Contractual Difficulties in Environmental Management and the Protection of Biodiversity: The Case of Conservation and Mitigation Banking

This paper offers a principal-agent model of feasible private contracting in mitigation and conservation banking aimed at the protection of natural habitat and bio-diversity of US wetlands and uplands. It is shown that while it is straightforward to design an incentive contract, such a contract may not achieve the federally mandated objective of no net loss of habitat. This is because the minimum payment required as an economic incentive to private agents may be greater than what they should receive for the habitat values that they actually created in the field. This possible problem is shown to derive from nonconvexity in the production possibility set between the biological value of land as natural habitat and in non-habitat uses such as in urban development. The paper concludes with a consideration of several institutional devises that may promote the convergence of private contracting and the attainment of no net loss. These include the payment of subsidies, greater accuracy in the identification of actual quality by the principal, and the use of several incentive alignment devises.

Physician and patient determinants of the treatment of sleep difficulties in U.S. outpatient settings

The prevalence of sleep difficulties among the patients seen in the primary care settings is about 30%. This problem increases with age and is more common among females than males. Variations are noticed in prescription choices for different patients with sleep difficulties. Many factors affect a physician's prescription decision while chosen from a wide array of available medications. Both pharmacological and behavioral therapies are available for the treatment of sleep difficulties. It is important to know the impact of use of different types of prescriptions on health outcomes related to sleep difficulties. Thus the knowledge of prescription patterns among different types of patients (e.g. age, gender, race, insurance type etc.) becomes important for determining a clinical guideline. This study is designed to assist in evidence-based policymaking on understanding the variations in physician prescriptions for sleep difficulties and reasons for such variations. ^ A modified version of the model suggested by Eisenberg was used as a theoretical framework for this study to predict the factors influencing treatment of sleep difficulties. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to analyze the 1996–2001 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. ^ This study found that increased age, female gender, white race, established patients, and mental comorbidity were associated with significantly increased likelihood for prescription of some type of therapy for sleep difficulties in US outpatient settings. Patients with private insurance were associated with lower likelihood of receipt of many therapies. Psychiatrists were more likely to prescribe some kind of treatment as well as more expensive therapies for sleep difficulty as compared to other physician specialties. HMO enrolled patient visits were more likely to be associated with receipt of behavioral therapy. This study also found that 32% of patients with sleep difficulties received no type of therapy during their visits. Only 5% of the patients received behavioral therapy only. Almost three-quarters of the patients receiving some kind of medication prescription were prescribed benzodiazepines. The study results also suggest a need for wider coverage of behavioral therapy by payers in US outpatient settings. ^

Expanding Learning Time in Schools: Considering the Challenges of Implementation and the Potential Impact

Considering the broader context of school reform that is seeking education strategies that might deliver substantial impact, this article examines four questions related to the policy and practice of expanding learning time: (a) why do educators find the standard American school calendar insufficient to meet students’ educational needs, especially those of disadvantaged students? (b) how do educators implement a longer day and/or year, addressing concerns about both educational quality and costs? (c) what does research report about outcomes of expanding time in schools? and (d) what are the future prospects for increasing the number of expanded-time schools? The paper examines these questions by considering research, policy, and practice at the national level and, throughout, by drawing upon additional evidence from Massachusetts, one of the leading states in the expanded-time movement. In considering the latter two questions, the article explores the knowns and unknowns related to expanded learning time and offers suggestions for further research.

Commentary on "Expanded Learning Time in Schools"

As co-founder of KIPP, I know from experience and research that more time in school works. A well-designed extended-time program can help underserved students catch up academically, and prepare them for the rigors of higher education. Implementing extended time more widely poses challenges, but there are also creative solutions to these challenges.

TRIM24-REGULATED ESTROGEN RESPONSE IS DEPENDENT ON SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN BREAST CANCER CELLS

In this dissertation, I discovered that function of TRIM24 as a co-activator of ERα-mediated transcriptional activation is dependent on specific histone modifications in tumorigenic human breast cancer-derived MCF7 cells. In the first part, I proved that TRIM24-PHD finger domain, which recognizes unmethylated histone H3 lysine K4 (H3K4me0), is critical for ERα-regulated transcription. Therefore, when LSD1-mediated demethylation of H3K4 is inhibited, activation of TRIM24-regulated ERα target genes is greatly impaired. Importantly, I demonstrated that TRIM24 and LSD1 are cyclically recruited to estrogen responsive elements (EREs) in a time-dependent manner upon estrogen induction, and depletion of their expression exert corresponding time-dependent effect on target gene activation. I also identified that phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine T6 disrupts TRIM24 from binding to the chromatin and from activating ERα-regulated targets. In the second part, I revealed that TRIM24 depletion has additive effect to LSD1 inhibitor- and Tamoxifen-mediated reduction in survival and proliferation in breast cancer cells.

