Pumping systems: Design and energy efficiency

Pumping systems are widely used in many applications, including municipal water/wastewater services, domestic, commercial and agricultural services, and industrial processes. They are a very significant energy user and consume nearly 20% of the world’s electrical energy demand. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of pumping systems can provide great benefits in terms of energy, environment, and cost reduction. In this entry, an overview of pump classification with pros and cons of each type of pump is presented. The procedures used to design pumping systems are also outlined. This is then followed by a discussion on the opportunities for improving the energy efficiency of pumping systems during every stage of design, selection, operation, and maintenance.

Partial epilepsy syndrome in a Gypsy family linked to 5q31.3-q32

PURPOSE The restricted genetic diversity and homogeneous molecular basis of Mendelian disorders in isolated founder populations have rarely been explored in epilepsy research. Our long-term goal is to explore the genetic basis of epilepsies in one such population, the Gypsies. The aim of this report is the clinical and genetic characterization of a Gypsy family with a partial epilepsy syndrome. METHODS Clinical information was collected using semistructured interviews with affected subjects and informants. At least one interictal electroencephalography (EEG) recording was performed for each patient and previous data obtained from records. Neuroimaging included structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Linkage and haplotype analysis was performed using the Illumina IVb Linkage Panel, supplemented with highly informative microsatellites in linked regions and Affymetrix SNP 5.0 array data. RESULTS We observed an early-onset partial epilepsy syndrome with seizure semiology strongly suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), with mild intellectual deficit co-occurring in a large proportion of the patients. Psychiatric morbidity was common in the extended pedigree but did not cosegregate with epilepsy. Linkage analysis definitively excluded previously reported loci, and identified a novel locus on 5q31.3-q32 with an logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 3 corresponding to the expected maximum in this family. DISCUSSION The syndrome can be classified as familial temporal lobe epilepsy (FTLE) or possibly a new syndrome with mild intellectual deficit. The linked 5q region does not contain any ion channel-encoding genes and is thus likely to contribute new knowledge about epilepsy pathogenesis. Identification of the mutation in this family and in additional patients will define the full phenotypic spectrum.

A thermal molecular migration in the solid-state - structures of isomeric 5-amino-4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-nitrophenyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazole (yellow form i) and 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-nitroanilino)-2h-1,2,3-triazole (red form-ii), c14h9cl2n5o2

Yellow form (I): Mr= 350.09, monoclinic, P2Jn, Z--4, a=9.525(1), b=14.762(1), c= 11.268(1),/t, fl= 107.82 (1) o , V= 1508.3 A 3 , Din(flotation in aqueous KI)= 1.539 (2), D x= 1.541 (2) g cm -3, #(Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418 A) = 40.58 cm -~, F(000) = 712, T= 293 K, R = 8.8% for 2054 significant refections. Red form (II): Mr= 350.09, triclinic, Pi, Z=2, a=9.796(2), b= 10.750 (2), c= 7.421 (1)A, a= 95.29 (2), fl= 0108-2701/84/111901-05501.50 70.18 (1), y = 92-.76 (2) °, V= 731.9 A 3, Din(flotation in KI) = 1.585 (3), D x = 1.588 (3) g cm -3, ~t(Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418/~) = 40.58 cm -1, F(000) = 356, T=293 K, R = 5.8% for 1866 significant reflections. There are no unusual bond distances or angles. The triazole and two phenyl rings are planar. On the basis of packing considerations the possibility of intermolecular interactions playing a role in the reactivity of the starting material is ruled out.

Structure of the Monosodium Salt of D-Glucose 6-Hydrogenphosphate

Na+.C6HI209 P-, Mr=282.1, monoclinic, e2~, a=5-762(1), b=7.163(2), c=12.313(1)A, fl= 99.97 (1) °, U= 500.5 A 3, Z= 2, D m = 1.86, D x = 1.87 Mg m -s, Cu Ka, 2 = 1.5418 A, /a = 3-3 mm -1, F(000) = 292, T= 300 K, final R for 922 observed reflections is 0-042. The phosphate ester bond, P-O(6), is 1.575 (5)A, slightly shorter than the P~O bond in monopotassium phosphoenolpyruvate [1.612 (6) A] [Hosur & Viswamitra (1981). Acta Cryst. B37, 839-843]. The pyranose sugar ring takes a 4C 1 chair conformation. The conformation about the exocyclic C(5)-C(6) bond is gauche-trans. The endocyclic C-O bonds in the glucose ring are nearly equal with C(5)-O(5) = 1.435 (8) and C(1)-O(5) = 1.436 (9) A. The sodium ion has seven near neighbours within a distance of 2.9 A. The crystal structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the O atoms of symmetryrelated molecules.

