Raster grids detailing the benthic environment of South Georgia

This dataset contains raster grids in GeoTIFF format describing the benthic environment of South Georgia. The data include topographic layers that are directly calculated from a bathymetry grid (Slope, Aspect, Roughness, Slope, Terrain Ruggedness Index, Topographic Position Index). A benthic classification of the area is included, based on topographic layers. Also included are sea-bed environmental layers that are interpolated from global three dimensional grids (Alkalinity, Apparent Oxygen Utilisation, Omega Aragonite, Omega Calcite, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, pH, Phosphate, Salinity, Silicate, Temperature, and Total CO2). These layers were used to construct a habitat suitability model for Octocorallia. The geographic extent is 43°57'56.65"W - 33°45'38.19"W and 52°47'29.50"S - 56° 9'11.03"S. The spatial resolution is 150m x 150m (except for benthic classification wihch is 450m x 450m). The map projection is EPSG:3762.

Global raster maps indicating the habitat suitability for 7 suborders of cold water octocorals (Octocorallia found deeper than 50m)

This dataset consists of global raster maps indicating the habitat suitability for 7 suborders of cold water octocorals (Octocorallia found deeper than 50m). Maps present a relative habitat suitability index ranging from 0 (unsuitable) to 100 (highly suitable). Two maps are provided for each suborder (Alcyoniina, Calcaxonia, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, Sessiliflorae, Stolonifera, and Subselliflorae). A publicly accessable low resolution map (grid size 10x10 arc-minutes) and a restricted access high resolution map (grid size 30x30 arc-seconds). Maps are geotiff format incorporating LZW compression to reduce file size. Please contact the corresponding author (Chris Yesson) for access to the high resolution data.

Global habitat suitability of deep-water Antipatharia

Antipatharia are a diverse group of corals with many species found in deep water. Many Antipatharia are habitat for associates, have extreme longevity and some species can occur beyond 8500 m depth. As they are major constituents of 'coral gardens', which are Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs), knowledge of their distribution and environmental requirements is an important pre-requisite for informed conservation planning particularly where the expense and difficulty of deep-sea sampling prohibits comprehensive surveys. This study uses a global database of Antipatharia distribution data to perform habitat suitability modelling using the Maxent methodology to estimate the global extent of black coral habitat suitability. The model of habitat suitability is driven by temperature but there is notable influence from other variables of topography, surface productivity and oxygen levels. This model can be used to predict areas of suitable habitat, which can be useful for conservation planning. The global distribution of Antipatharia habitat suitability shows a marked contrast with the distribution of specimen observations, indicating that many potentially suitable areas have not been sampled, and that sampling effort has been disproportionate to shallow, accessible areas inside marine protected areas (MPAs). Although 25% of Antipatharia observations are located in MPAs, only 7-8% of predicted suitable habitat is protected, which is short of the Convention on Biological Diversity target to protect 10% of ocean habitats by 2020.

Raster grids detailing habitat suitability for Lophelia pertusa reefs in the Irish continental margin

This dataset contains raster grids in GeoTIFF format describing the habitat suitability for living Lophelia pertusa reefs in the Irish continental margin (extended continental shelf claim). The habitat suitability map is given in continuous and binary (based on the 10th percentile threshold) format. The geographic extent is 25°53.801'W - 6°42.401'W and 46°45.033'N - 57°27.033'N. The spatial resolution is 0.01°x0.01°. The map projection is WGS 1984.

Water chemistry and heat budget of the Churchill River estuary region

A conceptual scheme for the transition from winter to spring is developed for a small Arctic estuary (Churchill River, Hudson Bay) using hydrological, meteorological and oceanographic data together with models of the landfast ice. Observations within the Churchill River estuary and away from the direct influence of the river plume (Button Bay), between March and May 2005, show that both sea ice (production and melt) and river water influence the region's freshwater budget. In Button Bay, ice production in the flaw lead or polynya of NW Hudson Bay result in salinization through winter until the end of March, followed by a gradual freshening of the water column through April-May. In the Churchill Estuary, conditions varied abruptly throughout winter-spring depending on the physical interaction among river discharge, the seasonal landfast ice, and the rubble zone along the seaward margin of the landfast ice. Until late May, the rubble zone partially impounded river discharge, influencing the surface salinity, stratification, flushing time, and distribution and abundance of nutrients in the estuary. The river discharge, in turn, advanced and enhanced sea ice ablation in the estuary by delivering sensible heat. Weak stratification, the supply of riverine nitrogen and silicate, and a relatively long flushing time (~6 days) in the period preceding melt may have briefly favoured phytoplankton production in the estuary when conditions were still poor in the surrounding coastal environment. However, in late May, the peak flow and breakdown of the ice-rubble zone around the estuary brought abrupt changes, including increased stratification and turbidity, reduced marine and freshwater nutrient supply, a shorter flushing time, and the release of the freshwater pool into the interior ocean. These conditions suppressed phytoplankton productivity while enhancing the inventory of particulate organic matter delivered by the river. The physical and biological changes observed in this study highlight the variability and instability of small frozen estuaries during winter-spring transition, which implies sensitivity to climate change.