Desempeño en lectura y escritura en la Escolaridad Primaria Básica

Este trabajo ha tenido como objetivo examinar el desempeño en lectura y escritura de niños que asisten a instituciones escolares primarias de la ciudad de La Plata. Su interés radica en la importancia que adquiere alcanzar niveles competentes de alfabetización para responder a las demandas de la sociedad actual y en la consideración de los altos índices de dificultades que se informan al respecto. Se evaluaron 90 niños argentinos de 1ro. a 6to. año con pruebas estandarizadas de lectura y escritura. Los resultados más relevantes informan una progresión significativa en las puntuaciones promedio según tramo escolar, siendo superior el desempeño en lectura que en escritura. No obstante, se encontró un porcentaje de niños con dificultades en lectura y escritura que persistió durante toda la escolaridad primaria. Adicionalmente, al comparar el desempeño de dos subgrupos caracterizados por indicadores sociodemográficos, se hallaron diferencias significativas en las variables examinadas (particularmente, en la escritura de palabras) a favor del grupo de nivel medio en los diferentes tramos escolares considerados. La presencia de un porcentaje considerable de niños que presentan dificultades, y que en ocasiones no son detectadas en la escuela, conduce a la necesidad de evaluaciones específicas y estrategias de intervención adecuadas que permitan promover los conocimientos y las habilidades necesarios para responder exitosamente a las demandas actuales de la sociedad

Desempeño en lectura y escritura en la Escolaridad Primaria Básica

Este trabajo ha tenido como objetivo examinar el desempeño en lectura y escritura de niños que asisten a instituciones escolares primarias de la ciudad de La Plata. Su interés radica en la importancia que adquiere alcanzar niveles competentes de alfabetización para responder a las demandas de la sociedad actual y en la consideración de los altos índices de dificultades que se informan al respecto. Se evaluaron 90 niños argentinos de 1ro. a 6to. año con pruebas estandarizadas de lectura y escritura. Los resultados más relevantes informan una progresión significativa en las puntuaciones promedio según tramo escolar, siendo superior el desempeño en lectura que en escritura. No obstante, se encontró un porcentaje de niños con dificultades en lectura y escritura que persistió durante toda la escolaridad primaria. Adicionalmente, al comparar el desempeño de dos subgrupos caracterizados por indicadores sociodemográficos, se hallaron diferencias significativas en las variables examinadas (particularmente, en la escritura de palabras) a favor del grupo de nivel medio en los diferentes tramos escolares considerados. La presencia de un porcentaje considerable de niños que presentan dificultades, y que en ocasiones no son detectadas en la escuela, conduce a la necesidad de evaluaciones específicas y estrategias de intervención adecuadas que permitan promover los conocimientos y las habilidades necesarios para responder exitosamente a las demandas actuales de la sociedad

Desempeño en lectura y escritura en la Escolaridad Primaria Básica

Este trabajo ha tenido como objetivo examinar el desempeño en lectura y escritura de niños que asisten a instituciones escolares primarias de la ciudad de La Plata. Su interés radica en la importancia que adquiere alcanzar niveles competentes de alfabetización para responder a las demandas de la sociedad actual y en la consideración de los altos índices de dificultades que se informan al respecto. Se evaluaron 90 niños argentinos de 1ro. a 6to. año con pruebas estandarizadas de lectura y escritura. Los resultados más relevantes informan una progresión significativa en las puntuaciones promedio según tramo escolar, siendo superior el desempeño en lectura que en escritura. No obstante, se encontró un porcentaje de niños con dificultades en lectura y escritura que persistió durante toda la escolaridad primaria. Adicionalmente, al comparar el desempeño de dos subgrupos caracterizados por indicadores sociodemográficos, se hallaron diferencias significativas en las variables examinadas (particularmente, en la escritura de palabras) a favor del grupo de nivel medio en los diferentes tramos escolares considerados. La presencia de un porcentaje considerable de niños que presentan dificultades, y que en ocasiones no son detectadas en la escuela, conduce a la necesidad de evaluaciones específicas y estrategias de intervención adecuadas que permitan promover los conocimientos y las habilidades necesarios para responder exitosamente a las demandas actuales de la sociedad

Interactive Graphic Simulation: An Advanced Methodology to Improve the Teaching-Learning Process in Nuclear Engineering Education and Training

Nowadays, computer simulators are becoming basic tools for education and training in many engineering fields. In the nuclear industry, the role of simulation for training of operators of nuclear power plants is also recognized of the utmost relevance. As an example, the International Atomic Energy Agency sponsors the development of nuclear reactor simulators for education, and arranges the supply of such simulation programs. Aware of this, in 2008 Gas Natural Fenosa, a Spanish gas and electric utility that owns and operate nuclear power plants and promotes university education in the nuclear technology field, provided the Department of Nuclear Engineering of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid with the Interactive Graphic Simulator (IGS) of “José Cabrera” (Zorita) nuclear power plant, an industrial facility whose commercial operation ceased definitively in April 2006. It is a state-of-the-art full-scope real-time simulator that was used for training and qualification of the operators of the plant control room, as well as to understand and analyses the plant dynamics, and to develop, qualify and validate its emergency operating procedures.