Conformational flexibility in androgenic steroids - the structure of a new form of (+)-17-beta-hydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (19-nortestosterone), c18h26o2

The structure and conformation of a second crystalline modification of 19-nortestosterone has been determined by X-ray methods. M r = 274, monoclinic P2 l, a=9.755(2), b= 11.467(3), c= 14.196(3)/L fl=101.07(2) ° , V=1558.4 (8) A 3, Z=4, Ox= I. 168 g cm -3, Mo Ka, 2 = 0.7107 ,/k, ~ = 0.80 cm -l, F(000) = 600, T= 300 K. R = 0.060 for 2158 observed reflections. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit show significant differences in the A-ring conformation from that of the previously reported form of the title compound [Precigoux, Busetta, Courseille & Hospital (1975). Acta Cryst. B31, 1527-1532]. The l a,2fl-half-chair conformation of the A ring increases its conformational freedom compared with testosterone.

L-Arginyl-L-Glutamic Acid Dihydrate, C11h21n5o5.2h2o

M r = 339.35, monoclinic, P2 t, a = 11.028 (2), b=9.583 (2), c= 16.010 (2) A, fl= 96.57 (1) °, U= 1680.85 A 3, Z = 4, D m = 1.37, D x= 1.34 Mg m -3, Cu Ka, 2 = 1.54184 A, p = 0.85 mm -1, F(000)=728, T=300K, R=0.085 for 2845 diffractometer- measured reflections IF o > 3cr(Fo)]. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit have similar conformations except for a static disorder at the C ~ and C ~ positions in one of the glutamic-acid side chains. An interesting feature of the crystal structure is a pair of hydrogen bonds between the guanidinium and ycarboxylate groups of neighbouring molecules. This is the first such specific interaction observed between side chains of arginine and glutamic acid.

Polarized Ethylenes: Structure of 2-Benzoyl-3-dimethylamino-3-methylthlo-2-propenenitrile

C13H14N2OS, M r = 246, is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 7.214(1), b = 8.935(5), c = 20.243 (6) A, fl =99.42 (2) °, V = 1304.83 ,~3, Z = 4, D m = 1.23, D x =1.25 Mg m -3, p(Mo Ka, 2 = 0.7107 A) = 0.232 mm -~,F(000) = 520. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.042 using 1127 intensity measurements. The C=C and C-N bond distances differ considerably from their normal values. An appreciable rotation [38.3(4) °] about the C=C bond is observed, the bond length being 1.414(5)A.This is due to the combination of push-pull and steric effects.

Structure Of 5'-Deoxy-5',6-Epithio-5,6-Dihydro-2',3'-O-Isopropylideneuridine, C12h16n2o5s

Mr=300.33 , triclinic, P1, a=5.635 (2), b=11.077(2), c=11.582(2)A, a= 70.48 (1), fl= 88.16 (3), y=80.56(3) ° , V= 670.325 A3, Z=2, D x = 1.49 Mg m -3, Cu Ka, n= 1.54184 ,A, g = 2.308mm -1, F(000)=316, T=301K, R=0.054, R w = 0.093 for 1944 observed counter reflections. The sulphur position with respect to the dihydrouracil ring, which is of possible relevance to the action of thymidylate synthetase, is axial in molecule A and equatorial in B. Both molecules show the anti conformation about the glycosidic bond [torsion angle C(6)-N(1)-C(1')-O(4'), 2'CN = 21.6 (9) and 29.4 (10) °] and have the C(4')-endo, O(4')-exo (40T) sugar conformation. The dioxolane-ring conformation is O(2')-endo in A and C(7)-endo in B. The dihydrouracil rings show self base pairing with hydrogen bondsN(3A)...O(ZB) and N(3B)...O(ZA).

