Traditional Korean islanders encounters with the British navy in the 1880s: The Port Hamilton Affair of 1885-1887

This article deals with the encounters between a traditional Korean rural and island population and western military forces when the British navy occupied Geomundo, an archipelago known to them as Port Hamilton, for 22 months between 1885 and 1887. The paper first outlines the sometimes painful process of East Asian countries being opened up to trade and outside influences in the 19th century, a process sometimes urged upon them by naval weapons in this era of gunboat diplomacy. This provides the setting for the Port Hamilton Affair itself when in preparation for possible war with Russia, a British naval squadron steamed into Port Hamilton and took it without reference to the local people or their national government. After brief reference to the political consequences of this action, the focus is then on what the records from the occupation and earlier investigations by the British, who had long coveted the islands’ strategic harbour, reveal about the life of the islanders. The article considers both their traditional life, from a time rather before western travel accounts were written about the Korean mainland, and how the islanders fared under the British.

Pohjoisen politiikan jännitteitä: Analyysi Kanadan arktisen alueen politiikasta pääministeri Stephen Harperin aikakaudella 2006-2015

Maapallon pohjoinen arktinen alue on monien muutoksien äärellä. Ilmaston lämpenemisestä johtuvat muutokset alueen ympäristöön luovat myös kansainvälisoikeudellisia ja -poliittisia haasteita alueen valtioille. Jäämeren rantavaltiot ovat näiden haasteiden keskipisteessä. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee nimenomaan Kanadan arktisen alueen politiikkaa pääministeri Stephen Harperin aikakaudella 2006-2015. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää Kanadan arktisen politiikan lähtökohtia, painotuksia ja sitä, miksi Kanada käyttäytyy, miten se käyttäytyy arktisella alueellaan. Kanada on yksi vaikutusvaltaisimpia valtioita pohjoisella pallonpiirillä, jonka vuoksi sen politiikalla ja intresseillä alueen suhteen on suurta merkitystä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui pääministerin arktisesta alueesta pitämistä puheista vuosilta 2006-2015 eli koko pääministerikauden ajalta ja Kanadan hallinnon virallisista arktisista strategioista. Tutkimus toteutettiin tarkastelemalla pääministeri Harperin puheiden ja strategioiden diskurssikehyksiä. Diskurssikehys tarkoittaa tässä tutkimuksessa pohjimmiltaan vallankäyttöä, jolla voidaan määritellä, mihin diskurssi kytketään. Diskurssin kehystäminen luo potentiaalin tulevalle toiminnalle diskurssissa tapahtuneen asiakysymyksen määrittelyn ja kytkemisen avulla. Näin ollen diskurssikehyksiä tutkimalla pystyttiin tarkastelemaan Kanadan hallinnon poliittisia lähtökohtia ja painotuksia. Aineistosta havaittiin kuusi vuorovaikutteista diskurssikehystä. Lisäksi huomattiin selkeä ristiriita Harperin puheiden ja Kanadan virallisten arktisten asiakirjojen kehystämisen välillä. Harper painottaa puheissaan erityisesti suvereniteetin puolustusta, arktisen alueen kanadalaista läsnäoloa, arktisten luonnonvarojen hyödyntämistä taloudellisen kehityksen aikaansaamiseksi, arktisen alueen yleistä kehitystä ja Kanadan pohjoista identiteettiä. Sen sijaan Kanadan viralliset arktiset strategiat korostavat kansainvälisen yhteistyön tärkeyttä ensisijaisesti. Tutkimuksen avulla selvisi, että Kanada pyrkii lisäämään läsnäoloa arktisella alueella ja painottaa kansallisen suvereniteetin varjelemista, pyrkii kehittämään alueen hallintoa ja infrastruktuuria sekä pyrkii mahdollistamaan talouskasvua arktiselle alueelle erityisesti alueen luonnonvaroja hyödyntämällä. Samalla erityisesti Harper pyrkii tietoisesti rakentamaan kanadalaista pohjoista identiteettiä arktisen alueen politiikan perustaksi.

Stephen Frank: E-Learning und Kompetenzentwicklung. Ein unterrichtsorientiertes didaktisches Modell. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2012 (220 S.) [Rezension]

Rezension von: Stephen Frank: E-Learning und Kompetenzentwicklung. Ein unterrichtsorientiertes didaktisches Modell. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2012 (220 S.; ISBN 978-3-7815-1861-2)

Stephen Dedalus' Search for Identity in Catholic Ireland

The purpose of my research was to explore the interplay between religion and art in James Joyce’s novel, A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN. My aim was to trace the development of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus by analyzing how Catholicsim is an institution that forms him, yet must reject to realize his artistic potential. I researched Joyce’s background to gain an understanding of the exilic experience on the literature. Through the exilic lens, I realized that Catholicism was the predominant influence on Stephen’s need to embark on a self-imposed exile at the end of the novel. Complicating his decision is the fact that he does not stop believing in religious constructs such as heaven and hell. In conclusion I found by following his artistic longing, and turning away from the church he is committing a sin and, as a result, damning his soul.

