1000 resultados para camadas de solo
Resumo:
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de renques de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophyla) e diferentes sistemas de manejo nas propriedades físicas e carbono orgânico de um Latossolo Amarelo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: sistema integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) aos dois anos de cultivo, sendo amostrado em duas distâncias a 2,5 m do renque florestal (iLPF2,5) e a 10 m (iLPF10), Monocultivo florestal com Eucalipto (ME) com 2 anos de cultivo, sistema Santa Fé (SSF) e Mata Nativa como testemunha (MN) em quatro profundidades de solo. Os atributos avaliados foram carbono orgânico, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Os maiores teores de carbono orgânico foram encontrados nas camadas superficiais do solo, com redução em profundidade. Os tratamentos iLPF2,5, iLPF10 e SSF apresentaram melhores condições físicas de densidade e porosidade do solo do que o ME quando comparados à MN. Houve diferença de macro e microporosidade nas profundidades dos tratamentos, o iLPF2,5, SSF e MN apresentaram os maiores valores. Os renques de eucalipto no sistema iLPF e o Santa Fé melhoraram as condições de densidade e porosidade do solo, assim como o acúmulo de carbono orgânico. O Monocultivo florestal apresentou o menor acúmulo de carbono orgânico no solo e provocou impacto negativo à densidade do solo na camada 10-20 e 20-30 cm, entretanto, não apresentou perda de porosidade do solo
Resumo:
Na maioria dos solos cultivados intensivamente, tem-se observado degradacao, com drástica redução da produtividade e falta de resposta ao preparo do solo e ao uso de agroquimicos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de cultivo do solo sobre as propriedades físico-química e biológica do solo, foram selecionadas 06 propriedades agrícolas irrigadas, com sistemas de cultivo convencional e direto e realizadas análises químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo em diferentes profundidades. Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de camadas compactadas nas profundidades de 10 a 30 cm. Na maioria das áreas de plantio convencional, devido a este fator, ocorreu condições propícias a alta incidência de doenças e redução da população microbiana do solo. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros de solo são os melhores indicadores de impacto ambiental dos sistemas agrícolas irrigados. Esses mesmos parâmetros permitem concluir a existência de desequilíbrio biológico gerado pela agricultura convencional, levando a redução da produtividade e aumentando os custos de produção por unidade de área.
Resumo:
A Temperatura da Superfície Terrestre (TST), além de ser uma componente importante no balanço de energia na superfície, modula a temperatura do ar nas camadas mais baixas da atmosfera. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a variação da temperatura de superfície em Diferentes Usos e Cobertura do Solo na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós e seu Entorno. Utilizou-se sensores ?Thermal Infrared Sensor? dos satélites Ladsat 5 e 8 através dos ?softwares? PCI Geomatica 2015 e o QGis 2.8. Fez-se campanha de campo para obtenção de imagens termogéficas no infravermelho (câmera ThermoVision, modelo A320). Os resultados apontaram maior variabilidade espacial de TST em função da heterogeneidade do uso da terra como a agricultura anual, pecuária extensiva, dentre outros. Os resultados evidenciaram uma amplitude térmica de 13ºC na FNT+ZA. Em área de Floretas, vegetação secundária, pasto, agricultura anual as maiores variações térmicas (TST) chegaram a valores de 25ºC, 26ºC, 35ºC e 33ºC, respectivamente. A amplitude térmica na FNT foi de 5ºC e na Zona de Amortecimento de 20º, indicando perdas na cobertura vegetal, principalmente na porção nordeste da ZA. Nas áreas de proteção legal a variação de TST foi entre 19ºC a 29ºC. Conclui-se que na FLONA Tapajós a manutenção da cobertura florestal reduz as amplitudes térmicas. Por outro lado, as extensas áreas com pastagens e cultivos anuais na porção nordeste da FLONA apresentam as maiores variações espaciais da TST na Zona de Amortecimento que podem comprometer o microclima na FNT+ZA
Resumo:
Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.
Resumo:
The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.
Resumo:
This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.
Resumo:
The physical model was based on the method of Newton-Euler. The model was developed by using the scientific computer program Mathematica®. Several simulations where tried varying the progress speeds (0.69; 1.12; 1.48; 1.82 and 2.12 m s-1); soil profiles (sinoidal, ascending and descending ramp) and height of the profile (0.025 and 0.05 m) to obtain the normal force of soil reaction. After the initial simulations, the mechanism was optimized using the scientific computer program Matlab® having as criterion (function-objective) the minimization of the normal force of reaction of the profile (FN). The project variables were the lengths of the bars (L1y, L2, l3 and L4), height of the operation (L7), the initial length of the spring (Lmo) and the elastic constant of the spring (k t). The lack of robustness of the mechanism in relation to the variable height of the operation was outlined by using a spring with low rigidity and large length. The results demonstrated that the mechanism optimized showed better flotation performance in relation to the initial mechanism.
Resumo:
The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.
Resumo:
The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.