A polarized, twisted, ethylene: structure of methyl 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinylidene)-3-oxobutyrate dihydrate, C10H16N2O3.2H2O

Mr = 248, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.028 (2), b=7.168(2), c= 15.187(5)A, fl=91.88(2) °, Z= 4, V= 1308.6,~3, Din= 1.26, Dx= 1.263 Mgm -3, 2 (Cu Ka) = 1.5418 .A, g = 0.86 mm -1, F(000) = 536, T= 293 K. Final R = 5.6% for 2120 observed reflexions. Owing to the push-pull effect, the C=C bond distance is as long as 1.464 (2)/k with the twist angle about the bond 62.6.

Push-pull ethylenes: the structures of 3-(2-imidazolidinylidene)-2,4-pentanedione (I), C8H12N2O2, and 3-(1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinylidene)-2,4-pentanedione trihydrate (II), C10H16N2O2.3H2O

(I): Mr= 168, triclinic, P1, Z=2, a= 5.596 (2), b = 6.938 (3), c = 10.852 (4) A, ~t= 75.64 (3), fl= 93.44 (3), ),= 95.47 (3) °, V= 406.0A 3, Din= 1.35 (by flotation using carbon tetrachloride and n-hexane), D x= 1.374 Mg m -3, g(Mo Kct, 2 = 0.7107 A) = 1.08 cm -l, _F(000) = 180, T= 293 K. (II): Mr= 250, triclinic, P1, Z= 2, a = 7.731(2), b=8.580(2), c=11.033(3)A, a= 97-66 (2), fl= 98.86 (2), y= 101.78 (2) °, V= 697.5 A 3, D m = 1.18 (by flotation using KI solution), Dx= 1.190Mgm -3, g(MoKa, 2=0.7107A)= 1.02 cm -1, F(000) = 272, T= 293 K. Both structures were solved by direct methods and refined to R = 4.4% for 901 reflexions for (I) and 5.7% for 2001 reflexions for (II). The C=C bond distances are 1.451 (3) A in (I) and 1.468 (3)A in (II), quite significantly longer than the C=C bond in ethylene [1.336 (2).~; Bartell, Roth, Hollowell, Kuchitsu & Young (1965). J. Chem. Phys. 42, 2683-2686]. The twist angle about the C=C bond in (II) is 72.9 (5) ° but molecule (I) is essentially planar, the twist angle being only 4.9 (5) ° .

Complicated Presence : The Unity of Being in Parmenides and Heidegger

The attempt to refer meaningful reality as a whole to a unifying ultimate principle - the quest for the unity of Being - was one of the basic tendencies of Western philosophy from its beginnings in ancient Greece up to Hegel's absolute idealism. However, the different trends of contemporary philosophy tend to regard such a speculative metaphysical quest for unity as obsolete. This study addresses this contemporary situation on the basis of the work of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). Its methodological framework is Heidegger's phenomenological and hermeneutical approach to the history of philosophy. It seeks to understand, in terms of the metaphysical quest for unity, Heidegger's contrast between the first (Greek) beginning or "onset" (Anfang) of philosophy and another onset of thinking. This other onset is a possibility inherent in the contemporary situation in which, according to Heidegger, the metaphysical tradition has developed to its utmost limits and thereby come to an end. Part I is a detailed interpretation of the surviving fragments of the Poem of Parmenides of Elea (fl. c. 500 BC), an outstanding representative of the first philosophical beginning in Heidegger's sense. It is argued that the Poem is not a simple denial of apparent plurality and difference ("mortal acceptances," doxai) in favor of an extreme monism. Parmenides' point is rather to show in what sense the different instances of Being can be reduced to an absolute level of truth or evidence (aletheia), which is the unity of Being as such (to eon). What in prephilosophical human experience is accepted as being is referred to the source of its acceptability: intelligibility as such, the simple and undifferentiated presence to thinking that ultimately excludes unpresence and otherness. Part II interprets selected key texts from different stages in Heidegger's thinking in terms of the unity of Being. It argues that one aspect of Heidegger's sustained and gradually deepening philosophical quest was to think the unity of Being as singularity, as the instantaneous, context-specific, and differential unity of a temporally meaningful situation. In Being and Time (1927) Heidegger articulates the temporal situatedness of the human awareness of meaningful presence. His later work moves on to study the situational correlation between presence and the human awareness. Heidegger's "postmetaphysical" articulation seeks to show how presence becomes meaningful precisely as situated, in an event of differentiation from a multidimensional context of unpresence. In resigning itself to this irreducibly complicated and singular character of meaningful presence, philosophy also faces its own historically situated finitude. This resignation is an essential feature of Heidegger's "other onset" of thinking.