“The Plant: Zenith Rising” di Stephen King. Proposta di traduzione e analisi

In questo elaborato viene proposta la traduzione di un capitolo di "The Plant", libro inedito di Stephen King. Vengono illustrati il procedimento, l'approccio alla traduzione e le sfide maggiori riscontrate nel testo originale con relativi esempi. All'inizio è presente anche un capitolo introduttivo sull'autore, con biografia, storia e trama del libro preso in questione, nonch�� una breve parentesi sui suoi traduttori italiani più famosi.

Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning : en internatskola för mindre bemedlade pojkar under perioden 1865-1885

Uppsatsen behandlar Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, en skola för pojkar som dessutom var Sveriges första internatskola. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka kriterier man hade på undervisningen på barnhusinrättningen från 1860-talets mitt och fram till mitten på 1880-talet samt vilka eleverna var som vistades där under den perioden. Detta görs utifrån frågeställningarna hur barnhusinrättningens stadgar såg ut under senare delen av 1800-talet, hur en kurs/läroplan under den aktuella tidsperioden såg ut och hur ämnena var fördelade, samt vilken bakgrund de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen under den aktuella tidsperioden kunde ha och vad de ägnade sig åt efter examen från skolan.För att kunna genomföra undersökningen användes tillgängligt arkivmaterial angående Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, framför allt på arkivet på Gustafsbergsstiftelsen men även på Bohusläns föreningsarkiv.Undersökningen visade att stadgan och kursplanen angav att eleverna skulle delas in i tre klasser, en nedre, en mellersta och en övre. Utifrån denna indelning placerades elever i åldrarna mellan 6-16 in, dock rådde särskilda krav på blivande elever som skulle bli antagna till skolan och likaså på intagna elever för att de skulle kunna examineras. Examinationerna kontrollerades utförligt. Undervisningen på skolan skulle motsvara det statliga läroverkets fem lägre klasser. Läroämnena som skulle ingå i undervisningen och dess fördelning är tydlig både i stadgan och i kursplanerna. Ämnena skulle fördelas på 32 timmar i veckan, då tillkom ytterligare timmar för vidare studier vilket innebar ett ganska pressat schema. Diverse olika kriterier ställdes således på de olika klasserna, men också på lärarna vilka förväntades följa uppsatta riktlinjer för hur de skulle arbeta när det handlade om tidsfördelning bland klasserna och gällande olika ämnen. Kvaliteten på undervisningen och lärarna eftersträvades av skolan att h��lla h��g klass för att ge eleverna chans till vidare studier.Vilken bakgrund, och hemförh��llanden, de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen kom från blir tydlig med hjälp av barnhuslängden och ansökningar till barnhuset. Alla barnen hade gemensamt att de var fattiga och således kom från påvra förh��llanden, de var alla hemmah��rande i Bohuslän. Många gånger var det den enda lösningen de anh��riga kunde se för att ge barnet en chans till en framtid. Eleverna i undersökningen gick, i de allra flesta fallen, vidare till olika yrken som till exempel inom handel och kontor, länsman och sjöman. Vidare studier förekom också liksom emigrering till Amerika.

Vilka är det som stryker omkring? : En studie av lösdriveriet i Östersund 1885-1899

Uppsatsens syfte är att utifrån lösdrivarprotokoll från stadsfiskalen i Östersund att kartlägga och utforska lösdriveriet i Östersund under åren 1885-1899. Dessa protokoll har sammanställts för att kunna besvara frågor om lösdriveriets omfattning i staden, lösdrivarnas demografi, omständigheterna kring deras fasttagande och mantalsskrivningsort. Uppsatsens resultat har också, i en komparativ del, satts i relation till studier över lösdrivarsituationen i andra städer under den aktuella tiden, för att på så sätt jämföra Östersunds lösdriveri i förh��llande till andra delar av Sverige.Resultatet visar att totalt 304 fall av lösdriveri finns dokumenterat i Östersund under den aktuella tiden, och den största andelen anh��lls mellan åren 1889-1893. En stor majoritet av lösdrivarna var män, kvinnorna utgör endast 9 procent av Östersunds lösdrivare. Medelåldern var strax under 36 år och det vanligaste yrket var arbetare. Studien visar att den geografiska spridningen av lösdrivarna mantalsskrivningsort var stor och nästintill alla Sveriges län finns representerade.