Differences and Relationship Between Standard and Specific Throwing Test in Handball According to the Competitive and Professional Level

The present study analyzed the differences in distance throwing with heavy and light medicine ball and throwing velocity between handball players of different competitive and professional level. Likewise, the relationship between the three throwing test of progressive specificity was analyzed: throwing with heavy medicinal ball (TH), throwing with light medicinal ball (TL) and throwing velocity (TV). For this purpose, sixty-five professional (P), semiprofessional (S) and non-professional (N) players were evaluated. El presente estudio analizó las diferencias en la distancia de lanzamiento realizado con balón medicinal pesado y ligero y en la velocidad de lanzamiento entre jugadores de balonmano de diferente nivel competitivo y profesional. Igualmente, la relación entre los tres test de lanzamiento, de progresiva especificidad, fue analizado: lanzamiento con balón medicinal pesado (TH), lanzamiento con balón medicinal ligero (TL) y velocidad de lanzamiento (TV). Para ello, sesenta y cinco jugadores profesionales (P), semi-profesionales (S) y no-profesionales (N) fueron evaluados.

Training project management complexity in postgraduate and continuing education programs: a learning strategy in the eshe (European Space of Higher Education) framework

The objective of this paper is to address the methodological process of a teaching strategy for training project management complexity in postgraduate programs. The proposal is made up of different methods —intuitive, comparative, deductive, case study, problem-solving Project-Based Learning— and different activities inside and outside the classroom. This integration of methods motivated the current use of the concept of “learning strategy”. The strategy has two phases: firstly, the integration of the competences —technical, behavioral and contextual—in real projects; and secondly, the learning activity was oriented in upper level of knowledge, the evaluating the complexity for projects management in real situations. Both the competences in the learning strategy and the Project Complexity Evaluation are based on the ICB of IPMA. The learning strategy is applied in an international Postgraduate Program —Erasmus Mundus Master of Science— with the participation of five Universities of the European Union. This master program is fruit of a cooperative experience from one Educative Innovation Group of the UPM -GIE-Project-, two Research Groups of the UPM and the collaboration with other external agents to the university. Some reflections on the experience and the main success factors in the learning strategy were presented in the paper

Training project management complexity in postgraduate and continuing education programs: a learning strategy in the eshe (European Space of Higher Education) framework

The objective of this paper is to address the methodological process of a teaching strategy for training project management complexity in postgraduate programs. The proposal is made up of different methods —intuitive, comparative, deductive, case study, problem-solving Project-Based Learning— and different activities inside and outside the classroom. This integration of methods motivated the current use of the concept of ―learning strategy‖. The strategy has two phases: firstly, the integration of the competences —technical, behavioral and contextual—in real projects; and secondly, the learning activity was oriented in upper level of knowledge, the evaluating the complexity for projects management in real situations. Both the competences in the learning strategy and the Project Complexity Evaluation are based on the ICB of IPMA. The learning strategy is applied in an international Postgraduate Program —Erasmus Mundus Master of Science— with the participation of five Universities of the European Union. This master program is fruit of a cooperative experience from one Educative Innovation Group of the UPM -GIE-Project-, two Research Groups of the UPM and the collaboration with other external agents to the university. Some reflections on the experience and the main success factors in the learning strategy were presented in the paper.

e-MIS Contents: Multimedia Contents for e-Learning Environments in Minimally Invasive Surgery

This work describes the design and application of multimedia contents for web technologies-based training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The chosen strategy allows knowing the deficiencies of the current training methods so new multimedia contents can cover them. This study is concluded with the definition of three different types of multimedia contents accordingly to the development degree and didactic objectives that they present: Didactic resources are basic contents such as videos or documents that can be enhanced with contributions of users. On the other hand, case reports and didactic units have a defined structure. Didactic resources and case reports provide an informal training while didactic units are included in a more regulated training.

Virtual Learning Environments In Faculties Of Education In Spain: Changes On Student Attitude

This paper presents some results of a R+D project entitled “e-Learning system for Practical Training of University students in Education Faculties (ForELearn)”, developed in Spain by the Universidad de Granada and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education. In a first phase, through the use of AulaWeb Learning Management System, a set of adaptations and improvements of this software application have been done for the design and development of an experimental course of Practicum supervision. Next, the implementation of this course by means of a group of face to face and online seminars provides experimental data for the analysis and discussion about the point of view of users (preservice teachers) that have tracked their practice supervision with AulaWeb.