Hybrid game strategies for MO problems in aerospace design

Game strategies have been developed in past decades and used in the field of economics, engineering, computer science and biology due to their efficiency in solving design optimisation problems. In addition, research on Multi-Objective (MO) and Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) has focused on developing robust and efficient optimisation method to produce quality solutions with less computational time. In this paper, a new optimisation method Hybrid Game Strategy for MO problems is introduced and compared to CMA-ES based optimisation approach. Numerical results obtained from both optimisation methods are compared in terms of computational expense and model quality. The benefits of using Game-strategies are demonstrated.

X-ray Studies on Crystalline Complexes Involving Amino Acids and Peptides. XIII. Effect of Chirality on Molecular Aggregation: The Crystal Structures of L-Arginine D-Aspartate and L-Arginine D-Glutamate Trihydrate

The crystal structures of (1) L-arginine D-asparate, C6HIsN40~.C4H6NO4 [triclinic, P1, a=5.239(1), b=9.544(1), c=14.064(2)A, a=85"58(1), /3=88.73 (1), ~/=84.35 (1) °, Z=2] and (2) L-arginine D-glutamate trihydrate, C6H15N40~-.CsHsNO4.3H20 [monoclinic, P2~, a=9.968(2), b=4.652(1), c=19.930 (2) A, fl = 101.20 (1) °, Z = 2] have been determined using direct methods. They have been refined to R =0.042 and 0.048 for 2829 and 2035 unique reflections respectively [I>2cr(I)]. The conformations of the two arginine molecules in the aspartate complex are different from those observed so far in the crystal structures of arginine, its salts and complexes. In both complexes, the molecules are organized into double layers stacked along the longest axis. The core of each double layer consists of two parallel sheets made up of main-chain atoms, each involving both types of molecules. The hydrogen bonds within each sheet and those that interconnect the two sheets give rise to EL-, DD- and DE-type head-to-tail sequences. Adjacent double layers in (1) are held together by side-chain-side-chain interactions whereas those in (2) are interconnected through an extensive network of water molecules which interact with sidechain guanidyl and carboxylate groups. The aggregation pattern observed in the two LD complexes is fundamentally different from that found in the corresponding EL complexes.

A Multilevel Inverter with Hexagonal and 12-sided Polygonal Space Vector Structure for Induction Motor Drive

This paper proposes a multilevel inverter which produces hexagonal voltage space vector structure in lower modulation region and a 12-sided polygonal space vector structure in the over-modulation region. Normal conventional multilevel inverter produces 6n +/- 1 (n=odd) harmonics in the phase voltage during over-modulation and in the extreme square wave mode operation. However, this inverter produces a 12-sided polygonal space vector location leading to the elimination of 6n 1 (n=odd) harmonics in over-modulation region extending to a final 12-step mode operation. The inverter consists of three conventional cascaded two level inverters with asymmetric dc bus voltages. The switching frequency of individual inverters is kept low throughout the modulation index. In the low speed region, hexagonal space phasor based PWM scheme and in the higher modulation region, 12-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure is used. Experimental results presented in this paper shows that the proposed converter is suitable for high power applications because of low harmonic distortion and low switching losses.