La arquitectura residencial en El Real Sitio de El Pardo (1885 - 1965): Orígenes, tipos y configuración del trazado urbano

Tras la denominación de Real Sitio a mediados del siglo XVIII, bajo el reinado de Fernando VI, su sucesor Carlos III procedió a la incorporación a su Patrimonio de todos los Montes y Bosques de El Pardo. Comenzó entonces el proceso de planeamiento urbano y de construcción arquitectónica que finalizó en torno al año 1800. En lo sucesivo, no sólo se mantiene el curso de la conservación y consolidación de los edificios principales, sino que se realiza obra nueva de índole civil. Algunos edificios cambiaron de propiedad y de uso hasta que tras la Guerra Civil se procedió a la mayor transformación vivida por el Real Sitio. El intervalo que aquí se trata (1885 a 1965), no ha suscitado, en los estudios sobre El Pardo, atención suficiente al no acontecer obra nueva de carácter patrimonial ni ha sido objeto de análisis el trazado y la fisonomía del centro urbano residencial del pueblo que Carlos III configuró. Sin embargo se estima relevante analizar los cambios en la actividad residencial; en primer lugar porque coexiste con la arquitectura oficial y, por tanto, se entiende necesario un análisis global del conjunto y en segundo lugar porque facilita la comprensión sobre la imagen original de carácter histórico del conjunto de finales del siglo XVIII. Este marco temporal determina tres partes principales de estudio que estructuran la presente tesis, cuyas fechas establecen los intervalos históricos clave: Actuaciones sobre el núcleo urbano consolidado (1885-1931). Cese de la actividad constructiva (1931-1939). Propuestas regeneradoras y crecimiento acelerado (1939-1965). Dentro de ellos se establecen, a su vez, dos subcapítulos diferenciados con la finalidad de explicar los sucesos que pautaron los cambios trascendentales en la historia de El Pardo. En el estudio del estado de la cuestión se observa que en El Pardo, al igual que sucede en otros Reales Sitios, se investigan los edificios destacados como el Palacio, la Casita del Príncipe, la Casa de Oficios y la Casa de Infantes desde el punto de vista de su historia pero no desde la arquitectura ni de cómo esta afecta al desarrollo del trazado y por tanto al contexto urbano. Se manifiestan determinadas carencias de tratamiento gráfico que facilitarían la comprensión histórica mediante el análisis de la forma y cómo esta ha ido variando sustancialmente. El concepto de escala y orientación reordena el estudio, no sólo de estos edificios protagonistas sino de los que se entretejen a su alrededor y componen el conjunto histórico, lo cual aporta nuevas conclusiones al estado de la cuestión que aquí compete. El principal objetivo de la tesis es, por tanto, contribuir a la dimensión patrimonial mediante el estudio de la arquitectura residencial del pueblo de El Pardo y en cómo esta ha ido conformando y consolidando el entramado urbano original en torno a edificios de la realeza y corte. Analizar aquellos edificios que perduran, los que fueron reconstruidos, rehabilitados, y apuntar acontecimientos históricos que formularon la actual fisonomía. Sistematizar y reordenar sobre la traza actual los edificios que desaparecieron, nos da las pistas sobre las modificaciones en concepto de escala arquitectónica y urbana. El estudio de las fuentes y establecer una metodología de conexión de estas, ayuda a detectar dónde no se han dirigido aún los focos de interés así como las lagunas que han quedado por explorar con el fin de responder a nuevas hipótesis, conceder conclusiones y abrir otras líneas de investigación. Como conclusiones generales, la tesis aporta documentación nueva sobre el objeto de estudio, no solicitada, digitalizada o publicada con anterioridad. En ella se analizan los procesos de configuración, consolidación y transformación en el Real Sitio mediante la sistematización de estados comparativos. Con respecto al estudio de los diferentes contextos natural y urbano la tesis analiza cómo los accidentes naturales, el desarrollo de infraestructuras y el impulso de la agronomía afectaron a El Pardo a partir del siglo XIX, y estudia los procesos de configuración, consolidación y transformación en el Real Sitio mediante la sistematización de la documentación encontrada de manera gráfica y escrita. En relación al marco patrimonial arquitectónico, la tesis analiza los procesos edificatorios históricos. Se estudian, a su vez, cambios de ocupación o uso que derivaron en reformas, ampliaciones, obras de nueva planta e incluso en derribos, así como los proyectos no materializados o que se llevaron a cabo de manera parcial. Con respecto al análisis del momento histórico, la tesis analiza las posibles afectaciones, políticas, sociales y económicas en las etapas de Monarquía, Segunda República, Guerra Civil y Posguerra. Por último, la tesis abre cuatro vías de investigación (que ya se han tratado y avanzado en parte pero que escapan a los límites de este trabajo) que pueden plantear nuevas hipótesis, reportando así respuestas sobre objetos de estudio complementarios y paralelos al presente. Estas refieren a análisis más concretos sobre El Palacio Real de El Pardo y la Casa de Oficios, el Camino Real de Madrid a El Pardo desde la Puerta de Hierro, los cuarteles, puertas y portilleras del Monte de El Pardo y los proyectos desarrollados por el arquitecto Diego Méndez en los Reales Sitios para el Patrimonio Nacional. ABSTRACT Following the Royal Site denomination being granted