerned, controlled experimentation is an indispensable research methodology. Obtaining the infrastructure necessary to support such experimentation, however, is difficult and expensive. As a result, progress in experimentation with testing techniques has been slow, and empirical data on the costs and effectiveness of techniques remains relatively scarce. To help address this problem, we have been designing and constructing infrastructure to support controlled experimentation with testing and regression testing techniques. This paper reports on the challenges faced by researchers experimenting with testing techniques, including those that inform the design of our infrastructure. The paper then describes the infrastructure that we are creating in response to these challenges, and that we are now making available to other researchers, and discusses the impact that this infrastructure has and can be expected to have.

Integral form of Yang-Mills equations and its gauge invariant conserved charges

Despite the fact that the integral form of the equations of classical electrodynamics is well known, the same is not true for non-Abelian gauge theories. The aim of the present paper is threefold. First, we present the integral form of the classical Yang-Mills equations in the presence of sources and then use it to solve the long-standing problem of constructing conserved charges, for any field configuration, which are invariant under general gauge transformations and not only under transformations that go to a constant at spatial infinity. The construction is based on concepts in loop spaces and on a generalization of the non-Abelian Stokes theorem for two-form connections. The third goal of the paper is to present the integral form of the self-dual Yang-Mills equations and calculate the conserved charges associated with them. The charges are explicitly evaluated for the cases of monopoles, dyons, instantons and merons, and we show that in many cases those charges must be quantized. Our results are important in the understanding of global properties of non-Abelian gauge theories.

Do charges to freight trucks and trains in the European Union reflect their social marginal costs? Application to the case of Spain

In the last few years, the European Union (EU) has become greatly concerned about the environmental costs of road transport in Europe as a result of the constant growth in the market share of trucks and the steady decline in the market share of railroads. In order to reverse this trend, the EU is promoting the implementation of additional charges for heavy goods vehicles (HGV) on the trunk roads of the EU countries. However, the EU policy is being criticised because it does not address the implementation of charges to internalise the external costs produced by automobiles and other transport modes such as railroad. In this paper, we first describe the evolution of the HGV charging policy in the EU, and then assess its practical implementation across different European countries. Second, and of greater significance, by using the case study of Spain, we evaluate to what extent the current fees on trucks and trains reflect their social marginal costs, and consequently lead to an allocative-efficient outcome. We found that for the average case in Spain the truck industry meets more of the marginal social cost produced by it than does the freight railroad industry. The reason for this lies in the large sums of money paid by truck companies in fuel taxes, and the subsidies that continue to be granted by the government to the railroads.

System level design space exploration for MPSoC : methods, algorithms and new infrastructure

Eliminadas las páginas en blanco

A communication infrastructure to support knowledge level agents on the web

Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) have been developed to provide a way for agents to communicate with each other supporting cooperation in Multi-Agent Systems. In the past few years many ACLs have been proposed for Multi-Agent Systems, such as KQML and FIPA-ACL. The goal of these languages is to support high-level, human like communication among agents, exploiting Knowledge Level features rather than symbol level ones. Adopting these ACLs, and mainly the FIPA-ACL specifications, many agent platforms and prototypes have been developed. Despite these efforts, an important issue in the research on ACLs is still open and concerns how these languages should deal (at the Knowledge Level) with possible failures of agents. Indeed, the notion of Knowledge Level cannot be straightforwardly extended to a distributed framework such as MASs, because problems concerning communication and concurrency may arise when several Knowledge Level agents interact (for example deadlock or starvation). The main contribution of this Thesis is the design and the implementation of NOWHERE, a platform to support Knowledge Level Agents on the Web. NOWHERE exploits an advanced Agent Communication Language, FT-ACL, which provides high-level fault-tolerant communication primitives and satisfies a set of well defined Knowledge Level programming requirements. NOWHERE is well integrated with current technologies, for example providing full integration for Web services. Supporting different middleware used to send messages, it can be adapted to various scenarios. In this Thesis we present the design and the implementation of the architecture, together with a discussion of the most interesting details and a comparison with other emerging agent platforms. We also present several case studies where we discuss the benefits of programming agents using the NOWHERE architecture, comparing the results with other solutions. Finally, the complete source code of the basic examples can be found in appendix.