En sjukdom af högst elakt släckte : Återfallsfebern på Sveaborg och i Karlskrona 1788-1790

Sommaren 1788 drabbades den svenska flottan av en svårartad febersjukdom. Febern, som senare definierats som febris recurrens el. återfallsfeber, hade sitt ursprung i den ryska flottan. Besättningen ombord skeppet Vladislav, krigsbytet från slaget vid Hogland, bar på ett stort antal smittade klädlöss. Efter flottans ankomst till Sveaborg spred sig sjukdomen snabbt bland manskapet, men även bland fästningens garnison. Förhållandena inom militären, både inom lantarmén och framför allt inom flottan, var gynnsamma för epidemiers spridning. De trånga utrymmena, den ensidiga kosten, det undermåliga dricksvattnet, den bristande hygienen: allt gynnade uppkomsten och spridningen av olika epidemier. Manskapets försämrade allmäntillstånd gjorde, att sjukdomarna blev mera förödande än vad de i andra förhållanden skulle ha varit. Bristen på manskap och material under Gustav III:s ryska krig var enormt, bl.a. var bristen på medicinsk personal och -utrustning skriande. Då flottan och armén drabbades av en epidemi av katastrofala dimensioner stod myndigheterna hjälplösa. Epidemin visaqr tydligt hur illa förberett hela kriget var och hur misskött flottans sjukvård var. På Sveaborg var förhållandena fruktansvärda. Halva garnisonen uppges ha avlidit, och det låg travar av lik överallt. Kaserner m.fl. byggnader adapterades till provisoriska lasarett och det rådde brist på allt. De medicinska myndigheterna representerades av den till fästningen skickade andra fältläkaren, som tillsammans med läkarna på fästningen gjorde sitt bästa i enlighet med tidens vårdmetoder. Då den svenska örlogsflottan i november seglat över tilll Karlskrona spred sig epidemin i staden. Sjukdomen grasserade också bland de civila. Då sjukdomens orsak och utbredningssätt var okända, kunde man varken hindra epidemin från att spridas eller genomföra adekvata vårdmetoder. Tvärtom, med de hemförlovade båtsmännen spred sig sjukdomen även till de övriga delarna av riket. Under 1789 var flottan p.g.a. de många sjukdomsfallen närmast operationsoduglig. Under vårvintern och våren 1790 avtog epidemin. Epidemin var ett svårt medicinskt problem. För att utreda situationen i Karlskrona skickade den tillförordnade regeringen, utredningskommissionen och Collegium medicum sina egna representanter till staden. De olika läkarnas sjukdomssyner grundade sig främst på tron om sjukdomars uppkomst genom miasma och förbättrandet av luftkvaliteten sågs som en väsentlig vårdform. I arbetet jämförs de olika myndigheternas och några av de på platsen varande läkarnas syn på sjukdomens art, dess orsaker och ursprung. De flesta härleder sjukdomen till den ryska flottan, och nämner någon form av smitta. Som främsta sjukdomsorsak nämns dock miasma och de rekommenderade vårdformerna representerade den humoralpatologiska synen. Förste amiralitetsläkaren Arvid Faxe representerar dock en annan åsikt, i det att han enbart tror på sjukdomens överföring via smitta. Epidemin var också ett politiskt problem. Epidemin var en lokal angelägenhet ända till dess att flottans operationer hämmades av manskapsbristen, varefter den blev ett ärende på högsta nivå. Kungen ingrep sommaren 1789 genom att grunda en kommision med rätt vidsträckta befogenheter. I Karlskrona verkar de militära myndigheterna och läkarna ha misstrott och skuldsatt varandra för katastrofen, och förhållandet mellan de till staden sända utredarna och militärerna var likaså inflammerat. Genom källorna återspeglas rivalitet, avund och inbördes konkurrens. Personalbristen var svår, och den skyldiga söktes utanför den egna kretsen. Den danskfödde apotekaren med sina påstott otjänliga mediciner blev en ypperlig syndabock. Örlogsflottan beräknas i sjukdomar ha förlorat omkring 10.000 man i döda, huvudsakligen i Karlskrona (civila inberäknade). Armén och Skärgårdsflottan uppges likadeles ha mist omkring 10.000 man, medan antalet i strid stupade armésoldater endast var ca 1500. Sammanlagt antas alltså ca 20.000 människor ha mist livet; både i återfallsfeber, men även i andra, samtidigt grasserande farsoter. I denna siffra är inte de övriga delarna av riket inberäknade. Epidemin i fråga kan alltså på goda grunder anses vara det svenska 1700-talets största medicinska katastrof.