in the mid-18th Century, during the reign of Ferdinand VI, his successor Charles III proceeded to include all the Forests and Woodlands of El Pardo in his heritage. That then gave rise to the process of town planning and architectural construction that was completed around 1800. Thereafter, not only the process of conservation and consolidation of the main buildings has been maintained, but new civil engineering works have also been carried out. Some buildings changed ownership and use until, after the Civil War, the greatest transformation experienced by the Royal Site was undertaken. The time frame this paper concerns (1885 to 1965), has not attracted sufficient attention in studies of El Pardo due to there having been no new works with heritage status, nor has there been an analysis of the layout and external appearance of the residential centre in the town once conceived by Charles III. However, it is considered relevant to analyse the changes in residential activity, firstly, because it coexists with the official architecture and, thus, it is considered necessary to perform a global analysis of the complex and, secondly, because it facilitates a historical understanding of the original appearance of the complex at the end of the 18th Century. This time framework defines three main parts of the study that provide the structure of this thesis, the dates of which establish the key historical time frames: Actions in the consolidated town centre (1885-1931). Cessation of construction works (1931-1939). Proposals of regeneration and accelerated growth (1939-1965). Two distinct sub-chapters are also established within these, in order to explain the events that marked the transcendental changes in the history of El Pardo. When studying the subject matter, it is noted that in El Pardo, as is the case in other Royal Sites, outstanding buildings such as the Palace, the Prince's Cottage, the Trades House and the Infantes House are usually researched strictly from the point of view of their history, but not from an architectural perspective, nor analysing how that affects the development of the site layout and thus the urban area. Specific shortcomings are evident in the graphic treatment that would have otherwise facilitated a historical understanding through the analysis of the shape and the way it has gradually undergone substantial variation. The concept of scale and orientation reorganises the study, not only of these key buildings, but also of those that are woven around them and make up the historic complex, allowing entirely new conclusions concerning the subject matter analysed herein. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to outline our heritage through the study of the residential architecture of the town of El Pardo and the analysis of the way the original town has been built up and consolidated around the buildings erected by royalty and the court; to analyse the buildings that still remain, those that were rebuilt, refurbished, and to note historic events that shaped its current appearance. To this end, a systematic classification and reorganisation on the current urban layout of the buildings that have disappeared will give us the key to understand changes in the concept of architectural and urban scale. Studying the sources and establishing a methodology to connect them will help us detect those areas where the focus of interest has not concentrated yet, and will also reveal the gaps that remain unexplored, in order to respond to new hypotheses, reach new conclusions and open up new lines of research. As general conclusions, this thesis provides new documentation on the subject matter that had not been requested, digitized or published before. There we find an analysis of the processes of configuration, consolidation and transformation of the Royal Site through a systematic classification of comparative states. With regard to the study of the multiple natural and urban environments, this thesis analyses the way natural features, development of infrastructures and agricultural driving forces affected El Pardo as of the 19th Century, and it studies the processes of configuration, consolidation and transformation of the Royal Site by systematically classifying the documentation found in graphic and written documents. In relation to the architectural heritage framework, this thesis analyses historical building processes. Likewise, a study is also performed on the changes in land occupation or use that led to reforms, extensions, new buildings and even to demolitions, as well as on unrealized projects, or even on those that were partially implemented. As for the analysis of the historical time period, this thesis assesses the potential political, social and economic effects of the Monarchy, Second Republic, Civil War and Post-War Periods. Finally, this thesis opens up four lines of investigation (that have already been discussed and partially advanced, but which fall beyond the scope of this work) that could pose new hypotheses, thus giving answer to other subject matters parallel and complementary to the one assessed herein. These refer to more specific analyses of El Palacio Real de El Pardo (Royal Palace of El Pardo) and the Casa de Oficios (Trades House), the Royal Highway from Madrid to El Pardo from Puerta de Hierro, the barracks, gates and entrances to estates in the Woodlands of El Pardo and the projects developed on the Royal Sites by the architect Diego Méndez for the National Heritage.