Resumo:
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a reliable method for in-situ measurements of the humidity and the solution concentration at the same soil volume. Accurate interpretation of electrical conductivity (and soil humidity) measurements may require a specific calibration curve. The primary goal of this work was to establish a calibration procedure for using TDR to estimate potassium nitrate concentrations (KNO3) in soil solution. An equation relating the electrical conductivity measured by TDR and KNO3 concentration was established enabling the use of TDR technique to estimate soil water content and nitrate concentration for efficient fertigation management.
Resumo:
This paper presents the behavior of three bored piles conducted in diabasic soil submitted to uplift forces. The piles were built at the site for Experimental Studies in Soil Mechanics and Foundations of UNICAMP, located in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Field tests have already been conducted at the site (SPT, CPT, DMT and PMT), as well as laboratory tests by using sample soils taken from a well up to 17 m deep. The water table is not checked until a depth of 17 m. In order to check the behavior of the piles when submitted to uplift forces, slow static load tests were carried out as the recommendations of NBR 12131. The carrying capacity of these piles was also provided by means of theoretical methods, appropriate for uplift forces, and through semi-empirical methods appropriate for compression forces, considering only the portion of lateral resistance. The values estimated by using the considered methods were compared to those obtained by means of load tests. One of the tested piles was extracted from the soil to be the subject of a study on its geometry.
Resumo:
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the splash erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity.
Resumo:
A escória siderúrgica é uma alternativa para a correção da acidez dos solos e é constituída de silicato de cálcio. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se os efeitos residuais da aplicação de silicato de cálcio nos atributos químicos do solo e da planta em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico com capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), sob intensidades de pastejo em lotação rotacionada. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com intensidades de pastejo avaliadas pelas ofertas diárias de forragem de 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg t-1 de MS por PV nas parcelas experimentais, enquanto a aplicação superficial de silicato de cálcio combinado com calcário dolomítico, respectivamente, nas doses 0 + 0; 2 + 0; 4 + 0; 6 + 0; 2 + 4; 4 + 2 e 0 + 6 t ha- 1 nas subparcelas com quatro repetições, duas épocas (verão e inverno) e avaliação em três profundidades do solo (0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm). Os atributos químicos do solo pH em CaCl2, Ca, Mg, K, H + Al e V, avaliados 720 dias após a aplicação, apresentaram resultados favoráveis do poder residual do silicato de Ca e do calcário. A oferta de forragem 200 kg t-1 e o tratamento somente com calcário dolomítico (0 + 6 t ha-1) elevaram o valor de pH em CaCl2 e o V, principalmente na camada de 0-10 cm. Os teores de Si no solo foram influenciados pelas doses aplicadas de silicato de Ca, apesar de não terem causado alterações significativas nos teores foliares de Si. A composição químico-bromatológica foi afetada somente pelas ofertas e épocas. As ofertas, épocas e a interação época x oferta resultaram em efeitos na produção de matéria seca no pré-pastejo, com maiores produções para a oferta 200 kg t-1 e menores para a de 50 kg t-1 nas duas épocas. O resíduo (pós-pastejo) foi influenciado pelas ofertas e épocas. As ofertas 50 e 100 kg t-1 e o tratamento com 2 t ha-1 de silicato de Ca promoveram as maiores taxas de acúmulo de matéria seca.
Resumo:
The vinasse, awaste produced in the proportion of 13 liters for each liter of alcohol. It has a high potential of polluting groundwater and superficial water resources, changes the soil behaviour and can also develop sanilization problems. This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of the DC-resistivity method in detecting and mapping anomalies caused by inappropriate disposal of vinasse in an inactive infiltration tank located at Sepé-Tiarajú settlement of landless agricultural laborers in the Ribeirão Preto region. Besides, as secondary goals, this work aims to characterize the type of anomaly residue as well as to diagnose its influence inside and outside of the limits of the tank. Eleven electrical resistivity tomography profiles were carried out with the dipole-dipole array, 10m of dipoles length and 5 leveis of investigation The geophysical survey enabled us to conclude that the DC-resistivity method is appropriate for mapping the contamination plume caused by intense vinasse disposal and its influence. It enabled also to conclude that the contamination exceeds the tank limits. The vinasse influence can be characterized by low resistivity values between 10 Ohm.m and 90 Ohm.m and its behavior can be compared with the one of the chorume, which is also conductive.
Resumo:
O lodo de esgoto doméstico é um resíduo gerado durante os processos de tratamento de esgoto, podendo ser estabilizado por diversos processos químicos, físicos e biológicos. O lodo de esgoto estabilizado (biossólido) não possui um destino final adequado e gera diversos problemas no sentido de sua disposição final. Dentre os muitos processos que visam à disposição do biossólido, destaca-se a reciclagem agrícola. A utilização da vermicompostagem como meio de estabilização do lodo de esgoto mostra-se como uma ferramenta útil na estabilização deste resíduo. O processo de vermicompostagem apresentou características físico-químicas satisfatórias para ser utilizado como técnica de estabilização do lodo de esgoto doméstico. O produto final apresentou potencial para ser utilizado na agricultura como fertilizante ou condicionador de solos.