Cenozoic benthic foraminifers from ODP Leg 134 holes

This paper discusses the Paleobathymetric and paleoenvironmental history of the New Hebrides Island Arc and North d'Entrecasteaux Ridge during Cenozoic time based on benthic foraminiferal and sedimentological data. Oligocene and Pliocene to Pleistocene benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Sites 827, 828, 829, and 832 of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 134 (Vanuatu) are examined by means of Q-mode factor analysis. The results of this analysis recognize the following bathymetrically significant benthic foraminiferal biofacies: (1) Globocassidulina subglobosa biofacies and Bulimina aculeata-Bolivinita quadrilatera biofacies representing the upper bathyal zone (600-1500 m); (2) Gavelinopsis praegeri-Cibicides wuellerstorfi biofacies, indicating the Pacific Intermediate Water (water depth between 1500 and 2400 m); (3) Tosaia hanzawai-Globocassidulina muloccensis biofacies, Valvulineria gunjii biofacies, and the Melonis barleeanus-Melonis sphaeroides biofacies, which characterize the lower bathyal zone; (4) the Nuttallides umbonifera biofacies, which characterizes the interval between the lysocline (approximately 3500 m) and the carbonate compensation depth (approximately 4500 m); and (5) the Rhabdammina abyssorum biofacies representing the abyssal zone below the carbonate compensation depth. Benthic foraminiferal patterns are used to construct Paleobathymetric and paleogeographic profiles of the New Hebrides Island Arc and North d'Entrecasteaux Ridge for the following age boundaries: late Miocene/Pliocene, early/late Pliocene, Pliocene/Pleistocene, and Pleistocene/Holocene.

Resilience to temperature and pH changes in a future climate change scenario in six strains of the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus

The effects of ocean acidification and increased temperature on physiology of six strains of the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus from Greenland were investigated. Experiments were performed under manipulated pH levels (8.0, 7.7, 7.4, and 7.1) and different temperatures (1, 5, and 8 °C) to simulate changes from present to plausible future levels. Each of the 12 scenarios was run for 7 days, and a significant interaction between temperature and pH on growth was detected. By combining increased temperature and acidification, the two factors counterbalanced each other, and therefore no effect on the growth rates was found. However, the growth rates increased with elevated temperatures by 20-50% depending on the strain. In addition, a general negative effect of increasing acidification on growth was observed. At pH 7.7 and 7.4, the growth response varied considerably among strains. However, a more uniform response was detected at pH 7.1 with most of the strains exhibiting reduced growth rates by 20-37% compared to pH 8.0. It should be emphasized that a significant interaction between temperature and pH was found, meaning that the combination of the two parameters affected growth differently than when considering one at a time. Based on these results, we anticipate that the polar diatom F. cylindrus will be unaffected by changes in temperature and pH within the range expected by the end of the century. In each simulated scenario, the variation in growth rates among the strains was larger than the variation observed due to the whole range of changes in either pH or temperature. Climate change may therefore not affect the species as such, but may lead to changes in the population structure of the species, with the strains exhibiting high phenotypic plasticity, in terms of temperature and pH tolerance towards future conditions, dominating the population.

Occurrence (presence-only) of living Lophelia pertusa reefs in the Irish continental margin

The present data set was used as a training set for a Habitat Suitability Model. It contains occurrence (presence-only) of living Lophelia pertusa reefs in the Irish continental margin, which were assembled from databases, cruise reports and publications. A total of 4423 records were inspected and quality assessed to ensure that they (1) represented confirmed living L. pertusa reefs (so excluding 2900 records of dead and isolated coral colony records); (2) were derived from sampling equipment that allows for accurate (<200 m) geo-referencing (so excluding 620 records derived mainly from trawling and dredging activities); and (3) were not duplicated. A total of 245 occurrences were retained for the analysis. Coral observations are highly clustered in regions targeted by research expeditions, which might lead to falsely inflated model evaluation measures (Veloz, 2009). Therefore, we coarsened the distribution data by deleting all but one record within grid cells of 0.02° resolution (Davies & Guinotte 2011). The remaining 53 points were subject to a spatial cross-validation process: a random presence point was chosen, grouped with its 12 closest neighbour presence points based on Euclidean distance and withheld from model training. This process was repeated for all records, resulting in 53 replicates of spatially non-overlapping sets of test (n=13) and training (n=40) data. The final 53 occurrence records were used for model training.