RECONHECENDO-SE SEM-RELIGIÃO NAS PERIFERIAS DA CIDADE: LIBERDADE COMPARTILHADA COMO RESISTÊNCIA

Reconhecendo, a partir da constatação empírica, a multiplicidade de escolhas de crenças no Mundo e em particular na periferia urbana paulistana, reconhecemos, também, a emergência criativa de novas possibilidades de crer e não crer. Tal amplitude não apenas aponta para o crer (segundo as ofertas de um sem número de religiões) e o não crer (ateu e agnóstico), mas para uma escolha que poderia vir a ser silenciada e esquecida, neste binômio arcaico e obsoleto, quando alguém se dá à liberdade crer sem ter religião. Reconhecer interessadamente os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas paulistanas é dar-se conta das violências a que estes indivíduos estão submetidos: violência econômica, violência da cidadania (vulnerabilidade) e proveniente da armas (grupos x Estado). Tanto quanto a violência do esquecimento e silenciamento. A concomitância espaço-temporal dos sem-religião nas periferias, levou-nos buscar referências em teorias de secularização e de laicidade, e, a partir destas, traçar uma história do poder violento, cuja pretensão é a inelutabilidade, enquanto suas fissuras são abertas em espaços de resistências. A história da legitimação do poder que se quer único, soberano, de caráter universal, enquanto fragmenta a sociedade em indivíduos atomizados, fragilizando vínculos horizontais, e a dos surgimentos de resistências não violentas questionadoras da totalidade trágica, ao reconhecer a liberdade de ser com autonomia, enquanto se volta para a produção de partilha de bens comuns. Propomos reconhecer a igual liberdade de ser (expressa na crença da filiação divina) e de partilhar o bem comum em reconhecimentos mútuos (expressa pela ação social), uma expressão de resistência não violenta ao poder que requer a igual abdicação da liberdade pela via da fragmentação individualizante e submissão inquestionável à ordem totalizante. Os sem-religião nas periferias urbanas, nossos contemporâneos, partilhariam uma tal resistência, ao longo da história, com as melissas gregas, os profetas messiânicos hebreus, os hereges cristãos e os ateus modernos, cuja pretensão não é o poder, mas a partilha igual da liberdade e dos bens comuns. Estes laicos, de fato, seriam agentes de resistências de reconhecimento mútuos, em espaços de multiplicidade crescente, ao poder violento real na história.

Manuscript copy of the book of Harvard, 1767

The pamphlet-sized manuscript includes "The Book of Harvard" signed "Joseph Cummings, scriptis, Janr 7th 1767," an untitled two-page essay beginning, "Wisdom is ye Crown of life" and ending "Draught of Knowledge, let us with a laudable ambition, strive to excel each other in an ardent pursuit of Learning, then shall we raise to ourselves a monument of honest fame, which shall perish only in ye general wreak of nature," and on the last page, "An Accrostick" beginning "Jangling & Discord are thy Souls delight" and spelling out JAMES MITCHEL VARNUM dated July 3, 1767 and signed "The 3d edition revised & improved by Gove & Fogg."

Notes on cases in Barnstable County, 1791

Pamphlet containing notes on various cases, including a case "for not delivering goods put on board the defendant's vessel" and another "for concealing a pregnancy."

Notes on cases in Great Barrington, 1783

Athead of first page "Great Barrington Oct. term 1783". Notes on various cases, including cases of trespass, assault and battery, debt, and attempt to prevent the service of a warrant.

Letters from John Hubbard Church to William Jenks, 1795-1798

John Hubbard Church wrote these twelve letters to his friend and classmate William Jenks between 1795 and 1798. Church wrote the letters from Boston, Rutland, Cambridge, and Chatham in Massachusetts and from Somers, Connecticut; they were sent to Jenks in Cambridge and Boston, where for a time he worked as an usher in Mr. Vinall's school and Mr. Webb's school. Church's letters touch on various subjects, ranging from his increased interest in theology and his theological studies under Charles Backus to his seasickness during a sailing voyage to Cape Cod. Church also informs Jenks of what he is reading, including works by John Locke, P. Brydone, James Beattie, John Gillies, Plutarch, and Alexander Pope. He describes his work teaching that children of the Sears family in Chatham, Massachusetts, where he appears to have spent a significant amount of time between 1795 and 1797. Church's letters are at times very personal, and he often expresses great affection for Jenks and their friendship.