国際協力の罪と罰：買わない日本人

会社でも学校でも結果を問われる時代になった。会社では賃金のうち年功序列的部分が縮小され、業績給部分の割合が増えている。大学生の成績も、以前より明確な基準を用いて、学生の間に明白な差をつけて採点することが要求されるようになってきている。これまでは努力を含めて「何をどれだけ投入したか」が基準として重視されていたのに対して、最近は「何をどれだけ実現したか」という成果が重視されるようになってきている。（以下略）

Procedimiento de diseño acústico y eletroacústico de sistemas tipo

El presente proyecto propone la creación de un procedimiento y metodología para el diseño de salas y sistemas electroacústicos basados en el software EASE. La sala tipo elegida para el diseño será una sala de cine bajo las premisas de DOLBY Digital. Los sistemas electroacústicos modelo serán: • Sistema distribuido tanto en malla cuadrada como hexagonal • Sistemas centralizados basados en agrupaciones, tanto lineales como circulares. Se establecerán los pasos básicos imprescindibles para el diseño de los sistemas descritos de forma que, con la ayuda de este tutorial y los medios didácticos adjuntos al mismo, se puedan acometer paso a paso las distintas fases de diseño, cálculo y análisis de los mismos. Como metodología de trabajo se acometerá el proceso de diseño de un ejemplo de cada tipo sobre el que se describirán todos los pasos, posibilidades de diseño y cálculo de los mismos. Los puntos de estudio serán: • Diseño de una sala de Cine ◦Importación de los Ficheros Autocad del cine a EASE ◦Dibujo del recinto en EASE ◦Inserción de materiales ◦Cálculo del tiempo de reverberación en función del volumen de la sala ◦Ajuste del tiempo de reverberación ◦Elección de altavoces para la sonorización ◦Comprobación de la uniformidad de campo sonoro en todos los canales ◦Comprobación de los niveles de pico y total por canal ◦Ecualización de la sala según la curva X (ISO-2969) ◦Inclusión de la Pantalla en la curva de ecualización ◦Estudios psicoacústico de la sala. Retardos ◦Inteligibilidad ◦Diagrama de bloques • Diseño de un sistema distribuido ◦Estudio de los diferentes tipos de solapamientos ▪Borde con Borde ▪Solapamiento mínimo ▪Centro con Centro ◦Estudio de los diferente tipos de mallas ▪Cuadrada ▪Hexagonal • Diseño de un sistema Centralizado ◦Sistemas centralizados tipo Linear Array ◦Sistemas centralizados tipo Circular Array Así mismo se estudiarán las diferentes posibilidades dentro de la suite EASE, incluyendo las versiones gratuitas del mismo EASE ADDRESS (sistemas distribuidos) y FOCUS II (sistemas centralizados), comparando sus posibilidades con los módulos comerciales equivalentes de EASE y las herramientas añadidas del mismo EARS (software para la auralización biaural) y AURA (utilidad de análisis extendido). ABSTRACT This project proposes the creation of a procedure and methodology for the design of rooms and electroacoustic systems based on EASE software. The room chosen as example design is a cinema under DOLBY Digital premises. Electroacoustic systems chosen as example are: • Distributed both square and hexagonal mesh • Centralized systems based on clusters, both linear and circular. It will be established the basic essential steps for the design of the systems described so, with this tutorial and attached teaching aids, could be undertaken the various stages of design, calculation and analysis. As a working methodology, the process design of an example will be described of each system on which all the steps described, design possibilities and calculation will be shown. The main points are: • Design of a cinema • Importing Autocad Files in EASE • Drawing with EASE • Materials insertion • Reverberation time based on the room volume • Adjusting reverberation time • Choosing speakers • Checking sound field uniformity in all channels • Checking peak levels and total level per each channel • Room equalization using X curve (ISO-2969) • Adding screen in the EQ • Psychoacoustic. Delays • Intelligibility • Block diagram • Design of a distributed system • Study of the different types of overlap o Edge to Edge o Minimum Overlap o Center to Center • Study of different types of mesh • Square • Hex • Centralized System Design • Centralized systems. Linear Array • Centralized systems. Circular Array It also will explore the different possibilities within the EASE suite, including the free versions of the same EASE ADDRESS (distributed systems) and FOCUS II (centralized), comparing its potential with commercial equivalents EASE modules and added tools EARS (software for biaural auralization) and AURA (utility extended analysis).